woles of Analog & : ees PoineP alog Digital Canaan Lon Module | a of signal & system wae > Angle macitlatouneae Review oe > peegeen’y domain vaprasentation > Representation of FM and Be petnciple af Amplitude Modulation Pe lank e § oe gycteme — D887 SSB and VSB Spectral chowactewis ti wre dutation Ve oF angle modulated signals ime Domein Stonal Tiw eneX2 Frequenty Domain Sionals aA Tt ise plet of omplitude a. Ttisia pot oF awplitud wert time west Frequeny: r eqeole? Fz LOMZ 2, Mowe complexity 2. Last complexity Modulation Melutation is & process of unsdification of caveiow signal week to modulating Cow basebond ) signol. Need for Moduration oy Li Practicobility of Antenna We know, ize of antamme A 7 “Ea< = > X= S_ = 3%10 = 10 mw -|100 kw | fr B10" Meer ocr = tee 2 25 ken (which te practically wok possibly) | Again» $2 1GH2 CAStes msdulaticn ), | 8 9 A= Cf 2 BKI0 = oO. Bm fe 1x10" 2. Radintad’ Poin’ by Adbeuna! We know plo 2 » We can increase the radiated power of antenna by lowering the wavelength: 3. Multiplexing : | Let fe BkMerlokHe —> Fe, = lor) OMe | fo> " — Fez = 10-2 GHZ | fa" > Fig — 1003 GHz | > Frequeny Division Multipltxing Crem? 4 Time Division Maltiplexing CTDM) > Code Division Multiplexing C com) > -weduce intesforene + > enhance chewnal capacity,Bandwidth fish New Bending Lew. Frans Signal bend more wit 4. Lowe Oath BureS oe Basebow! Szoneal tk i athe infowmotion beeing, signal. ues low Frequenty signal. iy conta pave in fowm ottion Pusshand Stgnal \ | . | pth is the signal genewated afte eee tne ert dees net contarcn ony inform alien ork is high Fragueny signal. Baseband Stgnol Pasar) Stgnel am Stanol 3 G0 te pokHz) andic signal > CS50KHz- (650KH 2) for AM Co te SSMNZ) video signal (#8 MHz - 108 MH2) Jew FM domain > Frequency domain > Frequanyy atk aM a ° a $ a p © <— Baw? 7 Unmedutated Oa > AF teow mo dustation demodulated signalAm Ct) Avoptitude Modulotion *% Tt is the process fe in which api signal: changes wert mebsase Crnodetocting signal): baseband wet? Amk -> VCP ie Syn Ace 4 ebbr= 2cch= Ac +Ae AS yo) gherien Act Avo Sn CH= Emin Ont $F. 77 Fe eects Eesin Wet Avaplitude modulated signal - yok) = Asin t y C42 Asin et yct) = [Act va C7] sine yok) 2 [Act Ara sin ,*'] sin Wet ycto = [Act Amsinmnt ] sin Wet hude of comvi er Sinwyat, sinWetann CED L Ec F Emer wmt J] emwet aw Ge = Ec t& + Ew sin Went } einWet Ee Crmctben Mee: a WW asin Gant [sin et Me dulation inda% madelt 2” Eg sin Wmt sin Wet Eysinwct + Epa aie (te reomytr cos CWen7 wom ths = 7 ——— camct) = EgsinWet + Eee | cos (wer mitt cos conn = Ris signal is hewing 3 Frvequeny 2 ve We, Wet Wms Wen Om Sideband Aopitade = make - a -[Em 7 4 Ame sey ea Ae , ue j . anh | a ams an te : oe j tsB . lee) ee | ee pos a a ; z zNow, Sct) <> $6? ba gamge Ae Focuses dy ae 1+ 26 Stw) aa [oft oe] Now, ey ck) = e = wm C4) Eon [2x 8.cw-wnd + awh Cw tom |DE Wee crt khed Powes. te: foe Ee P. + Plegt Puss fie SP ° Bet ot | ae cl \¢ Epficieny = TSB x 100 P ea Teotal z1- Ma eo ‘ 3 q 10° Poeea a ee #ets ava] ae ee . i : = 2 x100 Wo (ae > x Lee a 2 cs (atte) lores 2 Dem e 2 = wa x 200 5 MG ca, we hawt For Wo! Efficieny - HeModulating Index Tt is the wactic of the. capi bade of the modulating signal te the cawview signal. pee Aup SO Few: maga. St) Geeta 4 GD Foe mor. mete T Jolene VOW We Wet Wen Lse cs usp ecb = Feces Wet * cee [eos Gwe remark + s9¢ Cwremtomrk | AAwlatorw AM Demodulot Envelope Dewmodulatow / Detector wo ee ees ON Rete AM + signet Ve) ti F [ Capacttiow - dizchawge ° Ski o/p of the envelope detectos Follows the envelope of the medulated signal: ote based on the charging and dischawsing of capacitow: 5 pesing the positive este of the i/p signal - the impat mows ond may exceed the # charged voltage on the capacity Ve Cb) turning the diode on ond allowing the elt oy ae the Vp signal falls quickly below ‘the capacitor voltage - thasa causing diode to open: he capacity now discharges though i idee R Cwith time constant Re). fay “es we om Deas carp citer © to chowye up to the peal voltage. below the peak value vik Falls Dicsing dischawging - During chavging - AM y LPF Oviginal work Signal id(i) Diagonal Clipping dd Negative uycle. Local oscillator genevates coawvier wave > this PE synchronous by Tk ond Rx: => If a7 Lp we should’ Fass tiee Ae Syochwonens damedulation | for AM detection. a, Ge FV cor wet zee = FD C2eos wet? = ReyCh 7 FH [at cos Bet) 2 a eyct) = Foe FSH) cos C2wet ay DzArgtibede Modulotion with Supressed ie on 5 orseienw | 4. Double Side Band with Supressed C | Single Side Band with Supwessed sat onaee aii Cowsier CSSB- $c) _ Vartigial Side Band wi 3 and with Supwesse : w upwesed Canwer (vSp—se) 1: ps8- SC w costiee uss We knew en nS aaa ch = Epcos tt + Ea cos (Wet Wm dt as + Eee cos Cwe- Wert 2 U~n~ Ls x CE) = em cd 2 eam cD = A-Be CLE mg x CE?) coset 2 2am cto = EgcosWet + make *C%? cost aes i Conewiet Side Bonds pss -sc is AM signal without cowie’: 5 Tre modutated signal pie Gerad ese oa So ue wad /s) consist of 2 parts ca) a postion drat Ges outside EF | Known at Upper! side Bows - and aoa powties ther Wes mosidasce fe bs bao. 9 Lower Stde Band Tre, modulation prow dees nok inbred © s(ausoid at Fe. Fou this “earen it is called Double side Band with Suspected Casters CD SB- SE) rusdulation *Product Fee yctr= FcR er wet Modiates Modulating Ee f(t) cos Wet Signal Cpse-s¢) signal Ke) Egdorwet CF? Fe? Cawtiew signal © osp-se cham ELF OD wos Wt > In DSB-Sc- only UsBand LSB is theva TE has 180° phase chift at zeve exosting of wmedulating Signal. mcquery Re= fet? <> F ow) jeos@gt <> a fcr ste SOLE Gwe + FG . Awe & ae “sie use Wem we Oram F Belanced Modulates fer ‘generction of OSB-Sc we hove do Lower Leops> KVL te the “ppes oF Apps a et ee SiC ee kee pays cose + FSP ow - | ce cork — FOI TSA 7 OP Ago , yee cos ek FOO ao Now, = oo: = wen ip = oen* bea= CPP Lym feos woct TF] 4 bLesuet + Foo] a = $8) ise [eerwet = fen] $b cosweb FH] Be ie Cy-tR & worwk FY] R ty = [x FCI + Aheosiod geayay af G+ Bhwoswt Fey] ih = 2aR Fc + Abeostt RFC) We know, Coss SEY = £ C4) costae SF CWek tone = CO8W et doses rt Fe PHOS Ee sim ewe. costmt = gy a Sim me = cay > cos Cw. tuyt = Fctieosw at p SCO shaw where bh danotes ¢€ HiLb ene TT ox shorn 2 @- 5SB - SC om aither the USB ow LSB canbe Supwessed from the eb Pr ona sideband is twantitted 15 {inown as'sse onl » et ites bandpass Filbering « Such a scheme in wyhich eons em or | = Fm +m eee psB-se, us, Ase LsB UsB | EOIN i \ - | 2 Ged ke -Gefm | fe-Fm Fe, Fett sep-se. cus) us8 NU j | ! Gein -F sspse te Fe | ONS | ' : I F | Gate! Fein Fe | fe G ‘ | { 35 Fos S8B- SC” | wssions - 7 mae Power kvansenissions | Pe oy Far Ghecotion of SSB- SC 1 ptadbtin ooiae'thind i nag Disexitnins’ 1 Feeguony oe Signal ———— - Ae _, ree] cial er eae Modulate} + Filter ‘Modaacting Signal (usb or LSB) coset = eae) oral [eee _| Cae =io 2. Phase Shift / Disewimination Method Febreos Wee pee-se Product Med casey $4 Oscitater| cos wet rr F,cOsinwset D The phase shifter shifte/ delays the phos oF every -tve, spectral comperiant by m2. Hen, ib ts Hilbawt Transformer: je Ferm? SSB- SC Dervodulation ee yew FTE Lsge (Ferd FS) © on . ; Product roa aaa aaeeee Modulator Ss Oia legac, = Massage. CFet Fm re 2FetFr ee ay Fo-F re Fe ‘ Coda Oxcttiaters | eect 3B. vsB-sc Veckigial sidabond modulation CVSB-Sc) alse known as otsymmeteic sideband system is o sl cat penvesn $sB and DSB. Eto inhewits the advantage of. S38 ond USB but avoids their disadventage ot small costgrals ave typically = P ory te genewate, dth is only a Little Cabout 25%) See : ) greater B iver: * pend! than $28 signals. m CF bos0 oy | bee, £ Fe e508? AL Pe HY Fe Chott) _g0m te < BWoss BWeig < BW ee Block dinsvor feck) EpepsWet . aetiet tonal 26 CED = EF eer coset Fousier acangorr of ect) stgral- mC? <—?> * CF? eo be = + bs ($-4e) By toking actrees We aK CF ~5e|Now, xp = Ee [F CF- Fe.) + F +4) | at, Meow the o/p at Vse sional welt Ba Y CF = K CHIN CH) ee [rcs de) +r E48] TRis is the vestigial side band signal- Demodulation ar] vse _ sf Batanad signak Modulator Message Verh ae _ Signal aS coscagt, Local Oscillators Egcor wet Cawvier sional By taking Inverse FT, of TCS). we howe ZCI = ELYch) coswet ZHI - Abe LYSE FOS YEH) ] z . Zcpoe Ee 4 Feu ete) FCS-s 2 Fcpe ) 4s | CFO TE SE -Fer sy] + Ee ces [FCF + Fee) +E Grarto] f 2 ZH) Ee S Ee uu CF-#) [F CF-2Fe d+ F CH) ] 2 z= + Ee CF tde) Lr Cs) 4+ F ceed] $ wzzis A CFS [FF as +e csr] + ce WCF) LE CHF CFE Dg] = 1p Ee [r SF FCS 25 4 -FOR CS) + H CF4FORCF) +H SHOR G +25) | through LPFL we howe on passing 2 Coe es CFF ECE) HCE HEF ES)| éyee CH= = [he CF-F) ao C$ $7] FCH) HoF-Fae A C5 YF) = constant = KR, CSay) - Ke Srey So, omen en cig) vA © fr ee ke kK a eyep CF)* ye KEG) [k= RUE] By taking inverse FT YE have chy = KFC! > [een CO AF a) a i. ”evsa ct) ayy? yu coset : b : Mas eage stgnad ; Local 7 t Dsciloter. |. Ee os wer Frequency and Phase oe Modulation 16 Coa Balanced ey ct) FW weet Modalstow |—>—{ere | Ft? ees ek Lo - Let the frequen enon be p and the fe essow be Aw dhe cawsiow signal generated by Local Now, escillatew is given by cos [ower aw)t + % | os Se, pss ence as, cA) cos [Wes awe +6] ey = FH cos Wet *6oF [ CWet Aw +f J egct) = ay § pecs aackecet [coer wd + go] % eck? = Se ¢] -f cot [awtse]}neo [ Wie We+ do dtNow fer ter AF > F,- AFtF So Fi nay 7 Set SF max 2) Stein = tet OF min - C2) 2 Sian Fe Aman oe 3) Adding (1) and 6B aw & Sigman tf tein ® *Fe Carries swing Phase Modulation Eweq: Modulation y Che Actes [ose] yctr= Agces [ece* + $y f (4)* Fiecd) we FL)hose Modulation i” / feet seacrien! T+ is the prscess in which the phase of + ari instanteansous Weve is vawied in acceedane ts the an volun of the modulating signal. PLO = Acos 6; BA = Ass [wt +d] Now, accowding to the dafinition, we have Pl Fo 9 p= kpFw where. Kp = phase sensihivity Kp= Bb Cwadian/ vat) Now, - A ced = Arcos fwek + Kp ecty] = Acos (eet + KpFcty] For Singla toned massage signals FCED= Ayicos cot So, Boyt) = Ages [wet + Kp Ameer comet] Now, D ppyc®) = Acs] wet + Bees mt] wWheve- B KpAw = modulation index of Pres modulation_ ~~ rose gneny goss iN which the ee i, the epeeqtenty ie pagel Bees wie cee Ne le iene panes dhe ya C+ Modulation +9 st is the Byeve e yeu of Now, Wie War RFD jer wave is given by oe tO ea. ck)= Acos (wet + $¢) se chy 7 Aes O foe modulated signal. g a= BeA cos OF FM oz wet* $ at > oF Jwed® ° t ew Oi = ort Jude es e:= fe ek, Fw] TE +c ore wet * *F sacar 2 freequony conse ly eee ee _ wrodian [vert Unit = Fou bps He [velit Be it?™ Avot Lue —_— gee | pe anks fecesLek ech) be the modulating signal = Now, 2.Cb) = Ewcosiwt YOO= Bleos Cock + 2rky fe cer dt ) YORD= Beet Cute ant J Epcorndt ) OR = Beet (wit ar only Em sintomb) i see sO Wen 9 Ct) = Bleos Cuet +. Kem cinwast ) Fim 9Ct) = Ecos Ghoetis B ereont) whewe ) wrodulatioon sinde re where AF = key, fon -. Jecbae, |. Phase] oe Modtacbsr > Fen Frreguony Moduletse Phase MeoduloctorNowror Band Feequeny Modulotis ee q > CONBEM) gy NBEM ts used $e tupewe r Poctwek. 2 FFcien, ye ~~ The modulating index. w a oF NBEM < Lp Mest whese Wat AF Frm ake FA expression {6 given by cey= Ecos CWet > BSE y ogee © FEM Gh writ) Fen pots Egws Curt + masinwmt) Now, y Cb) = Ee] coswet coe Cwasintdah) - struck sin Gm gein Minty] L$ meg bt, we howe yg ch = E. [corwet ~ cin coed masinWmt | Bek = Ep eoswek — Eemasinweb ain@ me ck) © Eg cotct — Fema Eor(weswat 7? ss eos Coe Wry | Cbh)- ¥ ie co Eem NBEM ct Ee sdk ae Fees cos Corer tone ] Eee wos (wee Wet . aD =ve sign indicates that ¢SB is 1g0° OWE oF phose work =) uss. S NBEM for only 2 tide bonds => Aung ierda ef LSB ond USB ts Bem | Fa ame Be Em Fon ew: 2£m |Nocerous’ Budd Ean’ si gnats geen PY inet Yneem = Ee [eoswet — tg EES i ¥ ff at whewe gcty= (Fct) < pTwet + Keach] ig Then @ Cti= Ae Fu Let \ kg 9 col een we so then O@ ae = kg Em = Modulation Index ea Fon oF NIBFM Podutation index ys defined as the frrequend deviation do the makin Freequeny of the baseband signol+ woke use Moke > For NBEM owe bev use THES prose shift Yee iueen angle bet” cunmodurated caries etgnal and meesulten*’a nWeat Wideband Frequency Modulation GWBFM) Na knows oe) = Accs [oct +My ein wnt >.NBEM is the Umiting case of WBFM.- i J LwebtMysinwmt | Pets Ae " a, Suk mn Want Aw ea - jut 3 in Wnt & Ave. et MES Od, where Jig sine at ao F is the ea signal L ~ . ee fetr= Fg, nwt n=-e ‘ we wh eco ~lmw.t Farc{ some dk ~TY Now and substi babing Ug with Wm, we have feb = jung cin SMG SIN WonkWm Sg sin Ome yr e Wo ond $C we have, Now Te Lo Jung sin sn eret te a J — ce om alt - Va jug sinamt ee) Bred yk Fars & =u ° ne Wr. . where ae 1 pomysin Wet — WU? =zihe -Ts Role > far Sen 5 S Cup sintimt “Met ty = Tudo ok 2% Le* 5 doc = atm oa ee : en 7” 5 Cmypsinee Herd yy > Fro one -* 3 oe 7 5 Cg since 17) FEn® 2 fe ‘$ dt ar “7 = Toms) Tt is the ni? pane oder Bascal: frrctor oes ~y sth aS & Ave Bind wWlH “7 Tas) TE is the, Uh onrdaw Bestel’s ferction of Hyst thing VER argument wag © jr Went Menee fea Faye nae IM $simmt oe jn Om - = DT Thowpye Phaser, Phaser ne _ SWee ae Pee 7 AS Z Shem oem ne-0 $ C= AS J Ce rnomt Z TAcm,) WEEM, nove e ~ - : t= J Wetwu aR ea oF AZT mgye © as coe a + = Bey FP = AZ Talons) cos Cee nudeance Diffet Parcarnat ers ue n Trdes 2. Modaten aoe Leti ecto 2 SP 3, Meriva deviation (Afnwx) 4. Maxdiwasten Modutetion Endex | Moduta¥ing Frequeny Rense 6. Me Bandwid hh Te Pron emphasis & Da.- erphesis g Application Between NBFM wy <2 The spect of NBEM ts same as that of AM. 4S, er RNZ wag moy be slightly gweoter than 1 BoH2- BkHz Sma, re same as the BW oF AM Nesded Used in speech A-wonsmission eAppeox + NBEM and WREM WBEM we > 7 The spectmum of WBEM is different from AM. = ISHHD max oF my Wes between 5 +e 2500 Botte - 1SFAD Large ste about 15 times the. BW oF Ae os NBEAA Nesded Used sn hish quailty, mrasic kreonsrrisstonBandwidth Requcemert as pew Cawsen’s Ru Modulation Sa index 7 my © AE Fo-s NBEM, mg She For WBEM, Wp7ie he ewe zag | He Accovding © Cle sanes rela en ae BW is given by BW + 2 COEF) Nt Jhe above formula hotds good for on ve Lane of News pwe 2Fut DFAS BW tT BFmt 2OF 2 pes Crs fn BW a) = C1 2 BW 2oF C map up Fer AM, DSB-SS - BW = 2-F ay 6sB-C - BWHF cae ae Fem Rope te 2 BWt Fmt $yGenere of FM Signal tweet Meatho i» PF + Mathed C Powamater Vorrt ati ion enathod >) Juvect wethed » the casview : Be Wane is Vacied coor dane with the ine bant a . ansour amp bade of he mod ating Signal. Tank ¢ jeorasi be oy EE uses Le osciates . Vp = 1 \ We al ey cael FAT Baseband i signal i 1 ' 4 ghewe Cg e Vewactew diode p= Voth ECDs Basebond sipndl cavview f-equeny - oh a 2rJL.ccored) Now, a << cg a CLAM > y= pete ii es re reHenne, a S$. a ears (2) Thdiwack Ajethed CAvmsiveng Method ) Ln Avmstrongs Indivect method NBFM is Qenesated which is than converted to WEFM ba wring additional fragusmy walter f.,<200nne 252 enc? ack) Integratew J ©. ower Aces fiew Phe Feel fp oe ~eguteed to bond. 3, oF WD Maz ond AF=ISKHZ. Fre queny > We begin with NGEM with camer Fre oe > Se,= pookiic and 4F,7 2542 seve by es E& eryrtal osdiator-> ‘te ache, Afr TERME NS need & muitiptieation toe oF 45000/25 = 2090+ L fa This con a dons by 2 pads eo stages 6y and Ye 5 The gies wuitipicction facto of 6Y wesults in Aer See File es 2 @MNz ond AF, 1-6 leh. 3 Then We need a Farequiny converter Cor enices) with He," q MHz ty shi fh the entro Steere ame eae pre new Corwier prequeny of Fo,= 1 IMm, Ke Freeney convertor shift the entire spboee ithe st atering AF Hone DF37 16 eH2- cine, ent Hi pleadion footer oF 4B~ yields in ceric Fregueny Fey" Siieimle eos Paya tents 3 Fuster? Dewmodutation of FM Signals is (2) Convers sie? SN ee) Sete gelectve network 2 oe os (2K Fo) e Fe s | wedFa ace Diode Hoced J Fete 34 pemekdeg : = oc Leck eens) t Spa = Aicos [ust key Sscade] ~% BPE senewctas siussidal slanal with tonsban te mmplitide. > Heed Limes ops re signal to 9 ensora te, Frepteny Modulated Space Wave, Fow +ol. Frey. Selective Silene + Wes hee Ao = ReAi + SAL $f) + PERE Gy A Similarly fer -a, Freq: Selective Rif 7 Wehave H Ae'= Rae ct pa, SFR) ace poe,eee a ree ee ee ee Se ee Ag= RoAi + AALCE-F.0 + y aiacmee: on AoW = ReAt — RAL CEH) BAL Chop ee sows Ao = Ao™ Ags > Ag = 2RAC CER) ik [An sence |