SMART VLC : CO-DESIGNING SMART LIGHTING

AND COMMUNICATION FOR

VISIBLE LIGHT NETWORK

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by ,

AKSHAY BABU 721917106009

NIHAL .A 721917106043

PRAJEESH .P 721917106049

SANDEEP MENON 721917106070

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING , COIMBATORE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ SMART VLC : CO-DESIGNING SMART

LIGHTING AND COMMUNICATION FOR VISIBLE LIGHT NETWORK ” is
the bonafide work of “AKSHAY BABU (721917106009), NIHAL .A
(721917106043), PRAJEESH .P (721917106049), SANDEEP MENON
(721917106070) ” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

MR. S MUKUNTHAN, M.TECH MR. S MUKUNTHAN, M.TECH

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Assistant professor Assistant professor
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan
College of Engineering College of Engineering
Coimbatore Coimbatore
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our privilege to express our gratitude to secretary Shri. P. NEELRAJ and

Director Dr. N. VINOTH, for giving us constant inspiration and motivation to pursue this
project work.

It gives us an immense pleasure to express our gratitude to our beloved principal Dr.

P. MALATHI, M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable support and encouragement through the
project work.

We wish to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr. S. MUKUNTHAN

Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for
providing invaluable insights into the subject and helping us whenever possible.

We extended sincere thanks to Mr. S. MUKUNTHAN , M.TECH Internal guide,

Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his
valuable guidance, suggestion and for successful completion of the project.

We wish to extend our thanks to all Teaching and non-teaching staff members of
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their kind and patient
help throughout the project work.

We express heartfelt thanks to our parents and friends for their support throughout
our career. We would like to thank everyone who had helped us directly and indirectly in
this project work. We thank the Lord Almighty.
 ABSTRACT

The traffic accident detection is becoming one of the interesting fields due to its

tremendous application in intelligent transportation systems. Main causes behind

these road accidents are lack of unskilled drivers, consuming alcohol while driving,

over speed, sleep while driving. Plenty of solutions have been applied to prevent

these road accidents. But most of them were failed to prevent this. In this work we

present an advanced accident detection using LIFI technology. This work provides

an intelligent system for accident prevention and detection for human life safety.

That prevention part has various sensor like eye blink sensor, alcohol sensor and

ultrasonic sensor. If the sensor detects whether the rider consumes alcohol or the

distance between two vehicles is low then it sends that information to another

vehicle which is going in front it. So that they can be wide awake and if the driver

is sleeping while driving means then the eye blink sensor detects it and give an

alert to the driver.

i
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
I
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES IV
LIST OF TABLES V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI

1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
2 5
EXISTING METHODOLOGY 7
3
3.1 SUMMARY 7

3.2 DISADVANTAGES 8
PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
4 4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
4.1.1 FRONT CAR BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
4.1.2 BACK CAR 11
5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 12
5.1 HARDWARE DISCRIPTION 12
5.1.1 CO2 SENSOR 12
5.1.2 MQ-2 SPECIFICATION 13
5.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 14
5.1.4 IR MODULE 16

5.1.5 ALCOHOL SENSOR 17

ii
 5.1.6 EYEBLINK SENSOR 19
5.1.7 ARDUINO 20

5.1.8 UART 23

5.1.9 LCD DISPLAY 27

5.1.10 BUZZER 31

5.2.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE) 33

6 RESULT & DISCUSSION 35

6.1 OUTPUT IMAGES 39

6.2 SUMMARY 41

7 CONCLUSION 42
REFERENCE 44

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1.1 FRONT CAR 10

4.1.2 BACK CAR 11

5.1 CO2 SENSOR 13
5.1.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 15
5.1.3 IR MODULE 17
5.1.4 ALCOHOL SENSOR 18
5.1.5 EYEBLINK SENSOR 19
5.1.7 ARDUINO 21
5.1.8 LCD DISPLAY 28
5.1.9 BUZZER 31
5.2.1 LANGUAGE SUPPORT 33
6.1.1 RESULT OF SIMULATION 37
SOFTWARE FOR THE Li-Fi
SYSTEM
6.1.2 TRANSMITTER PART 39
6.1.3 RECEIVER PART 39
6.1.4 WORKING OF TRANSMITTER 40
6.1.5 WORKING OF RECEIVER 40

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

FIG NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1.7.1 DATA FRAMING 24

v
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LI-FI Light fidelity

O-OFDM Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

MAC Media access control

TCP Transmission control Protocol

CSK Colour shift Key

OOK On Off Keying

VPPM Variable pulse position Modulation

VLC Visible light Communication

OEM Original equipment Manufacturer

LED Light Emitting Diode

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

ADC Analog to Digital converter

IDE Integrated design environment

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

DCV Demand controlled ventilation

NDIR Non dispersive infrared sensor

IR Infrared

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Li-Fi is a derivative of optical wireless communications (OWC) technology,

which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver network,

mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner to Wifi. Visible light

communications (VLC) works by switching the current to the LEDs off and on at a
very high speed, too quick to be noticed by the human eye, thus, it does not present
any flickering. Although Li-Fi LEDs would have to be kept on to transmit data, they
could be dimmed to below human visibility while still emitting enough light to carry
data. This is also a major bottleneck of the technology when based on the visible
spectrum, as it is restricted to the illumination purpose and not ideally adjusted to a
mobile communication purpose. Technologies that allows as roaming between
various Li-Fi cells, also known as handover, may allow to seamless transition
between Li-Fi.

It is wireless and uses visible light communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet
(instead of radio frequency waves) spectrum, part of Optical wireless
communications technology, which carries much more information and has been
proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations. A complete solution
includes an industry led standardization process.

As coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk, is bidirectional, high
speed and fully networked wireless communications similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is a
subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and can be a complement to RF
communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or a replacement in contexts of data
broadcasting.
1
 This OWC technology uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a
medium to deliver networked, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar
manner to Wi-fi, Li-Fi could lead to the Internet of things which is everything
electronic being connected to the internet, with the LED lights on the electronics
being used as Li-Fi internet access points.The Li-Fi market is projected to have a
compound annual growth rate of 82% from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over
$6 billion per year by 2018.Visible light communications (VLC) works by
switching bulbs on and off within nano seconds which is too quickly to be
noticed by the human eye. Although Li-Fi bulbs would have to be kept on to
transmit data, the bulbs could be dimmed to the point that they were not visible
to humans and yet still functional.

The light waves cannot penetrate walls which makes a much shorter range,
though more secure from hacking, relative to Wi-Fi. Direct line of sight isn't
necessary for Li-Fi to transmit a signal; light reflected off the walls can achieve
70 Mbps Li-Fi has the advantage of being useful in electromagnetic sensitive
areas such as in aircraft cabins, hospitals and nuclear power plants without
causing Electromagnetic-Interference Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi transmit data over
the electromagnetic spectrum but whereas WiFi utilizes radio waves, Li-Fi uses
visible light.

While the US Federal Communications Commission has warned of a

potential spectrum crisis because Wi-Fi is close to full capacity, Li- Fi has
almost no limitations on capacity. The visible light spectrum is 10,000 times
larger than the entire radio frequency spectrum. Researchers have reached data
rates of over 10 Gbps, which is more than 250 times faster than superfast
broadband Li-Fi is expected to be ten times cheaper than Wi-Fi. Short range, low
reliability and high installation costs are the potential downsides.

2
 Pure LI-FI demonstrated the first commercially available Li-Fi system, the
Li-1st, at the 2014 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. Bg-Fi is a Li-Fi system
consisting of an application for a mobile device, and a simple consumer product,
like an IoT (Internet of Things) device, with color sensor, microcontroller, and
embedded software. Light from the mobile device display communicates to the
color sensor on the consumer product, which converts the light into digital
information. Light emitting diodes enable the consumer product to communicate
synchronously with the mobile device.

STANDARDS

Like wi-fi, LiFi is wireless and uses similar 802.11 protocols; but it uses
visible light communication (instead of radio frequency waves), which has
much wider bandwidth.
One part of VLC is modeled after communication protocols established by
the IEEE 802 workgroup. However, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard is out-of-date, it
fails to consider the latest technological developments in the field of optical
wireless communications, specifically with the introduction of optical
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OOFDM) modulation methods
which have been optimized for data rates, multiple-access and energy efficiency.
The introduction of O-OFDM means that a new drive for standardization of
optical wireless communications is required.
Nonetheless, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines the physical layer (PHY)
and media access control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough
data rates to transmit audio, video and multimedia services. It takes into account
optical transmission mobility, its compatibility with artificial lighting present in
infrastructures, and the interference which may be generated by ambient lighting.
The MAC layer permits using the link with the other layers as with the TCP/IP
protocol.

3
The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates:
▪ The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works
11.67 kbit/s to 267.6 kbit/s.

▪ The PHY II layer permits reaching data rates from 1.25 Mbit/ 96
Mbit/s.
▪ The PHY III is used for many emissions sources with a particular
modulation method called color shift keying (CSK).PHY III can
deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.

The modulation formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are on-off
keying (OOK) and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The
Manchester coding used for the PHY I and PHY II layers includes the clock
inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with an OOK symbol "01"
and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC component. The DC
component avoids light extinction in case of an extended run of logic 0's.

APPLICATIONS

➢ Under water communication

➢ Cellular communication

➢ Localized advertising

➢ Intelligent transportation system

➢ Indoor navigation connectivity

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this paper, “Outdoor Visible Light Communication for inter-

vehicle communication using Controlled Area Network” was done by D. R.
Kim [3].This paper have highlighted vehicle to vehicle communication system
that does not require a tracking global positioning System or even a Wi-Fi or
3G wireless connectivity. It was proposed to use Programmable Interface
Controller (PIC) sonar which sends 40 KHz short pulse of sound that is
undetectable by human ear. The echo of the signal will be detected by
microcontroller. The distance is calculated by the time required for echo signal
to be transmitted and received .

In this paper , “Optical Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

System using LED Transmitter and Camera Receiver” was done by I. Takai
.This paper discussed about to develop a cost effective yet inexpensive
mechanism for vehicle to vehicle which is light. Recently, light emitting diode
(LED) based optical wireless communication (OWC) systems have been
developed. Especially, an OWC technology using visible light communication
(VLC), has been receiving much attention. The LED is suitable as an optical-
signal-sending device because light intensity of the LED can be modulated at
high speed in comparison with traditional lighting devices, such as incandescent
bulbs and florescent lamps. Furthermore, LEDs are inexpensive, already used
for lighting and sign-ages, and have high energy efficiency and long operating
life. Moreover, basic performances of LEDs are being improved constantly .

5
 In this research paper, “Visible light communication applied
on vehicle-to-vehicle networks” was done by I.S.Santos.This paper discussed
about a low-cost Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication (V2V) using the concept
of Visible Light Communication (VLC). By modulating the vehicle's tail lights,
it is possible to transmit event-based messages with the current status of the car.
To achieve this, a miniature model was created using high-bright LEDs and
controlled environmental conditions to avoid external interferences.

In this research paper,”A vehicle-to-vehicle communication

protocol for cooperative collision warning” was done by X. Yang. This paper
proposed the vehicle-to-vehicle communication protocol for cooperative
collision warning. Emerging wireless technologies for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
and vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) communications such as DSRC are promising to
dramatically reduce the number of fatal roadway accidents by providing early
warnings. One major technical challenge addressed in this paper is to achieve
low-latency in delivering emergency warnings in various road situations. Based
on a careful analysis of application requirements, we design an effective
protocol, comprising congestion control policies, service differentiation
mechanisms and methods for emergency warning dissemination. Simulation
results demonstrate that the proposed protocol achieves low latency in
delivering emergency warnings and efficient bandwidth usage in stressful road
scenarios.

6
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING METHODOLOGY

The existing system requires a transmitter and receiver in each vehicle in both

rear and front sides of the vehicle. Thus more scenarios will be applicable. For

the time being, we describe two scenarios that will be studied in the existing

sytem.

A message will be sent through the transmitter which is placed in rear lights to

vehicle 2. Then the message will be received by vehicle 2 using the photodiode

which is placed at the front of vehicle 2. A notice of (Slow DOWN) will be then

displayed in vehicle 2 using LCD display .The information will be received by

photodiode in vehicle 2 and compared to vehicle 2 speeds. If the vehicle 2 is

about to cross the junction while vehicle 1 is moving with a high speed, the driver

will be alerted to check the other vehicle which is around in the area.

3.1 SUMMARY

Large numbers of road accidents are taking place all over the world due to the

collision between vehicles. More than 1.2 million peoples died in road accidents

in 2018, according to world health organization (WHO). Human safety is very

important. The project idea is proposed to reduce the consequences of accidents

in our daily lives and avoid collision between vehicles. There are various reasons

for such adverse condition that results in death or disabilities. This includes

7
 sudden loss of driver’s concentration, brake fails, loss of stability. These

hazardous conditions can be overcome if there is communication protocol used

in all vehicles and depending on their position drivers control the vehicles to

avoid accidents.

There are various vehicular communication system prototypes are available

i.e., 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication and Vehicular AdHoc

network. These radio frequency (RF) based communication system has some

limitations i.e., interference, congested spectrum and security. These limitations

can be overcome by using Visible Light Communication (VLC).

It provides high bandwidth, security, interference immunity, and high data

rate. VLC is a data communication system which uses visible light for high data

transmission and reception. This technology is known as Light Fidelity (LiFi).

This work presents the novel method to avoid collision between two vehicles

i.e. front and rear vehicles. The proposed Li-Fi based Vehicular to Vehicular

(V2V) communication system is a cost effective solution with high data rate

capabilities.

3.2 DISADVANTAGE

• All the details of the road conditions from the first vehicle can be known
only when the user is inside the car .

• The exact latitude & longitude parameters of the vehicle cannot be

known.

• The challenges faced by Wi-Fi in today’s time are Capacity

Availability Efficiency Security.

8
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is carried out using LIFI technology. The LIFI
system has been connected to each vehicle.That li-fi system is used to transmit
and receive information form a vehicle.Here, In this proposed system we have
used various sensor like eye blink sensor, ultrasonic sensor, mems sensor and
alcohol sensor. These sensor has been connected with a microcontroller to each
vehicle.

If the rider consumes alcohol then the alcohol sensor senses it and give
that information to the nearest vehicle going in front of it through LIFI. Because
while drunk and driving the rider may ride with over speed and it may hit the
other vehicles which results accidents.

The rider should follow a particular distance with other vehicle. When
the vehicle really close to next vehicle then the ultrasonic sensor detects it and
transmit that information through LIFI. This will help to reduce the
accidents.Mems sensor senses axis of the car,when there is a tilt in axis, it will
send message. This mems sensor will help to detect in case of rash driving. And
that information will be shared with the help of lifi technology.Here, we used
one more sensor called eye blink sensor that detects the drowsiness of a rider
which could alert the driver before mishap happens. We have connected an
alarm system for that.Here we have used a liquid crystal display to monitor all
these parameters

4.1 ADVANTAGES

• Alcohol consumption has been detected.

• Vehicle to vehicle communication has been improved.

• Drowsiness of a rider can be detected and safety measures can be taken

9
 • Li-fi technology helps to communicate two microcontrollers with ease

• Engine speed can be controlled automatically

• Accident occurrence detection is achieved

BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.1.1 FRONT CAR

FIG 4.1.1 FRONT CAR

10
4.1.2 BACK CAR

FIG 4.1.2 BACK CAR

11
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

5.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1.1 CO2 SENSOR

The CO2 sensor is a chemical optical sensor utilizing the acidic nature of

CO2 for detection. It consists of a gas-permeable membrane in which a pH-

sensitive luminescence dye is immobilized together with a buffer and an inert

reference luminescent dye. CO2 permeating into the membrane changes the

internal pH of the buffer. With this changes the luminescence of the pH-sensitive

dye. Together with the inert reference dye internal referencing is made for

detection of the luminescence lifetime of the sensor. The measurement signal

detected by the pCO2 mini correlates to the partial pressure of CO2ambient.

APPLICATIONS

● Modified atmospheres

● Indoor air quality

● Stowaway detection

● Cellar and gas stores

● Marine vessels

12
 ● Greenhouses

● Landfill gas

FIG 5.1.2 CO2 SENSOR

MQ-2 SPECIFICATION

MQ-2 gas sensor has high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could
be used to Methane and other combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for
different application.

CHARACTER:

*Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

* High sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen
* Long life and low cost
* Simple drive circuit

13
5.1.2 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR:

GENRAL DESCRPTION:
Ultrasonic sensors work on a principle similar to sonar which evaluates
distance of a target by interpreting the echoes from ultrasonic sound waves. This
ultrasonic module measures the distance accurately which provides 0cm - 400cm
with a gross error of 3cm. Its compact size, higher range and easy usability make it
a handy sensor for distance measurement and mapping. The module can easily be
interfaced to micro controllers where the triggering and measurement can be done
using two pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and produces an output pulse
that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the sensor. By
measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated.
Features non-contact measurement with blinding from 0-1cm*.

NOTE:- * Results of measurement in this range are not accurate and reproducible
in our test, but distance measurement beyond 1cm are accurate.

FEATURE

▪ EASY TO USE 4-PIN BREAKOUT.

▪ RANGE: 2CM-400CM NON CONTACT MEASUREMENT FUNCTION.
▪ RANGING ACCURACY: ±3CM (INCREMENTAL TOWARDS MAXIMUM
RANGE).
▪ MEASURE ANGLE: 15º.
▪ OPERATES ON 40KHZ ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY RANGE.
▪ OPERATING VOLTAGE OF 4.8 V TO 5.5 V (± 0.2V MAX).
▪ OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE: 0C TO 60C (± 10%).
14
▪ SEPARATE INPUTS FOR TRIGGER AND RECEIVED ECHO.

PIN DESCRPTION:

With the sensor oriented as shown alongside, locate Pin-1 as the 1st pin (refer figure
1) on the left hand side.

FIG NO 5.1.2 ultra sonic sensor

MALE CONNECTOR SIDE

Pin no Signal
1 VCC (5V supply)
2 Trigger pulse input
3 Echo pulse output
4 GND(0V)

SPECIFICATIONS

parameter specification
Dimensions 45 x 20 x 15 mm
Pin- 2.54mm male
out berg
Interface VCC, GND,
SDA,SCL

15
5.1.3 IR MODULE

Infra-red sensors are the most often used sensor by amateur roboteers.
Understanding how they behave can help address many of your requirements and
would suffice to address most of the problem statements for various robotics events
in India
. Be it a typical white/black line follower, a wall follower, obstacle avoidance,
micro mouse, an advanced flavour of line follower like red line follower, etc, all of
these problem statements can be easily addressed and granular control can be
exercised upon your robots performance if you have a good operational
understanding of Infra-red sensors.

CONSTRUCTION OF IR MODULE

Infra-red sensors are in the form of diodes with 2 terminals. You can buy a pair
of such diode (one transmitter and one receiver) at a very low cost of about 5 - 7
rupees only. Here onwards, we will use Tx to refer to a transmitter and Rx to refer to
a receiver diode.

When the Tx is forward biased, it begins emitting infra red. Since it’s not in
visible spectrum, you will not be able to see it through naked eyes but you will be
able to view it through an ordinary cell phone camera.

16
THIS IS HOW A TYPICAL TX/RX LOOKS LIKE:

FIG NO 5.1.3
IR module
Upon careful observation, you will notice that amongst the two
‘legs’, one has a much wider base within the diode. That is normally the cathode
(negative) whereas the leg having a smaller base would be the anode (positive
terminal).

TYPICAL TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT

The resistance R1 in the above circuit can vary. It should not be a very high
value (~ 1Kohm) as then the current flowing through the diode would be very less and
hence the intensity of emitted IR would be lesser. By increasing the current flowing in
the circuit, you can increase the effective distance of your IR sensor. However, there are
drawbacks of reducing the resistance. Firstly, it would increase the current consumption
of your circuit and hence drain the battery (one of thefew

5.1.4 ALCOHOL SENSOR

Alcohol Sensor for use in Breathalyzer’s or in an alarm unit, to detect the

presence of alcohol vapors. This sensor unit offers very high sensitivity, combined
with a fast response time. The unit will work with a simple drive circuit and offers
excellent stability with long life. When all the acetic acid is cleared out of the FUEL
CELL, the instrument is ready to analyze another sample.
17
 FIG NO 5.1.4 ALCOHOL SENSOR

CHARACTER

* High sensitivity

* Fast response and resume

* Long life and low cost

* Mini Size

APPLICATION

➢ It has good sensitivity and fast response to alcohol, suitable forportable

alcohol detector.
SPECIFICATIONS

➢ Supply Voltage =12V DC

➢ Current IH 120±20mA
➢ Power PH ≤ 140 mW

18
5.1.5 EYE BLINK SENOR

This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using IR sensor. The IR
transmitter is used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The IR receiver is used
to receive the reflected infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means the output
of IR receiver is high otherwise the IR receiver output is low. This to know the
eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to logic circuit to indicate
the alarm. This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through
Eye blink. Here one eye blink sensor is fixed in vehicle where if anybody looses
conscious and indicate through alarm.

The Eye Blink switch requires one 9V battery. Alkaline batteries are
recommended because they last longer. Do not use rechargeable batteries because
they supply lower voltage and the unit may not perform as well. To access the
battery compartment, you will need to slide the cover off on the back of the unit.
Install the 9v battery into the compartment. Then simply slide the cover back on.
Next you will need to select the switch mode; there are three choices of operation.

FIG NO 5.1.5 EYE BLINK

SENSOR
19
 FUNCTION:

This Eye Blink sensor is IR based , . The Variation Across the eye will vary
as per eye blink . If the eye is closed means the output is high otherwise output is
low. This to know the eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to
logic circuit to indicate the alarm. This can be used for project involves
controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye blink.

FEATURES:

• EYE BLINK indication by LED

• Instant output digital signal for directly

• Connecting to microcontroller

• Compact Size

5.1.6 ARDUINO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-
20
to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-
serial converter.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward.

FIG NO 5.1.7 ARDUINO

The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions.
POWER:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non- USB) power
can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board

21
 may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

THE POWER PINS ARE AS FOLLOWS

· VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
· 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
· 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
· GND. Ground pins.

INPUT & OUTPUT

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
have specialized functions:
· Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB- to-TTL
Serial chip .
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details.
PWM: 3,5,6,9,10,and11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function.

22
5.1.8 UART
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter,
abbreviated UART /ˈjurat/, is a computer hardware device that translates data between
parallel and serial forms. UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with
communication standards such as TIA (formerly EIA)RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485. The
universal designation indicates that the data format and transmission speeds are
configurable. The electric signalling levels and methods (such as differential signalling
etc.) are handled by a driver circuit external to the UART.

A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit (IC) used for
serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are
now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART, or DUART, combines
two UARTs into a single chip. An octal UART or OCTART combines eight UARTs
into one package, an example being the NXP SCC2698. Many modern ICs now come
with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called
USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter).

TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SERIAL DATA

The universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) takes bytes of

data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion.[1] At the destination, a
second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes. Each UART contains a
shift register, which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and
parallel forms. Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or
other medium is less costly than parallel transmission through multiple wires.
The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used
between different items of equipment. Separate interface devices are used to convert
the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signalling levels. External
signals may be of many different forms.
23
 Examples of standards for voltage (in current loops) was used in telegraph
circuits. Some signalling schemes do not use electrical wires. Examples of such are
optical, IrDA (infrared), and (wireless) Bluetooth in its Serial Port Profile (SPP).
Some signalling schemes use modulation of a carrier signal (with or without wires).
Examples are modulation of audio signals with phone line modems, RF modulation
with data radios, and the DC-LIN for power line communication.
Communication may be simplex (in one direction only, with no provision for the
receiving device to send information back to the transmitting device), full duplex
(both devices send and receive at the same time) or half duplex (devices take turns
transmitting and receiving).

Bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
number

Start Stop
5–8 data bits
bit bit(s)

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

Start Stop
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FIG 5.1.7.1 DATA FRAMING

The idle, no data state is high-voltage, or powered. This is a historic legacy from
telegraphy, in which the line is held high to show that the line and transmitter are not
damaged. Each character is sent as a logic low start bit, a configurable number of data
bits (usually 8, but users can choose 5 to 8 or 9 bits depending on which UART is in
use), an optional parity bit if the number of bits per character chosen is not 9 bits, and
one or more logic high stop bits. In most applications the least significant data bit (the
one on the left in this diagram) is transmitted first, but there are exceptions (such as the
IBM 2741 printing terminal).

24
The start bit signals the receiver that a new character is coming. The next five to
nine bits, depending on the code set employed, represent the character.

RECEIVER

All operations of the UART hardware are controlled by a clock signal which
runs at a multiple of the data rate, typically 8 times the bit rate. The receiver tests the
state of the incoming signal on each clock pulse, looking for the beginning of the start
bit. If the apparent start bit lasts at least one-half of the bit time, it is valid and signals
the start of a new character. If not, it is considered a spurious pulse and is ignored.
After waiting a further bit time, the state of the line is again sampled and the resulting
level clocked into a shift register. After the required number of bit periods for the
character length (5 to 8 bits, typically) have elapsed, the contents of the shift register
are made available (in parallel fashion) to the receiving system. The UART will set a
flag indicating new data is available, and may also generate a processor interrupt to
request that the host processor transfers the received data.

TRANSMITTER

Transmission operation is simpler as the timing does not have to be determined

from the line state, nor is it bound to any fixed timing intervals. As soon as the sending
system deposits a character in the shift register (after completion of the previous
character), the UART generates a start bit, shifts the required number of data bits out
to the line, generates and sends the parity bit (if used), and sends the stop bits. Since
transmission of a single character may take a long time relative to CPU speeds, the
UART maintains a flag showing busy status so that the host system does not deposit a
new character for transmission until the previous one has been completed; "ready for
next character" may also be signaled with an interrupt. Since full-duplex operation
25
requires characters to be sent and received at the same time, UARTs use two different
shift registers for transmitted and received characters.

APPLICATION

Transmitting and receiving UARTs must be set for the same bit speed, character
length, parity, and stop bits for proper operation. The receiving UART may detect
some mismatched settings and set a "framing error" flag bit for the host system; in
exceptional cases the receiving UART will produce an erratic stream of mutilated
characters and transfer them to the host system.
Typical serial ports used with personal computers connected to modems use eight data
bits, no parity, and one stop bit; for this configuration the number of ASCII characters
per second equals the bit rate divided by 10.

SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION

USART chips have both synchronous and asynchronous modes. In

synchronous transmission, the clock data is recovered separately from the data stream
and no start/stop bits are used. This improves the efficiency of transmission on
suitable channels since more of the bits sent are usable data and not character framing.
An asynchronous transmission sends no characters over the interconnection when the
transmitting device has nothing to send; but a synchronous interface must send "pad"
characters to maintain synchronization between the receiver and transmitter. The usual
filler is the ASCII "SYN" character. This may be done automatically by the
transmitting device.
USARTs were often used to create data streams compatible with the synchronous
telephonic data channels. The standard method would multiplex synchronous data
from many terminals to a telephonic data line such as E1 (Europe) or T1 (US).

26
5.1.9 LCD DISPLAY

INTRODUCTION:

Liquid crystal cell displays (LCDs) are used in similar applications where LEDs
are used. These applications are display of display of numeric and alphanumeric
characters in dot matrix and segmental displays.
LCDS ARE OF TWO TYPES:

I. Dynamic scattering type

II. Field effect type

THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DYNAMIC SCATTERING LIQUID

CRYSTAL CELL:

The liquid crystal material may be one of the several components, which
exhibit optical properties of a crystal though they remain in liquid form. Liquid
crystal is layered between glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on
the inside faces. When a potential is applied across the cell, charge carriers
flowing through the liquid disrupt the molecular alignment and produce
turbulence. When the liquid is not activated, it is transparent. When the liquid is
activated the molecular turbulence causes light to be scattered in all directions
and the cell appear to be bright.
LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal materials
sandwiched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates is coated with
transparent electrodes which define in between the electrodes and the crystal, which
makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. When a
potential is applied across the cell, charge carriers flowing through the liquid will
disrupt the molecular alignment and produce turbulence.
27
 When the liquid is not activated, it is transparent. When the liquid is activated
the molecular turbulence causes light to be scattered in all directions and the cell
appears to be bright. Thus the required message is displayed. When the LCD is in
the off state, the two polarizer’s and the liquid crystal rotate the light rays, suchthat
they come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears
transparent.

FIG NO 5.1.8 LCD DISPLAY

PIN DESCRIPTION FOR LCD:
PI SYMBOL FUNCTION
N
NO
1 Vss Ground terminal of Module
2 Vdd Supply terminal of Module, +
5v
3 Vo Power supply for liquid crystal drive
4 RS Register select
RS=0…Instruction register
RS=1…Data register
5 R/W Read/Write
R/W=1…Read
R/W=0…Write
6 EN Enable

28
 7-14 DB0-DB7 Bi-directional Data Bus.
Data Transfer is performed once ,thru DB0DB7,incase of
interface data length is 8-bits;and twice, thru DB4-DB7 in
the case of interface data length is 4-bits.Upper four bits
first then lower four bits.

15 LAMP-(L-) LED or EL lamp power supply terminals

16 LAMP+(L+) Enable
(E2)

LCD PIN DESCRIPTIONS:

The function of each pins of LCD is described below VCC, VSS and VEE
while v and v provide +5v and ground, respectively, v is used for controlling LCD
contrast.

RS, register select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for
their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction code register is selected, allowing
the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home,etc.if RS=1 the
data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

29
R/W, read/write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information
from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E, enable
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented on its
data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied
to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins.

D0 - D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0 – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read
contents of the LCD’S internal registers. There are also instruction codes that can be
sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink
the cursor. RS=0 is used to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to
receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0,
as follows: if R/W=1, RS=0.when D7=1, the LCD is busy taking care of internal
operation and will not accept any new information, when D7=0, the LCD is ready
to receive new information.

30
 5.1.10 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, The word "buzzer" comes from

the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices,
operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds
commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep

FIG 5.1.9 BUZZER

31
POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system

that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical
energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linear and
switching power supplies. The linear supply is a relatively simple design that becomes
increasingly bulky and heavy for high current devices; voltage regulation in a linear
supply can result in low efficiency. A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a
linear supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more complex.

LINEAR POWER SUPPLY

An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the

voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used
to produce DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating current
from the rectifier. Some small periodic deviations from smooth direct current will
remain, which is known as ripple. These pulsations occur at a frequency related to the
AC power frequency (for example, a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz).

The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary depending on

the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics
applications a linear regulator will be used to stabilize and adjust the voltage

32
5.2.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE)

- contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuine hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Language Support

FIG 5.2.1 LANGUAGE SUPPORT

33
 Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into
30+ different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your
operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by the locale
setting which controls currency and date formats, not by the language the operating
system is displayed in.)

The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed
and baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and fuse
settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some of the board definitions differ only
in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully with a particular selection
you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader. You can find a comparison table
between the various boards here.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the
following list, all based on the AVR Core. TheBoards Manager included in the standard
installation allows to add support for the growing number of new boards based on
different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.

• Arduino Yùn An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20

Digital I/O and 7 PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Uno An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In,

14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.

• Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168 An ATmega168 running at

16 MHz with auto-reset.

• Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328 An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Has

eight analog inputs.

34
 CHAPTER 6

RESULT & DISCUSSION

Li-Fi uses the light waves to transmit data wirelessly

compared to the radio signals used by Wi-Fi. Thus, it works efficiently
within the light source and the environment within the allowed radius
which prevents any unwanted users sniffing the traffic and packets that are
being transmitted . Whereas for Wi-Fi, the long-distance capabilities hinder
the security as people who are far away can easily monitor packets and
potentially carry out a man-in-the-middle attack that severely compromises
integrity and confidentiality of data. Li-Fi also is a directed beam of light in
which it is based off light waves that can only be transmitted in a straight
line. This allows corporations to create highly secure networked zones that
use VLC to increase privacy within the area For example, the IT
department network is using Li-Fi technology which significantly secures
the private company data being transmitted.

Moreover, Li-Fi networks

cannot pass through opaque objects, such as walls due to the nature of the
light waves. These security advantages stem from the result of Li-Fi being
a highly focused technology that requires precision of light to receiver to
ensure effective transmission .

Li-Fi also have already been proven to have significantly

faster transmission speeds as compared to Wi-Fi. This can be seen via lab
tests that were carried out in which the theoretical speed of Wi-Fi is a mere
1 Gbps whereas its Li-Fi counterpart can hit up to 224 Gbps. In addition to
this, the average internet connection in the United States during the first
35
quarter of 2017 was recorded to be only 18.7 Mbps while Li-Fi
transmission methods have already hit 1 Gbps in lab testing .

Thus, with a higher speed output,

comes the capability of a higher bandwidth usability. Since the visible light
frequency is 10,000 times larger than the radio frequency used by Wi-Fi
(Wi-Fi uses the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands while Li-Fi uses between 4 and
8THz), Li-Fi allows users an improved and higher browsing speed for
regular internet access while allowing companies to provide a larger
bandwidth for security systems implementations . This was previously less,
since heavy Wi-Fi bandwidth usage led to immense network issues such as
lag and slow data rates and transmissions.

Furthermore, the Li-Fi frequencies that it uses is not

subject to external interferences that can affect the performance of the
network or the external device unlike radio frequencies that often have
interference issues. Thus, making Li-Fi highly functional and beneficial in
secure and equipment heavy environments.

Despite the obvious benefits for security purposes and

significant improvements in terms of speed and performance, Li-Fi comes
with its own set of disadvantages that clearly stem from the fact that it is
still a largely prototyped-based technology that is not ready for mainstream
usage yet. Thus, more robust and advanced research and tests must be done
to ensure that it is consumer ready and a decent alternative to the current
Wi-Fi architecture to coax users to invest in this new technology. By not
penetrating walls and having a highly focused network comes the
disadvantage of its limitation in the transmission area . For example, a
home user needs to be exactly within the light area to allow for data to be
36
detected which can become a demotivating factor. In addition, despite the
fact that Li-Fi technology is significantly more secure than Wi-Fi and
extremely difficult to carry out attacks to potentially sniff and obtain data,
it still is not impossible to do so. Thus, due to the fact that the difficulty
levels of attacking Li-Fi networks are very high, However, according to
there is some possibility to disrupt or even hijack legitimate network
transmission sessions within certain Li-Fi networks using VLC.

FIG NO 6.1.1 RESULT

OF SIMULATION
SOFTWARE FOR THE
Li-Fi SYSTEM

Based on above figure, it can be seen that the two methods

were started off by having the exact same BER, as well as the
benchmarking where no channel estimation is implemented. It is obvious
that, from the figure, to achieve a BER of 10-1, the MMSE channel
estimation requires 15 dB of SNR whereas the LS method requires 2 more

37
dB of SNR to achieve similar results. For no channel estimation, it is
impossible to achieve such BER even with very high SNR value of more
than 30 dB. According to the Figure 3, its seen clearly that the BER
decreases gradually as the SNR increases for all the methods. It also can be
seen that the MMSE method performs better in terms of having a lower
BER compared to the LS method. This is because the MMSE involves a
more complex computational process and a matrix inversion, which highly
increases complexity of the channel estimation implementation compared
to LS. While it does help with lowering the BER, it also increases
complications during coding and implementation. While it is shown that
the LS method has a higher BER than MMSE but still better than no
channel estimation. LS is known to have a less complicated and more
convenient method to implement. But, along with the easy implementation
comes the disadvantage that the LS method is very much more sensitive to
channel noise that can affect the BER because it may interfere and cause
the packets received by the photodiode to not be accurate and complete due
to excessive noise.

38
6.1 OUTPUT IMAGES

TRANSMITTER

FIG 6.1.2 TRANSMITTER PART

RECEIVER

FIG 6.1.3 RECEIVER PART

39
FIG 6.1.4 WORKING OF TRANSMITTER

FIG 6.1.5 WORKING OF RECEIVER

40
6.2 SUMMARY

Finally, it provides a strong and nearly impenetrable

network which cannot penetrate walls and be sniffed, allowing secure and
private information to be transferred without any worries about data
leakage and other attacks . To summarize Li-Fi security in one sentence,
“what you see is what you send” .

The analysis of the data that was carried out after the
research methods were stated and explained in-detail have garnered enough
results that we can now display the results from the simulation software.
With these results, analysis can now be done and discussed to further
cement the progress so far of this

paper in terms of system workability and performance. The

figure shows the Signal-To Noise (SNR) ratio against the Bit-Error Rate
(BER) to showcase the performance levels and outcome of the simulation
using the methods stated in the proposed method which is the least square
method (LS) and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) method against
the proposed hybrid solution.

41
 CHAPTER 7

7.1 CONCLUSION

As a result of increased population, the number of accidents also increased.

This is reduced to a great extent by this technology. The Li-Fi helps faster
transfer of data between the vehicles. This technology can also be implemented
in street lights for data transfer about the traffic. As it employs visible light for
communication, this is not restricted in any places. There is no interference in
the signals. Hence this technology is far better than other methods of data
transfer. It will allow inter access in places such as operation theatres and
aircrafts where internet access is usually not allowed. If this technology can be
used efficiently, we might soon have something of the kind of WI-FI hotspots
wherever a light bulb is available. It will be cleaner and greener and the future
of mankind will be safe.
Since this technology has a vast potential, many researches are being
conducted in this field. In this fast changing world as a result of increased
population, the number of accidents also increased. This is reduced to a great
extent by this technology. The Li-Fi helps faster transfer of data between the
vehicles. This technology can also be implemented in street lights for data
transfer about the traffic. As it employs visible light for communication, this is
not restricted in any places. There is no interference in the signals. Hence this
technology is far better than other methods of data transfer. It will allow inter
access in places such as operation theatres and aircrafts where internet access is
usually not allowed.

If this technology can be used efficiently, we might soon have something of

the kind of WI-FI hotspots wherever a light bulb is available. It will be cleaner
and greener and the future of mankind will be safe. Since this technology has a
42
vast potential, many researches are being conducted in this field. In this method
along with the distance measurement, drunkard drive indication and overtake
guidance switch, the speed sensors can also be added to measure the speed of the
cars.

43
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