> spay fT > 2 (res | z or & 5a(UL)F F(w-0m) an qe une we intexared in yinding hyher we nr ae use, and pas gltet Fe colle box malton . > woo-linead aecuit® non- lineat chosarcyentsh cS pence os dounits having can glbo paovide mo dul cian - i 2 aetbetn- . fp ae ton * dewced lilees drode, wannistows fet » palance enotulatos : @ 24u) 4 wt y GF csv ft . 1 eis —— iy a (ys te) t » (ie) 4 Coboct )™ C: ce aetbe®] Smiles ys 2 4 beg euvsu vuved VUULUEULOULDOUGLtyza(G@ud TH) 4 bl asm, —4uy)™ he yewe vo = Gm to Po 0 ata) @caiwet Bt bflia + b calmed 2 “Opt ed Cos wre FAH — AOWEK - pH —beotnd ® + Abt: swe fe Vy = [ Mo safU)R a ubstn eam ©| Amplitude modutakon with large eaouer © the main advantage a tats syste a thar Hecivey a made imple and tad — cr pensive . JO broadest 8 Ydtern, the, peanimilter 4 aso gated vat th ; lage no. 94 yectvey and hence large powes pranaror- Hor and hence Lud expensive yeivert are needed + DSB-SC > ses Kt) set dott) = Feteosweet tf caslact Gantt) = (eee A) Coe t ve —— cave jg adding (2 (Abd anon NS fi - - ed CQ) peat nat_a_obtarnee dg $6 signal. . the Oo” * joures te AcosWot for ths roodulaton A A? | f? lena oo Beye n Qs) = jo Apan(s(w-We) = = wii Pmt) = FW=ME) ALLEL) 1 8 f 5g wore) 2 2 EES VB VV VU \ ee eeMe speUeuro 0 _ Aim wave a tdenhreal fo tap of DSB Se _trgnal excep} thot there O06 hwo addihonol tmpltat Located af + We having ammglibad THA . ty implies vepredent the presence Gf Gorse having fpequencia We and Amplinde A Gpmtt) = (PLY tA ) copenct The amplitude of wave & changing, sour . eo capt ted in acwrdane = with valu en odula Hing srgnal. on) td TUCO Of . wo mo aul oon u 4 sandudth ol on aim a ab PSB-“SC pues bond oi pom] p J 9999999999999 9IDVDDGG——AVDGG——————— iaHor Medulatoq index! the extent aq anf ie a fi in Am about Umodulated cmeudes ci P Maton creased 1 FeuIns Of jada called moe! index. fy: amplitucl© 4 Se uw denoted ch | Ma = (| mox casvuie 4igned Over modulaHon and mvdope aistos Hane: snvelope ® The bowe- band signa] g praeive “en au Ann signa) only. if tos [fleas Oe Tae Va mar GA. The value oO Me a iy Guclope pe band sighed 9%) The envelope prereive thes ae equal 10 purcenFage modulation wu | too7/- m=) agen fo 3 2 2° 2 > > 2 2 ~~ ° ° 2 > ° > bee ab le Hore, sign gers diswstee! a yh hil evoevevcevuees \___ la Am sign! with ma 7 100-f—o Is KNOWN <4 ove modu < Teted atgnad mm this cate the envelope dour pHereivac base- band signal » and pule bere, bane styna uecovered © biom envelope te antonbed . this type of ariter Hon E Ts pefered as envelope distor Hon - S Bets owe that ever madulcded signed © by turing aynchsio nous defecHion . ce anbe HetovAed © Opwthy= (Ure): GhweF Uaing ByAChHOVOs dat cutor 1 Delt) = Coswet = (tnt f) tor wet ect Ct wo rivet ) elt = kay= learns FLayeosa Wut + a curner | taking fouarres drarsjoom bo)= 4d pw) t 2 dle) = Fin-ol 4 apimsumcdaaye 0 5e72"0 J >? Q 7 (tao) Arig (©) 4 Ga ae) pf nice) (By Sern) A E(W 420) 99999799797999999990 a= —LY) 4 fs Ame i ak 7 doc ey Using Ue 7499999996 OO Qaenlt Y & | eo 22 3%, dant) The tipple _and AG Component pusenp a outed of envelape detecloy can be nemoved _egitin help 12° pars_filior_and do _ broking ca pac for V7? wm me vaue of PG [d.4« Bo Ged ] 4 tho &l conatont fy hog_small capacitor wil] Aa change sapidly to suppl will be more - Yy the Pe conton) 4 two Longe, the capa cl bos will Fake mooke fine fp darchovyge- ae constag PL Should be un0vsey syth thot tt wil] gne ad envelope, oF the output » vB opm i a ee teeoue CHUHOUKLOUHOFUGGEE SSE 666646666G6 considering —@ Single Hunne = madutcdtiag sand Ems Enfasemt — eee Ee coswed = modulate 2 cwuuer = = : “i toa an etpusion for An wave and modulation index ea dt sHaw the AM wavepokn an hon pxano tne single sided spectsum brad the bandwidth . SAYE Un tlt} y.4 ae) = bys Be cos Went C08 sean] = bathe [L cosewmen et + OS Suv) wn tbe wave and Ypnlt) = (rent pl coset = (ct Etaa Wn +] C05 Ue t Gonlt) = tel * tan eos win F | Cas We Ain Eo , 1 cava 19q + Modulcdion e 7 oe Pnde% Yott\ * Eol! + ai : _ ee ™ wr “mail dont) = tu eset 4 10g Cos (wet +g coy Wo ~~ thee vipraw 400 dide bar DRIDVAINAANAAAAAANHANRKKMMAAND pnmannnannnnnrnAh”& & 36. A multitone modulattny gigned get) commsting 0% fhree Gequencs component given fet) = ercawit + occur? 4 eposhyt whore — wy 7W27% , 76270) LS > argncd madulodes capurien siyned Eq @surer’ DAMM 2 - qu a_singlé ded 2 an experdion fos Amn wave - ora” : Spedsum and find he band width P cosnset th FAV COSHEE . 4 : Apmliy = [rant a ]coshet < eased +0 emt > nt ; a 5 ' Teicoswrt 4 e2esvet t e.cosuer +a}: ost = Yam) = 5 = €i[ eos wytwor * 08 (we WT] 2 a bye cea (WF | 5 * eg (mse > 4 elas (wet ws)t ease 424 J 4 > > + BR Gos CSW = dam) = g er rm tcf -t mcos.h nngosiea) [eae — > way} eos (Wer) F > @amlt) = [cast 1g fos ) l pty 2 sy pagent RLY \ > ~« 3 0uny cercansr cote W294 9| x a ET Dmyec] 0 ial ° ND _ Wier, em Vaclhg 2 eepitucle moduterred argncel rs JV MY Agni t a < sangre t) + FCS COM Mbt Y= Cox 2 t08 4 eS 49 Cos onvidt Coy UNTO Eg find fhe Vasioul feequency component and cos sponding modulation in¢ckey- dy « J bandwidth . C Pra Mer line sped sum aac £ © e to be Pee To ecg (ony ess) +5 cos Lanytobf ) Gos CN ) ¢ ts) 2 cos aT 1604 sco DY Bt go p “ye BS CoS Cap Bt) 0-2 coscamnara’s ( -covcarh e 2 aries b= 90H c Cpnltl= wo = 10 He bated 19 Pe worw, = Lod! 3 » wee w, = 190-10 ne - l ~ toha nr . Wet Wr E IMP HD e btw, = 10°- avy? fF e d Dv? Hz - m -0-5 a m= OL e ° e fe - © fd + Bp LE Be ESIe Gamay = Eteswh 4 mG BC coy (Wot We) > +a Ec. Cos tae Wm )t 9 ¢ ill owed uu qtven E& 4 [maecfyl m-ée\ rd 3 t (mee 54 Me PUPSODGEGSS 3 4 . Single -1d@ Land Suphenra «vod auy~ Cop Wat ee, = Cos Win) CosWet ux - bom) t ose {coy ( Ween) F eons L j ° tusB Usa 4m) = Cosbick -coslmt ~ Sin Wet “$10 bm F t+ SIN Wet Sinbmt p 2 e b[ ee mare® 4 mar: Ec |. 4 bObOU0404K45 Cox( We Cos (Wc-Wan)} = Cash -cas Wn = Cab Wot- Gblant £ Sinn! Sine F Sintagt = Cos [nt sinwet = Cos[ Wot - T/2) [Sagi = FUT casbach & Slt) sin Wt then all he Signal B sired by rilbor tHanttp4m _ menage signal Asse, now, eee eee eek kkksingle side band Supp essed — ccd © me vs@so doubler the bandcofdth of modulated argo — © because the beue- band appears juice tn the moduslased © Signal - Modulcon of the ype (sssa-se) pMoweles ding fe sideband coith sup pyesed — carvey di) Both tho spectkum sses& signada axe IYmmaGad abou YOUGaS atid sy teat Hey Hepsresent Heal OBA iy Barclegidth of SS@se U Wms - PO) _. agmneneterced . tix" wm -Wm {aol Wa. vq | vA. PSB“ upped sicle WibOU 4 Hanapotn $58-SU : TE can Ww aeen wed Ht) & Obtain by giving a phase ghipt fp 2ath pHequery component present & fcr) atrucdly vepseenk Kilbour bya (phim a $y). Spt = otueh = 4 fee de a t a Ae PHOPYUTEL of hilbUdt 44Onspokm + @ ther signed fe) ang at sour Man yphen have the sme GHeAUENY enexgy density spectrum , UW) A signat ter) and it, hilo +Hanyposur) have the same urtodday oct Canoe fundton) . Clufdelation uncon ik Shoas the similanity of auwuyen Signal and cldayet signa? a Ww) an) DD OPAP RAMP PPP HMA AAAMAAA HOHE LSWy) a signal 4u) ana da Wilbour tan) fy oh Yhogona. mibonmn Ait) ane, a . [Seu KU dt =o ™) 1h uy ow hilbort Ha NopoAD op FLD then Hiibee pHxcinJo%n Oo Muy wu -flt). HUfey d= tlt), H(t) = 4) A powey cedeulerion og AM ano? daml= Eg C4 Maccsitet): Cas Wot - Yanlt)= Eecasoot + ma Ee cas( Wetter) | + Mabe cos Poe EZ 4 meek | meet % a ne [be-hoyt , . . . 7 > > . 7 > > > P. aa ell = Pe 1B Ba ee ¢ maPEE £2 (14 mat) z a 2 —— q Pre Oe (14 mG? 9 te fe (it eee nn _ ma Ze ) Herdeny . [ ae retundancy = 1-04 SSB-SL_qGUemasons b plequeney ds Odminahoo method o. thee MS oximninatron method (phe shift method ). PAID, A Lehn fy. aS Wet BrP 4esp,(4) bet Cos eee : Limifahon 4 phequency angumination ménad ') abd 14 when base-band seabhuoted a Ua fowet Q) ska weft Only © edecuund skal are sone eclg® . So, phat uppex ard lower ern tere 8 4 wis could not SPect Huw, x ‘Oh ¢ AS thi kn ; SE > > > > ) , » ) ) )7 ¢ gee ¢ =y [ I a ) 7 C ' / | \ J ZE\\E LAXL —\_oy KLE = We Wm “Me were bare-band start pipet Vo 2AMt w lake uportal bard. € Looe aide band ay ee 300 Hay Hhorehone the Upp end . pecs ey by oowe > the dened uppe sre band oan be corily renal asao vbiained by using eoind peas ylter- cor —s when the base band? u nof wetiurcied @ UF Tow age And Contain vory low frequencred the “ppen Gd lower side may oUGIIOP each othe and Meroe ‘ Shostp Gut ohh BPP Y needed. bo Kpanate the dened ¢ didv band whit & impossrble lo Heduce en pHtachad. e > the bHequenty Adcaminaton method has anathe Hehe vicG thar he bae band should be Heated to cawiey anannnan Piequency . a : =the design of BPE bemmer vou difpieult th Caudey pxe7. Laney 4 much highot than bandwidth § daw. band signal. % Phaye dwOu minson methods ‘gsgt) > COSMmet £04) £4, (y SIN Wr PPPPPPPPPPPPP AD pfa W) the aouuey phase shigir aa qorshibt at Mme cuurer pequency * > Retovyy gy SSB signal at Hetver $146 1} apply sgnchren— pus deFevon. [ ten esha t > o> 7 Advantage (mexit ) moo > MOLT oF phase shift mADod 4 thar fF doa pot sequice wes Sharp yuer aut mf ond te 9 posaible bo nerve = the = 3 dained sda band in gingle fueqaeny trans laton Step 7 Meqardlas a how large the cuouey puogUency My be me > Hmitaion: - BO wth balance moduilatos reed to be Ganeully balance BD Mordex fo suprers eadud oF _ Uy 4 a difpreult to destgn ede band phase shiptrag nekoowle Bee NS nthoonk. 6 needed bo grrerate hilbor dsspoum ge . % ft). . mee 1) each modulatoy should have equal gens yvity fe wi - the bose-bund signal: ) aq as neo mut paroul @ i = 2 2 fy stnWet | Bx eet Pa) costbyt £ Fy sine CRNeT* PO) [itweaawet| 4 fy (ernnvot J FU 4 PCH Caseet 4 fy Sin 2k 2 _S magare YUeted by LPF: LD Can necovoy, v Ly SEUeeueLUccaedVeahgal de Band modu(ason! © me mapt advantage SB ~So thar i Heduicel tancdwidih Hequinenat 10 hatf 2 eompoxed }o HSQ So - BUF S6B Se signed one welanvely aif grart fo qeneiate due bo dijpulhe uolaking the dammed > voatigal side — sid band - diy Ths dipbicully & ove ome by Ithene oiled valrge side band moclulan'o 9 (vc) Which a aurual 4 COMPHL hole PSB So ond S8a-Se. Ui) snvca the dared wide band & allow fo pars compledsel Wheto ad Qusr a mol) poulon called duacn oh vultye of undated wide band 4 so _ @nwed Wy wwe auanumitted vestge 6 undained vdeo band cornpen sored fpr ss op wanted uppeM side band . pee bencl «ed undan goni og HO OF Lo | Zn. = hI “ CAS pow VSB = gneadton ond ddechon vse So S19 Net ] DSB-SOG ~~ ri FAs} — quonami 1 past* MW. Rao ey pwr pail, & Vol) = 3 F(m- be) 4) F(WA%) Bu (y= 4 Ppliok). HIN) 4 pli EC) 1(U9) ] du lwy= g w(w)-[Plwe Me) F ecw) |] talw) = 3 Uy (Wee) aL dy (wth) tate) = 4 [ dy Geb 4 Qy(Wthce} Al =) (4 HUBT[ UWL) 4 Faw) | 7 4 4 nus Wey [ 602) + e(wrrm) | FE wewrbe [ele 2k) ew) J ao H (webs ] 6) + pcwrates T y tim)? 4 ecw) [ HCW) 4 HUWtny | Foy biadrog wnrginal Mg Neel HCW-bey t HCW FW) = congtoot FIG egle)= £ P(W)-G _ eq l= £6) = CF This & simi'lox 4 yepsc except that the Wilke ehorec ey ee en Joun H [We lec) ) Meprerenty cw) Shiffed by rec —_—-* Secee neste ee en eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee |The Sum of Hue shipied BVOr the poreq uency nN jtredouimn Ghald be onijany ¥ Angle moclule’ ane oa mA on Angie mearlyletPO G vaseying rote Phase fe are a : A : angle of eovottey wave in lane with the insiantancow Value d, Pa§e- band agnof jeceping : the amplitude constant : d= A Cos(ottOo) == Ytr= bole phose = (“Qk 4100) | days acs Pu) = pec net) [aun = re (er) ALIOY di \rentt aking com t alye) . we] aa . -sthe dotivative rv) G constant with me gon 2 jenerad the aeyvahve un modulated Adria bur ing may nok be Comtant waith dime orate TF Mey & called frstant you, wilh time: ne fr anguto fxequen » obtarned % «he tee dependen e2ouy angle frquny and can hi = ate on Wit ies qua the injantaneh uk yey. % the. ory B. pewumine and oH ) having yotal phoney cergle give by yf) = godDt + Josine wee AY. 20007 at> Types Of mocilaton: > pheue copund et at) = a cos Wet + 80) “5 phcese nq boled 2CP. : equ en! modso-tion 0) erase modulation | ys gn Yhny tyre | angle pecuat ta the ph Tineastty voit ther modulating sa" ay to phae % ed pheye angle Wot ghare angle a equ ponent > Anblantanepus value % ; unmadsilated conver re Wet + Hme vying com > ptopontroned fo ct) yrs Bet * Ke SD wily toy | wet + Fe «phase sensitiV! Down MN) = fh coy | We ° TT ke Fe mdl of0 poclian [volt (ily qequeny moduletron ’, do rs tyre A angle modulation, the [ng faa tan cour phequenty WF OG vErying Linetly with the. moduledin g 41g neu fu) about unmodulded — piequeny We ee PO) Proquency seosTHUlh] 1 mM modul otoy 12/volF © fH we With the eons pon ding phase medulas ect wave _ (Was ep £4) ~ Rect ee gO) Jo ul Compaort equenyy tn we Ate iron he cont) POAT Gm nstantonedr —|H04. Vand Virecrtly tlh ) a fet) who 70 PM y We ve Uneootly with et),NES We 4 tM) Yr = (4 by rey) Welt fi) Ah yrs Ptt)= A @ Pott) = . cos Mad kJ pect) At] prequ any no duleton - ce tha angle Uj oUt af can he given jHom ° \. Td & eapyasron $05 Lh we asume [pH convini@ ad 420 , then ther bim@t oy integ’ qv to t: KK ANULE mMoDULATION #e Yeon ncn (wet + Kes) + fem Acalwer t (eset) e La od ppt a) elarecl tn see oe with fUf) in £en , Phrue 1 erm and FO aXe clos anal ee of gol both & votiaton 19. 9. fo PO, Ye Phase angle ae yar angle voruy wi? Lincautly —o9t'th ae on gly So, we Can gu PM by uaieg fm. provided thod moduloking uigaed uw integrated and then sea Prose, modularon. a fot [eg Duster OWT OF SIGNS, og he pi sar to Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ea eee Perera reece eae aCePm owing pm 2 —__ The pheae moduladed wave bent an em wave costa pond’ 9g to deo can be obFained by draw ly ivative og #4) - 4uy > ze Ph an bal’o m and fi Praroy Romy og P sa ay steed pat & signa pm ond Rem con be cons 4 ghaso 5(ws aiepsa) . Been = peat (A & swwa ty aie! 1) =P Fart Han) dem: goat CA = Ree (Ne ) > sc anequensy dian ) , the Instantaneous pHequny of > The nunge 10 jattantanesa pUcgueny uv _ Wy UL Known a eHequed’ duaalion - Tho prequeny de(ahion do pe depined uh the hele of pollowin g eA Uah'on ym Vaud wy Hme nm avq. we > » > Wee We 4 Fgh) The marumun dure iq We FOND AVG ~ uly We Bhich depindn on mpgniude- and 819 % fhe tov kp fet)THe | "Eo Ce Hen | 1 ee 8p single tone modull atrny signet (U4) = emCOS Wt roduc, a equa a > Acoswct find ynequeny dewsakon . aw =| It Imax © A 14) Imax oe > vy gy, (Hequensy modulan on _ when the dewrulron & fhe vtinduad th wi)] be large and vree-Verka and fF G tontxolled by ther for, KE AA) PG fo the given Aut) th Ky UB foo small then candwrtd th will be nevvibw and Ih Ke B large «then tund ut ellh anit] be lange. Bared on ky walua ,we can divide £m toty two cobegorid U) pepo Band em diy word Rand PM 7 pool Band PM: Bown = Ae 6944) ) Gin = neve g SND rat) <2 Gi : yore it akyatt | ~ AL oswed aysinvet | C14 Thy i) MA AADNOOPPAPP PPP PHP HPAP HHAAAHL LEELA’ ay Alas He CU IKE) 4 Jasinwer (14,9) 5 oa Hfestck - dasuictly $0) — soba B30 > - ~ 5 sold ) 5 Vere = AL coswet —sinbet kG) J ; = tin Alcoscwet) - Sine kg) ] 5 Bin = Ata - At ga)sinwd naasoed bane! fim J > > 3 fY CosWef ° ae THeAUENYy modulalon wlth Yinyte tone meduleding Sig Nad - > coupurat Stgacd = Acosuect —, rnqduladfng siyney = Emtosmt % Fok hreqyeny modyleton, 2 by 2 TAU) me Wrz Wot Fy Emoy re F 2 wy es Ny + OW CAOmt > ‘oFesHosKON 2 Ye | (wig t 0 Gsbrmt ) At 2 wee bak + 08 tne 1) rnstandard ¢xp: bor fm = Weon? Aws, no za =p: tt 42 sipwomt {te Pel ) J pm wave. tue BW arn, > modutettion (ndex % “oo s ak a Thry eam, & debined ar vtakio pf btcqweny dw[anin fo modulaking signay (equ oy Sm ayo Vlepaeents pha dwraton B= My = b09 a fone Serpasion Go nvstow band FM bor sigle Modulakiag signed - $a) = Em be ee & Ge Fr RAMRANANDAAAMAAARMAM NNN AMMAAN MAMAN HM HO OO OO”See, elltt—~—~—~—~—”:C Pharos ciagtarm e% Aavwo band pm. tt deans A Cosind — A mysintaat slo we a( ieee aa v Ow dam = A COR AOE {eaten moye cos (We + 2 = Atosuef + AMY cop( Wet Wom) Fm AIRE cas Henyt z - . 1 Coslikt rhe couuet and both the sido band hile ret nagar hese. akon bub In tm ow ed fo ‘9 ae vas phos, shidt IB CAP eennete og Fm Cooder. This digunrenca Mate Matton a pecose approni mara y constant » A ppHOXi™m ‘ng dwraton “sThe nearpiow band PM & detined by eg ‘de band. very sre} » therahore ik has only oe Ugt be. > Reghen side bund 916 alo praent bub tn negrg amoun fF Pheyow foe CUULULUVUUUU OUND SOUGY Vy) yd voeuue3 . POLLO GUTS peauwlaghaidt bond 7 15i ee . 7 pt hd maf oO ne. nepxto nirnad eb one Ow’ > Mm phuor dlaquam only Ar ypc u side band phasor op pm. > the ner HUUIFONt Y ap pH OU lated caw Ut motel th % bide Bond Fm when me Us large , the Fra pHoduce a luge No oF side band and Kandwidth op PM & quite large . such bandwidth - em. system axe called , ban Je i # dG band fests pow Wide band em (WA + MEstnromt) Vim= Ae i t UIet, pf ME Sinwm = Aen Cr rtodto signal T= Vem Imysinomt _— 2 IN Wop 1 t em = Z ofthe wry, (ttm £ te og fn= | fay ety ae T g17 ‘Twn SMe SINwWmt — _f nwt fo= Im if @ .e ot = fom faye UF Wnt = 7 n= oh Nines (mpsint—%) dX Hal Lowey to low side vand phusow oy NHOOUe at compoied to e wae a4 un rmody « o n+g an 1) (0°55) © , © © . © « e eS e © e e e e e e e e e ee e e e e e ec e a a ee & « « Foe Tata) 7 OSES Tema)> wm Bws onwr PAW . 940 4 20% am “DP ud/Wo bn [Bw aw | A maytmum deviaHon wowed te system bor b ulatny ding rel By svt youd ces? & iy tdod 9 folen, qb rry The ‘ed ade or find the, pandetdth o& fm. whet tort CMa” “ requerny & aoulled | modulo bandtuard Hy ff eraduleting © Heleimine the bandwidth Lh amplitudl’ 2b him Balu doubec . ge 2 At Lom | = ofa oF BN = B5OX? __ Y (pe Ke 320 KE 30Band width t% fm slancd o!th — aabi ' modulating signal 54) ¢ Beer) > 04 this C a co) ‘ : Ge, (Loong BW, dee mind by using value 66 devfaton Acalo tohtre, thi dtwration eG / : ao} can be chegined foapieeurpasbls Of Hp | = peule SAEINenAy deviakon porcrpaire! fo May equeney Com panent praent in {u) signet pe Bre cot gular bro 7’ Aya 4A)= (gos wat t ZA chy (d= Koa = fe aul out band eolclth We D plays The scure~ Hole, (oH de as My ao Ch ynuingle tone woduletion oyser: g A carer A Carnet modulaed by 4% signet PU) guy 7 geoban tt < 5essnyibp + 2 syn x00! F ” find MC 0 aoe Signed by Udfng tonmun seule, EYL NE] Vv. O)80 pind ynwlulas’on inde, ot ve sages 2. Be goal oe a DAViS Se be 550 K fo Coswat +4 NgCOsvet Wo, > 472 D3- ° — z es W434 ° = 2818 3 7 x BB - Gb [ ut oso | ce > BW = (85.198 > > aus Bt + foo] ° S 2 [as x03 ax aril | Fi = Bw > iia) (ate S the ditingulshing pus 17 Am wi Yheuh el elle = Caysiee yrequenyy We in pheye mmdy [aHn§ argnet UW 5 linewnly pro poMHonal to mn me In (ue oh Pm: > Ups met t Fr) 2 p= Wt Ke Emcosrmt 2 dyer. Wot Kptm Wmsinwm + - Be = We + ePEMUIMSI9Wm F = y 2 The masimum deparatuse 19 guequen’ fom We a Ga] dwrattoa Can b& mom + THUG Qone (uequen 7 ee 3 gen Sane Fe Babin | =o AOpen = Ke bm => atin 2 Yop Wm \ \ \ LoL [ee te in pm = le L Band 25 \“¥p Em | i: oF Rade vousable + ~ » Random eaportinen} ~ an expeuiment hae outome an orig be preaaed exourly & codjed standom eAP- GAA © uaa? Q Can © Ate EOIN’ a ON; 2+ garmple, spaces” The calledive outcome Handa expoHmay € re asoum ple 3 pace and parti [077 pdtuane- A ‘ called sarnple point S 3: Random vortabl & — f xandom varstable 4 ved valued (un hon define? ova the aadple pace sandom — expe ste? . i a aldo calted Stasns tare variable gencvall dnojed upper Coe yether such od rt yV . uy. DeCoEIE sandom Vaxtable 3 win ini ‘ wu tossing 4 D {outcomes 00> pinite he Dee ine ge (HHH nat tan oT AM rr 17 Ge J 000 0° oto OV) qQov to\ We lar} nin HAT HI WIT crn TAT TTH 9 yes re a as 1% % Y : eh th Nye avin t a D0 1 Ve 1,02] = lg gr) . ae ppp NMAANMANNNANAAAAAee BRR ERR ee eR oboe CUVUUUUUUGUT SOULS stoi ansty ave yo We "5 , + \et ys fz) repowsenls ‘pote dat junction od } gollo following — foopes Heh oe ron mr \. 049 ae cine 7 Zoe L pe CDF (varamylate en 9. anietien ) whi bw , & Dladle belts ny p baker wontaln ~ an dxavon an ate with x denotatng ho: cb (on "o OU obiuty aout we Oe ae < & ew w8 ww Y gin. sample on Se ot ; 3 S 3 Oe—__ 757, -0\ = Fey x >. eye _ ep 7 = 3 Ye arturo 3 2. Sion =ePERE Bog 4rd = Yo P(xe}) = 2x4 4 wy = Yb : oe : x8) = Mew . : 2 tumanlalive, bo! disesete_yuncle-r—vasrable —C cor). © me coe bos drscvete sandom van table % can be € aehined ok FC = Py [* ex| ; = at js e hee gene” : e =o Fey Qc) LR LH om : HOH, 99S "2, ¢ \ a : - ft Mpeg LAR © genase = GEO ON uae § ec La Pernt © a 2 © e 7 e Eqrample: ts ptr d= Be ecre2) 3g ae ecve3d* 76 Oo -€ C# 4240 Ws Olney Lean or qs EUg' eg pends Fig HINT agence x) 3 a —ermnnrnnnnag + WE * % \ 2 3 i Rand varHible Comtnuow tondom — Vastfablez~ ° san dom variable hor known % contin uous jake, inpinile no- ob valued fs vandom — vaartable- AS Thete wt valu op x . the pmobabiuly wet if ta value cd 2Hto. a ; In continuous care probabil ty that Kies bw tO drberent valua t& pon~ 210° . pabrury dans (uachoo CPDFY e@ wnprane pos sie a any pat ouler tay Hepxaent pel Pro perttes, — wd FCO 7° “ i Roayed de % a wy equal fe ular Value @ geio -hen : any a ay pret] = eae eb] > placxes] == SEEEOCOOOD ee Veoboure ( ve ( CECEEEECOUUUUOUUUEE DEEL LUEES elas @& find the constant © ssuuy ted fun dro) 41) Hep denis valued DF Cycle = ca) 1ev2Y o o hyeure - iy od P [eens ) I I 1 1 1 i C.eras var rar rrr vu Tu Tu Tu Ta 0 (leaner =I ‘ cap cn| tet aS Hut) = (SO 7) ' oe. 2 5 5 te terk iy [ Burda ee _ 2) ape 8 21 380 ) = abe h 5p Handom vastrab! oy le hes exponents — ppg Fen by fea) = Ge wher e 4 alnd b ae conssand OD pind thet NelHonkhip bw &@ and b i\\ gi Aa VLibuHon function, ey => danas V4 NY gind the f Fy a aininesion y _ tht He LaL20 ie ; fy(VV= ae peas | = ae ——— go. « A feetan (Fe Pa se, : -d ° elas oy epee) « ral ch ae “ b “ye b ‘ A 44-4 2 @ ‘ aagea gee TORI o- s 2 fins : F cers 4 (rel = file ‘ 4 Ga 3 cbt aa : rr ale v7! : feu) = OT pkes ‘64546G004K040 ree . PF FF | 60004 \ ,PPPRPREREOT! Beane in Leu eee e eek ke =. =e —2> aad ys *Traunan = [i Ree ie pe 4 ob RU) = (we ew z= afer @| ae er ae ! > a Trost 4f ett] B ob > aed 9 oP" = 4" ‘6b 6 ee -bt Abe FON F a= 1 a oe Fy y= yen aco yet eb az? _ > oink _cbivtasitHoe $ / ot ler x and y be discrtehe random — vortiddal © 3010 prpbality punutor oh % ond y yawn 4 Yan be Pay) = (mem YF Ye] Ji should SUSY fy xy (ny 7? 2 Ze Crs (mg) = poababl ily ie capital % uo aque fo 4) punted ort value Hf ee a mad giro ptob4 bility pun aon Hp %K and objarned a . FUE eke iF 2, PC WK) ea 40s = elacsi}= ae 4) 2 eee)Sotn A UDUOD fayO 7 1 ite ff €y goers =i 4m) Moxgincd dente | x (aye EN wee fat) = \ F pcg ey = fc Foy yd uae 7 vyomndan variable % 5 joint dryset wo Hon gunn . fo and y @n be given cf Fy) sxe yea) a ia (° flu a dv of “ Mori ginal oe fruindron . Hr. Fy) = i Erwan ave Fyla) = ft ptuvdy dV > Indepen deni yan v@uaubl Sh The evens sk HG dependent wen fox A | valatea a> 4 men X 3 Y ve in AtpenwentGee VELE ( vuvece c CUCEEEEOLOOUOUUUEDSSEGESY S coneliyroncd clei Hel bu tion + Hy x and Y ars diwree sande Ueoub When the Condor denily puncton % YT given ob % gia) = fy (74 yey > C2D LUSH) 5 ( [ys em) emmy = (oe) => doyutrons Wek a sundae vosuible ‘e Er pecraton (average): te X be dry Hae sander Ypstiable f hes dipper value, (XY evpecied VLE AX, 5 ay (4) fi We = EDV = Fag ge) 5 eroredi TS + =\ when feyy= C0)” Yoo a ZN m Jel >to LON woud vy FECET= Fr fenye 5 By = & 30 gumbling game Jk poe ari 516 op a ate furnup tren flay oped sppebiy (10/6/21 Ors ) Heard BO gind ve Avs. dy RIOR pu Inyo ipa Bre a (are: Gi eutobab uty of hace 1913: S1b OO Fy yy Ye Ye 4 7M) 7 13) ot Fy FY yar FO) + 6%) Dy = 1, et) = Wis 4 Uy ofr 34S 74 1 BHO A bA TS telc ne | 6-20 -Po “19 50 45O-F en» Gre, al frees have equal poobilry aM 4d [» 4104 as <5 710-6 1 =O. 6 ays a] Lrows-5 fo} + HOw) 's 6 2, ~ {AS 9A +F0] 4 2H > Ee => £-— 945-3 SB Ce ae) WSS we gu Woe op | MUpe- fable a ; i Contino gtandom vor Swe denis, gancton IY \ Pine: ofmer crpeded fr) Y "18 ° eneAuotde value - 3 gar My = (pO) % e Mog -(aan> L[®\ ea \ me am = \%2 we => funcion_¢) Mundin variable oa : he % B dtandom vayable then Y =gV) aye a Xuadtm vue ay - . ) U- =EWU)= J go” Uz EW) = EG J re nnnnnananaananananannnnarnannenreree®”s COCOOCUUUOODFVE454554% HEU LELELEL dd mye a ingen omen ECV = ES co 2. WK and Y ore Handom var/uble fh wit epey Pee eur + ecvd f 5 eceyy = ee dety] ane ahaa oO oe Fencied eer ELE it ty depined oye Ca < E (u-44 > us _ ppye a dr -2 = aL egy EY = grey ete) i ~ eit fe pot oper eh EPEC laa C open th og ve tx wp 5 canta! rhe Vantane, COR] = Varian) J om vourgh) 2 9. iy Kand Y ve independent Hand the Vwuance (XY | = Vawanceled + Wotan’ J U idble: oo or een “mean and tha aden By Ms ond a xX hen aasod alive oy neal € dev jot O ne a arpined u rand won | ett |= Pt =0 = or \e~ x4 G rT Vartan x? |= +eA anita | Adie n ey enact aceee: erie > Normal cand garudsran AddLarby pio 7 THs W the MASF Ipomant coninoys pHobubYky Aedey' pukon The impoHtance v@ nome dietujpuion & uhaned betuse cenikay leant theoHem 1 me density fundten BoM Totmnal clad OM Gaertn QitHip OY given aa t wy Gaye Lt 2 benef ong : } . Sandord noxmal As th - (P= be UFO oy ea ct) = Ba gene? > cemmen Uenty Preoverr', steed jar potabability density O) sw db capri 9 ynelepera ent vovyeble pened to apptoach & nod med —deniby unc as the noe A incneases - Ss Random Hocels’ kb 4 juneh a me i 9 dt voyube Lom a Unt on . A ns Wil! be Called nan Ufo = pHoce OW speneheshc QLOLCAS - > monday pio CUA anannpeararagnnnnnnny PnP PP PPPPPPPPPPPP ne