Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Data Transfer System

A mini project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by

JAKKULA ANIL KUMAR 21S41A0471

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K. VIJAY KUMAR
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

VAAGESWARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade
(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad &Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
Ramakrishna colony, Karimnagar-505527
2024-25

i
 Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering
VAAGESWARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade
(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad &Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
Ramakrishna colony, Karimnagar-505527

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini-project report entitled “Li-Fi DATA TRANSFER
SYSYTEM” submitted by the following student in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in ECE and is a bonafide record of the
work performed by.

JAKKULA ANIL KUMAR 21S41A0471

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mr. K. VIJAY KUMAR Dr. A. VENKATAREDDY

Associate Professor Professor

Principal
External Examiner
Dr. CH. SRINIVAS

ii
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the mini project titled “Li-Fi DATA TRANSFER SYSTEM”
submitted to Vaageswari College of Engineering, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Hyderabad (JNTUH) for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
ECE is a result of original research carried out in this work. It is further declared that the report
or any part thereof has not been previously submitted to any University or Institute for the
award of a degree.

JAKKULA ANIL KUMAR

21S41A0471

Date:

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to pay our sincere gratitude to Dr. Ch. Srinivas, Principal, Vaageswari College of Engineering,
Karimnagar, for providing all the required facilities and his support throughout the journey.

My heartiest and sincere gratitude to Dr. A. Venkata Reddy, Professor & Head, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vaageswari College of Engineering for providing us with
all possible facilities for carrying out the project work in the department.

I am highly thankful to Dr. D. Surender, Associate Professor & Project Coordinator, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vaageswari College of Engineering for his valuable and
constructive suggestions during our project pursuit.

I owe our deepest gratitude to our supervisor, Mr. K. Vijay Kumar, Associate Professor, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vaageswari College of Engineering for his meaningful
assistance, continuous support, and guidance during this project.

I am also conveying our heartfelt thanks to the Institute authority, Department, Library, and
Laboratory staff of Vaageswari College of Engineering for their cooperation during our seminar. Most
importantly, we would like to express our appreciation to our beloved friends for their unconditional
support, and constant encouragement regarding the concepts and presentation.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

JAKKULA ANIL KUMAR 21S41A0471

iv
 ABSTRACT

Li-Fi technology utilizes led’s for transmitting data. It is a subsidiary of optical remote communication
technology utilizing light from Led to convey rapid communication. Apparent light communication works
by turning the Led now and again at exceptionally high velocity, it can’t be seen by the human eye. So
here we develop a data transfer system that uses the Li Fi technology. The system makes use of an LDR
sensor module along with Atmega Microcontroller, LCD display, basic electronics components, power
supply and PCB board to develop this system. The system allows us to use LIFI medium for data transfer.
We make use of a Li-Fi transmitter android app to demonstrate this concept. The app converts written text
messages into light flash data for transmission. The user needs to start the app and type the message to be
transmitted. On sending the message the app controls the mobile phone flashlight to transmit the message.
The phone encodes the message into a series of flashes and transmits this data using the mobile torch light.
This light message as it falls on the LDR receiver, it is decoded and sent to the microcontroller for
processing. The atmega microcontroller decodes and processes the message sent and then displays it over
an LCD display to complete the data transmission.

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF LI-FI

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

Certificate ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

Abbreviations viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Introduction of the Existing System 1-3

1.2 Limitations of the Existing System 4

1. 3 Introduction of the Embedded System 5-13

1.4 Advantages and Applications of Proposed Project 14-15

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 16

CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT 17-27

3.1 Introduction 17-18

3.2 Block Diagram of the Proposed System 19-22

3.3 Brief Description of Various Components of the System 23-27

CHAPTER 4: WORKING MODEL OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM 30-33

4.1 Experimental Demonstration Kit 28

4.2 Working Mechanism of the Kit 29

4.3 Experimental Outcomes 30-33

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 34

REFERENCES 35

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No.

Figure 1.1(a) Wi-Fi Technology 1

Figure 1.1(b) Wi-Fi Connections 2

Figure 1.1(c) Types of Wireless Communications 3

Figure 1.2 Security Ways of Wi-Fi Networks 4
Figure 1.3(a) Embedded System 8

Figure 1.3(b) Embedded System Block Diagram 9

Figure 1.3(c) Microprocessor 10
Figure 1.3(d) Microcontroller 12
Figure 1.4(a) Advantages of Li-Fi 14
Figure 1.4(b) Applications of Li-Fi 15

Figure 3.1 Li-Fi Communications 17

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Proposed Project 19

Figure 3.2(a) LDR Sensor 19

Figure 3.2(b) Half Bread Board 19
Figure 3.2(c) Arduino UNO Board 19
Figure 3.2(d) Resistor 20
Figure 3.2(e) 16x2 LCD Display 20
Figure 3.3(a) Symbol of LDR 23
Figure 3.3(b) Working Principle of LDR 23
Figure 3.3(c) Illumination of LDR 24
Figure 3.3(d) Interface of LCD Display with Arduino 26
UNO
Experimental Kit
Figure 4.1 28
Figure 4.2 Working Mechanism of Li-Fi 29
Figure 4.3 Experimental Outcomes 30-33

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.2 Pin Details of LCD Display 25

ABBREVIATIONS

Li-Fi: Light Fidelity

TED: Technology, Entertainment & Design

VLC: Visible Light Communication

LED: Light Emitting Diodes
PA: Power Amplifier
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
RF: Radio Frequency
M2M VLC: Mobile-to-Mobile Visual Light Communication
PHY: Physical Layer
MAC: Media Access Control
CSK: Colour Shift Keying
OOK: On-Off Keying
Gbps: Gigabit per Second
IrDA: Infrared Data Association
NFC: Near Field Communication

Viii
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM:
Wi-Fi is a popular wireless networking technology. Wi-Fi stands for "wireless fidelity”. Wi-
Fi was invented by NCR Corporation/AT&T in the Netherlands in 1991. By using this technology,
we can exchange information between two or more devices. Wi-Fi has been developed for mobile
computing devices, such as laptops, but it is now extensively used for mobile applications and
consumer electronics like televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras. There should be two
possibilities in communicating with the Wi-Fi connection that may be through an access point to
the client connection or client to client connection. Wi-Fi is a type of wireless technology. It is
commonly called a wireless LAN (local area network). Wi-Fi technology allows local area
networks to operate without cable and wiring. It is making o popular choice for home and business
networks. A wireless adaptor transfers the data into a radio signal and transfers the data into an
antenna for users.

1.1.1 Wi-Fi Technology working principle:

Wi-Fi is a high-speed internet connection and network connection without the use of ang cables
or wires. The wireless network operates three essential elements that are radio signals, antenna,
and router. The radio waves are keys that make Wi-Fi networking possible. The computers and cell
phones are ready with Wi-Fi cards. Wi-Fi compatibility has been using a new creation to constituent
within the ground connected with community network.

Fig.1.1(a) Wi-Fi Technology

The actual broadcast is connected in sequence in fact it is completed by way of stereo system
surf as well as the worth of wires with the monitor to classification prone. Wi-Fi allows the person
in order to get access to the web ang place in the actually provided area. You can now generate a
system within Resorts, library, schools, colleges, campus, personal institutes, as well as espresso
stores as well as the open public spot to help to make your company much more lucrative as well as
interact with their own customer whenever.
1
 Wi-Fi compatibility can make surf with stare to the company using their inspiring cable
television a much smaller amount force down. The radio signals are transmitted from antennas and
routers that signals are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers, such as computers and cell phones that are
ready with Wi-Fi cards. Whenever the computer receives the signals within the range of 100-150
feet for the router it connects the device immediately.

The range of the Wi-Fi depends upon the environment, indoor or outdoor ranges. The Wi-Fi cards
will read the signals and create an internet connection between the user and the network. The speed
of the device using Wi-Fi connection increases as the computer gets closer to the main source and the
speed is decreased as the computer gets further away.

Fig 1.1(b) Wi-Fi Connections

Many new laptops and mobile phones have inbuilt Wi-Fi cards, you don't have to do anything which
is one of the best things. If it is a free-based type of network connection the user will be prompted with a login
id and password. The free base network connections also do well in some areas. The Wi-Fi network connection
creates hot spots in the cities. The hot spots are a connection point of the Wi-Fi network. It is a small box that
is hardwired into the internet. There are many Wi-Fi hot spots available in public places like restaurants,
airports, hotels offices, universities, etc.

1.1.2 Security:
Security is an important element in Wi-Fi technology. Security is our personal decision but having a
wireless connection we should pay attention to protect our private details. We can connect easily to unsecured
wireless routers. The problem is anyone is connected to your wireless router using the data like download
games, download apps and planning terrorist activities, shirring illegal music and movie files, etc. So, it is
necessary to provide security to the wireless technologies-based devices.
2
1.1.3 Types of Wi-Fi Technologies:

Currently, they are the four major types of WI-FI Technologies.

• Wi-Fi 802.11a
• Wi-Fi-802.11b
• Wi-Fi-802.11g
• Wi-Fi-802.11n

Wi-Fi 802.11a

802.11a is one of a series of wireless technology. That defines the format and structure of
the radio signals sent out by WI-17 networking routers and antennas.

Wi-Fi-802.11b

802. 11 is one of the services of wireless technology. 802 1 support bandwidth 11mbps.
The signal in the unregulated frequency spectrum around 2.4 GHz. This is a low frequency
compared with Wi-Fi-002. Ila means it is working a reasonable distance. It is interference with
micro owns cordless phones and other appliances. It is low cost: the signal range is good using
the home аррliances.

Wi-Fi-802.11g

In 2002 and 2003. This Technology supporting newer slandered products. It is the best
technology of 602. la and 802. 11. 802.11 support bandwidth up to 54mbps and it use a 2.4
GHz Frequency for greater rungs. This cost is more than 802. 11b. It is fast accessing and at
maximum speed.

Wi-Fi-802.11n

802. 11n is the newest WIFI technology. It was designed to improve to 802.11g. The amount
of bandwidth is supported by utilizing multiple wireless signals and antennas instead of one. It
supports 100Mbps bandwidth and increased signal intensity.

Fig.1.1(c) Types of Wireless Communications

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1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM:

* Limited Range: Wi-Fi signals weaken with distance, and physical obstructions like
walls can significantly reduce coverage.

*Interference: Signals can be disrupted by other electronic devices (microwaves, cordless

phones), other Wi-Fi networks, and even weather conditions.

*Security Risks: Unsecured Wi-Fi networks are vulnerable to hacking, data theft, and
unauthorized access.

*Bandwidth Limitations: Sharing a network with multiple devices can slow down
speeds for everyone, especially during peak usage times.

*Health Concerns: While generally considered safe, some studies have raised concerns
about potential health effects from long-term exposure to Wi-Fi radiation.

*Dependence: Over-reliance on Wi-Fi can lead to connectivity issues when access is

unavailable or unreliable.

Fig.1.2 Security Ways of Wi-Fi Networks

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1.3 INTRODUCTION OF THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1.3.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc.
are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware
to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by
the processor to meet that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The
desktop/laptop computer is a general-purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such
as playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software
in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things. Embedded
systems have very limited resources, particularly memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage
devices such as CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A
specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time
systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to
property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.
1.3.2 Application Areas
Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded
system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment-
consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless
communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.
Consumer appliances:
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD
player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video
game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission
control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now embedded
systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-
purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.
Office Automation:
The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machines, fax machines, key
telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.
5
Industrial Automation:
Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical,
cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded
systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature,
pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to
control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station. In a hazardous industrial
environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do
specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated
tasks such as hardware assembly.
Medical Electronics:
Almost all medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipment’s include
diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in
blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved
the way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.
Computer Networking:
Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks
(ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded systems
which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two
networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain
the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after
doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipment’s, other than the end systems (desktop
computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems.
Telecommunications:
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber
terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal
adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple
access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phones, IP gateway, IP
gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the
Internet.
Wireless Technologies:
Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a
very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on the move. The
Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia service over the
Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers and mobile switching
centers are also powerful embedded systems.
6
Insemination:
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering
activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as weight,
temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test equipment such as
oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are
embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thanks to miniaturization, the test and measuring
equipment are now becoming portable, facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-
personnel.
Security:
Security of people and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our homes
and offices; and also, the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for security
applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports
etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent
of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find
applications in every industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical
engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on
communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are
now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in
high security buildings.
Finance:
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving the way for transactions using
smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart
cards, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart
card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of
ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you
go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system.
1.3.3 Overview of Embedded System Architecture
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software resides
on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented
as a layered architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer
including a desktop computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an
operating system in every embedded system.
7
 For small appliances such as remote-control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for
an operating system, and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications
involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to
integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the
memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a
long time you don’t need to reload new software.

Fig 1.3(a) Embedded System

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As
shown in Fig. the building blocks are;
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
• Input Devices
• Output devices
• Communication interfaces
• Application-specific circuitry

8
 Fig 1.3(b) Embedded System Block Diagram
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its main
attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is
the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand,
microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is
used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains the
contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched
on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is executed.
Input Devices:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There
will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task. Many
embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad may
be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have any input
device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals
that are in turn fed to other systems.

9
Output Devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system modules,
or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to display some
important parameters.
Communication Interfaces:
The embedded systems may need to interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few
communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394,
Ethernet etc.

Application-Specific Circuitry:
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded
system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the necessary
work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts main supply or
through a battery. The hardware has to be designed in such a way that power consumption is minimized.
1.4 Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a sophisticated electronic component at the heart of modern computing and
digital systems. Functioning as a central processing unit (CPU), this integrated circuit serves as the brain
of a computer or electronic device, orchestrating a myriad of complex operations with remarkable speed
and precision. At its core, a microprocessor comprises several key elements, including the arithmetic logic
unit (ALU), control unit, and a set of registers. The ALU is responsible for executing arithmetic and logical
operations, while the control unit coordinates the flow of data within the processor and manages the
execution of instructions.

Fig. 1.3(c) Microprocessor

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 Microprocessors operate on a binary system, manipulating data and instructions represented in the
form of ones and zeros. The processor fetches instructions from the computer's memory, decodes them,
and then executes the corresponding operations. This seamless orchestration allows the microprocessor to
perform diverse tasks, from basic arithmetic calculations to complex computations required for running
software applications. Microprocessors are versatile and found in an array of electronic devices, ranging
from personal computers and laptops to smartphones, tablets, and embedded systems. Their widespread
use is a testament to their efficiency, scalability, and adaptability to various applications.
In addition to their role in computation, microprocessors play a crucial part in managing input and
output operations. They interface with peripheral devices, facilitating communication between the
computer and external components such as keyboards, displays, printers, and storage devices. The
advancement of microprocessor technology has been a driving force behind the exponential growth of
computing power and the miniaturization of electronic devices. Moore's Law, a principle that observes the
doubling of transistor density on integrated circuits approximately every two years, has fueled this
progress, leading to increasingly powerful and energy-efficient microprocessors.
As technology evolves, microprocessors continue to be a focal point of innovation, with
improvements in architecture, fabrication processes, and the integration of specialized features such as
multiple cores, on-chip memory, and enhanced security measures. This relentless pursuit of advancement
ensures that microprocessors remain at the forefront of computing, powering the digital landscape and
enabling the development of increasingly sophisticated and capable electronic systems.
1.3.4 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a compact, integrated circuit that amalgamates a central processing unit
(CPU), memory (RAM and ROM/Flash), input/output peripherals, and various essential components like
timers, counters, and often communication interfaces, all on a single chip. This highly integrated design
aims to provide a versatile and self-contained computing platform tailored for embedded systems. Unlike
general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers are purpose-built for specific applications, facilitating
the control and operation of devices and systems in diverse domains such as automation, robotics,
consumer electronics, and more.

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 Fig 1.3(d) Microcontroller

The CPU within a microcontroller executes program instructions stored in its memory,
manipulating data and interacting with peripherals to perform predefined tasks. The memory is utilized for
both storing the program code and temporarily holding data during runtime. Input/output peripherals
enable communication with the external environment, including sensors, actuators, displays, and
communication modules. Moreover, microcontrollers often incorporate specialized features such as
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for interfacing with analog sensors, pulse-width modulation (PWM)
for precise control of outputs like motors or LEDs, and interrupt controllers to handle external events
efficiently. Real-time clock modules and watchdog timers enhance the time-aware and fault-tolerant
aspects of embedded systems.
The versatility of microcontrollers lies in their adaptability to a wide array of applications, making
them fundamental in the development of smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, and numerous
other embedded systems where compactness, efficiency, and dedicated functionality are paramount. The
widespread use of microcontrollers underscores their pivotal role in the advancement of technology,
influencing innovations across industries and contributing to the seamless integration of computing
capabilities into various aspects of our daily lives.

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1.3.5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, embedded systems represent a transformative force in modern technology, seamlessly

integrating computing capabilities into the fabric of our daily lives. These systems, often powered by
microcontrollers or microprocessors, play a pivotal role in a myriad of applications, ranging from consumer
electronics to critical infrastructure. The efficiency, compactness, and dedicated functionality of embedded
systems have revolutionized industries, enabling innovations in areas such as healthcare, automotive,
communication, and beyond. The future of embedded systems holds the promise of even greater
integration, intelligence, and adaptability. With ongoing developments in artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and edge computing, embedded systems are poised to become more autonomous and capable of
making intelligent decisions in real-time. However, these advancements also bring challenges, including
the need for robust cybersecurity measures and ethical considerations in the deployment of intelligent
embedded technologies.

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1.4 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM [OVER
EXISTING SYSTEM]:

ADVANTAGES:

High-Speed Data Transfer: Li-Fi enables rapid communication using light flashes,
surpassing traditional wireless methods in speed.

Interference-Free Communication: Operates without interference from radio frequencies,

ensuring reliable performance.

Cost-Effective: Utilizes readily available components like LEDs and LDR reducing
development costs.

Enhanced Security: Light signals are confined to specific areas, preventing unauthorized
interception.

No Electromagnetic Interference: Ideal tor sensitive environments like hospitals and

airplanes.
Eco-Friendly: Low power consumption compared to traditional wireless systems.

Ease of Integration: Can be integrated with existing LED lighting system.

Fig.1.4(a) Advantages of Li-Fi

APPLICATIONS:

Smart Lighting: Enables simultaneous lighting and data communication in homes and offices.

Healthcare: Provides safe communication in hospitals where radio waves may interfere with
medical equipment. 14
Education: Facilitates wireless communication in classrooms using LED projectors and Li-
fi receivers.

Underwater Communication: Useful for transmitting data were traditional wireless

communication fails

Internet of Things (IoT): Seamlessly integrates with lot of devices for data transfer.

Defense: Provides secure and reliable communication in sensitive military operations.

Retail and Advertising: Transmits product information via LED-based systems in malls and stores.

Traffic Management: Communicates with vehicles using LED traffic lights.

Fig.1.4(b) Applications of Li-Fi

15
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

LI-FI technology changes the possibility about how we access the internet, videos, audios, emails
and many more and the base of it is visible light communication (VLC), which includes transmitting
information is transmitted by using electromagnetic spectrum. The idea of sending information using LEDs
began during the 1990's and experiments showed that transmitting data wirelessly LEDs can be used.

The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by Harald Haas, the teacher at University of Edinburgh in
Scotland and he brought the idea of "Wireless data from every light". Haas and his re-search assistant,
Mostafa Afgani, first sent data by using light signals in 2007. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his
TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. He referred to this light signal as D-Light which can
be used to produce data rates higher than 10 megabits per second which is much faster than our average
broadband connection.

Several research works have been carried out on working mechanisms of Li-Fi, on how it provides
better bandwidth, efficiency and better availability and security, on how it has immense possibilities, on
how Li-Fi differs from other wireless communication mediums. But only a few research has been carried
out on practical implementation of Li-Fi. Researches have been done to show how Li-Fi can be used in
Indian Railways, how Li-Fi can be used to park vehicles with intelligence is shown in , the procedure of
detecting the position of a moving person and updating the location in his device using Li-Fi is illustrated
in , how Li-Fi in conjunction with PIC microcontroller can be used for traffic management and road safety
is shown in , how vehicle to vehicle transmission can be used to reduce accidents and the decoding of
transmitted data by microcontrollers is shown in .

But in our work, we proposed the procedure of traffic management, and road safety by using vehicle
to vehicle transmission based on Li-Fi but we used Arduino microcontroller to encode and decode data
because it is much more effective than PIC microcontroller, which is only a chip, but the former is a
platform. Arduino is much simpler in quick prototyping.

16
 CHAPTER 3

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Data Transfer System

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT:

In the era of overcrowded (data communication) world, Li-Fi is a new way of wireless
communication that uses LED lights to transmit data wirelessly. Transmission of data is one of the most
important day to day activities in the fast growing world. The current wireless networks that connect us to
the Internet are very slow when multiple devices are connected. Also, with the increase in the number of
devices which access the Internet, the availability of fixed bandwidth makes it much more difficult to enjoy
high data transfer rates and to connect to a secure network. Radio waves are just a small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum available for data transfer. Li-Fi has got a much broader spectrum for
transmission compared to conventional methods of wireless communication that rely on radio waves. The
basic ideology behind this technology is that the data can be transferred through LED light by varying light
intensities faster than the human eyes can perceive. This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum, instead of Gigahertz radio waves for data
transfer.

Fig.3.1 Li-Fi Communication

The idea of Li-Fi was introduced for the first time by a German physicist Harald Hass in the ED
(Technology, Entertainment, Design) Global talk on Visible Light Communication (VLC)in July 2011, by
referring to it as “data through illumination”. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a video
of a blooming flower that was then projected onto a screen.

17
 In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi i.e. instead of radio waves it uses
light to transmit data. In place of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceivers fitted with LED lamps that
could light a room as well as transmit and receive information.
By adding new and unutilized bandwidth of visible light to the currently available radio waves for
data transfer, Li-Fi can play a major role in relieving the heavy loads which the current wireless System is
facing.
Thus, it may offer an additional frequency band of the order of 400 THz compared to that available
in RF communication which is about 300 GHz. Also, as the Li-Fi uses the visible spectrum, it will help
alleviate concerns that the electromagnetic waves coming with Wi-Fi could adversely affect our health.

By Communication through visible light, Li-Fi technology has the possibility to change how we
access the Internet, stream videos, receive emails and much more. Security would not be an issue as data
can’t be accessed in the absence of light. As a result, it can be used in high security military areas where
RF communication is prone to eavesdropping.

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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT:

Fig. 3.2 Block diagram of proposed project

Hardware components required:

• Arduino Uno
• LDR
• LCD
• Mobile application

Fig.3.2(a) LDR sensor Fig.3.2(b) Half Bread Board Fig.3.2(c) Arduino UNO Board

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 Fig.3.2(d) Resistor Fig.3.2(e) 16x2 LCD Display

Methodology for Li-Fi-Based Data Transfer System

The methodology for developing the Li-Fi-based data transfer system involves the following steps:
1. System Design and Planning
• Objective: To create a wireless communication system utilizing Li-Fi technology.

• Requirements Analysis: Identify the components required, such as Atmega 328 controller, LDR
sensor, and other supporting electronic components.

• Architecture: Design the system architecture, including the transmitter (mobile app and flashlight)
and receiver (LDR, microcontroller, and LCD display).

2. Hardware Development
• Component Selection:

➢ Choose appropriate components for the project, such as:

▪ Atmega 328 microcontroller for data processing.

▪ LDR sensor for receiving light signals.

▪ LCD display for displaying the decoded message.

➢ Support components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and regulators.

• Circuit Design:

➢ Design the transmitter circuit, which uses the mobile phone flashlight controlled by the
Android app.

➢ Design the receiver circuit with an LDR module, signal processing unit, and LCD output.

➢ Create power supply circuitry for stable operation.

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 • PCB Design:

➢ Develop and fabricate a PCB layout to assemble all components in a compact form.

3. Software Development
• Mobile Application Development:

➢ Use a Li-Fi transmitter app that:

▪ Accepts user input text.

▪ Encodes the text into light flashes by toggling the flashlight.

• Microcontroller Programming:

➢ Write firmware for the Atmega 328 microcontroller to:

▪ Receive and decode signals from the LDR sensor.

▪ Process the received binary data to convert it back into the original text.

▪ Display the decoded message on the LCD screen.

➢ Implement error-checking mechanisms to ensure reliable data transmission.

4. System Integration
• Integration of Components:

➢ Connect the transmitter (mobile app with flashlight) and receiver (LDR and
microcontroller).

➢ Assemble the hardware on the PCB and ensure all components are connected correctly.

• Testing and Debugging:

➢ Test the transmission of various text messages using the flashlight and LDR setup.

➢ Debug any issues in signal reception, decoding, or display.

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5. Optimization and Finalization

• Performance Optimization:

➢ Fine-tune the sensitivity of the LDR to light flashes for accurate signal reception.

➢ Ensure stable power supply and noise-free signal processing.

• Validation:

➢ Verify that the system provides high-speed data transfer without data loss.

➢ Validate that the system operates reliably under different ambient lighting conditions.

• Packaging:

➢ Secure all components on the PCB with proper enclosures for durability.

6. Demonstration and Documentation

• Demonstration:

➢ Use the mobile app to type a message and transmit it via the flashlight.

➢ Show the received and decoded message on the LCD screen.

• Documentation:

Record the system specifications, circuit diagrams, software code, and t

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3.3 DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS:

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR:

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of
the incidental electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called photo
conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials
that have high resistance. There are many different symbols used to indicate an LDR, one of the most used
symbols is shown in the figure below.

Fig.3.3(a) Symbol of LDR

The arrow indicates light falling on it. Fig:.3.3(a) Symbol of LDR Working Principle of LDR A
light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical
phenomenon in which materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the material.

3.3(b) Working Principle of LDR

Fig:3.3(b) Working Principle of LDR When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These
photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material
to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough
energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in
large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing through
the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased.
This is the most common working principle of LDR.
Characteristics of LDR:
LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on them and that is
increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is very high.
23
 This resistance is called dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Ω and if the device is allowed to
absorb light its resistance will be decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity
of light is increased the current starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for
a particular LDR.

3.3(c) Illumination of LDR

Photocells or LDR’s are nonlinear devices. Their sensitivity varies with the wavelength of light
incident on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a certain range of wavelengths. Based on
the material used, different cells have different spectral response curves. When light is incident on a
photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the change in resistance to take place, while it takes one or
more seconds for the resistance to rise back again to its initial value after removal of light. This
phenomenon is called resistance recovery rate. This property is used in audio compressors. Also, LDR’s
are less sensitive than photo diodes and phototransistors. (A photo diode and a photocell (LDR) are not the
same, a photodiode is a pn junction semiconductor device that converts light to electricity, whereas a
photocell is a passive device, there is no pn junction in this nor it “converts” light to electricity).

Types of Light Dependent Resistors Based on the materials used they are classified as:
Intrinsic photo resistors (Un doped semiconductor): These are made of pure semiconductor
materials such as silicon or Germanium. Electrons get excited from valance band to conduction band when
photons of energy fall on them and the number of charge carriers is increased. 2. Extrinsic photo resistors:
These are semiconductor materials doped with impurities which are called dopants. These dopants create
new energy bands above the valence band which are filled with electrons. Hence this reduces the band gap,
and less energy is required in exciting them. Extrinsic photo resistors are generally used for long
wavelengths. Construction of a Photocell The structure of a light dependent resistor consists of a light
sensitive material which is deposited on an insulating substrate such as ceramic. The material is deposited
in a zigzag pattern in order to obtain the desired resistance and power rating. This zigzag area separates
the metal deposited areas into two regions. Then the ohmic contacts are made on either side of the area.
The resistance of these contacts should be as little as possible to make sure that the resistance mainly
changes due to the effect of light only.

24
 Materials normally used are cadmium sulphide, cadmium selenide, indium antimonide and
cadmium sulphonide. Applications of LDR 1. Light sensors, 2. Camera light meter, 3. Street lamps, Alarm
clock,
4. Burglar alarm circuits, 5. Light intensity meters, 6. Counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt.
LCD Display:
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and finds a wide range
of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices
and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The
reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about the internal structure of a LCD.

Table 3.2 Pin details of LCD Display

Interfacing of LCD Display with Arduino Uno:

The Liquid Crystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin
interface. The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several
interface pins at once to control the display.

25
The interface consists of the following pins:
A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data to. You
can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is
where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next. A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects
reading mode or writing mode.
An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins
(high or low) are the bits that you're writing to a register when you write, or the values you're reading when
you read.
There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED Backlight
(Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn on and
off the LED backlight, respectively.

Fig 3.3(d) Interface of LCD Display with Arduino Uno

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that forms the image of what you
want to display into. The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that forms the image
of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register.
The Liquid Crystal Library simplifies this for you, so you don't need to know the low-level instructions.
The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode
requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins. For displaying text on the
screen, you can do most everything in 4-bit mode, so example shows how to control a 2x16 LCD in 4-bit
mode.

26
Key Features of the Mobile App -Li-Fi Project App:

User Input Interface: The app provides a simple interface where users can type the message they wish
to transmit.

Light-Based Transmission: Upon sending, the app converts the typed message into a series of light
pulses by modulating the device's flashlight. These pulses represent the binary data of the message.

Compatibility: Designed for Android devices equipped with a flashlight, ensuring broad accessibility.

27
 CHAPTER 4

WORKING MODEL OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

4.1 Experimental Demonstration Kit:

Fig 4.1 Experimental Kit

• Take a Half Breadboard, connect a 16x2 LCD Display and LDR Sensor to breadboard as shown
in diagram.
• Take a Resistor, connect its one end to Vss and other end to Vo of Display.
• Connect Vss of display to ground and VDD of display to supply.
• Using connectors connect Rs of display to D2 pin of UNO board and Enable pin of display to D3
pin of UNO board.
• Connect Rw pin of display to Ground.
• Connect D4, D5,D6,D7 pins of display to the D4,D5,D6,D7 pins of UNO board.
• Connect “A” pin of display to supply and “K” pin of display to ground on breadboard.
• Now, connect D0 of sensor to D8 of UNO board.
• Connect Vcc (5V) to supply and ground pin to ground of LDR sensor.
• Connect 5V (power pins) to supply and ground pin to ground of UNO board.
• After all connections, using Li-Fi Project App from mobile send the data to LDR sensor through
the light. 28
 4.2 Working Mechanism of the Kit:
The working principle of light fidelity technology is much simple. The main part of Li-Fi
technology is formed with the new generation of high brightness LED which can be switched on and off
very fast. If the LED is on binary data 1 is transmitted and if it is off binary O is transmitted.
A light source or LED bulbs act as transmitter on one end and on the receiver end there is a light
sensor or photo detector. When a LED flashes it behaves like a trigger which is then detected by a photo
detector. In order to build up a message, the LED is flashed numerous times or an array of LEDs of a few
different colors is used to obtain data rates in the range of hundreds of megabits per second. Depending on
what the LED bulbs sense, photo detector will give output in the binary format like 0 or 1. Figure 1 gives
a clear picture of working mechanism of Li-Fi.

Fig 4.2 Working Mechanism of Li-Fi

Functionality:

1. Message Encoding: The app encodes the input text into a binary format.

2. Light Modulation: The binary data is then used to control the on-off pattern of the device's
flashlight, creating light pulses corresponding to the binary sequence.

3. Data Transmission: These light pulses are transmitted through the air and can be received by a
light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photodiode connected to an Arduino-based receiver system.

4. Message Decoding: The receiver interprets the light pulses back into the original message, which
can then be displayed on an LCD or other output interfaces.

29
4.3 Experimental Outcomes:

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a technology that uses light to transmit data wirelessly. providing an
alternative to traditional Wi-Fi. which relies on radio waves. In a Li-Fi experiment, researchers typically
assess various aspects of this technology, such as data transfer rates, range, interference levels, and
stability. Below are some common outcomes from Li-Fi experiments in detail:

1.High-Speed Data Transfer

One of the most significant outcomes of Li-Fi experiments is the potential for incredibly fast data
transfer speeds. Li- Fi has been shown to transmit data at speeds much higher than traditional Wi-Fi. In
some experiments, data rates of several gigabits per second (Gbps) have been achieved, which far surpass
the typical speeds seen with current Wi-Fi standards. This makes Li-Fi a promising candidate for
applications that require large amounts of data to be transmitted quickly, such as high-definition video
streaming, virtual reality, and large file transfers.

2. Reduced Interference

30
 Unlike Wi-Fi. which uses radio waves that can suffer from interference due to obstacles like walls,
other electronic devices, or crowded frequency bands. Li-Fi uses light, which does not interfere with radio
signals. Experiments have demonstrated that Li-Fi can operate in environments where radio-based
communication might be unreliable or subject to interference. This makes it useful in places like hospitals,
aircraft, and sensitive environments where radio waves could cause issues.

3. Line of Sight and Limited Range

One limitation identified in Li-Fi experiments is that it requires a direct line of sight between
the transmitter (usually an LED light) and the receiver. Unlike Wi-Fi, which can pass through walls
and objects. Li-Fi signals can be blocked by obstacles such as walls. furniture, and even people.
This restricts the effective range of the system. Some experiments have focused on overcoming
this limitation by using multiple light sources, or by investigating ways to transmit data through
reflective surfaces, but range and line-of-sight are still important factors in the performance of Li-
Fi systems.

4.Energy Efficiency

Li-Fi experiments have also shown that this technology can be more energy-efficient than traditional
Wi-Fi. Since the light used for communication is already being emitted in various settings (e. g. in street
lamps, office lights, etc.). it's possible to transmit data without needing to deploy additional energy-
consuming infrastructure. 31
 5.Security

Security is a significant outcome from many Li-Fi experiments. Since Li-Fi is based on light, its
signal cannot easily pass through walls or other solid objects. This provides a higher level of physical
security because the signal can be contained within a specific area (such as a room or building). In contrast.
Wi-Fi signals can be intercepted from outside the intended coverage area, which poses a higher risk for
unauthorized access. This aspect of Li-Fi makes it an attractive solution for high-security environments.

6. Demodulator

Function: This component is responsible for converting the modulated light signal back into usable
electrical signals at the receiver's end, which can then be processed by a computer or other device.

Example: A demodulator might convert the light signal back into digital data (binary) for further
processing.

7. Communication Interface (Optional)

Function: Some demonstration kits include interfaces for communicating with other devices. For example,
USB ports. Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi can be integrated to relay data between the Li-Fi receiver and a device.
32
Example: Connecting a computer to the Li-Fi system via USB for practical data transfer.

8. Power Supply

Function: Both the LED transmitter and the photodetector require power, typically provided by batteries
or a power adapter. The experimental kit may include a built-in power supply or require an external one.

9. Software/Programming Interface (Optional)

Function: Some kits come with software that allows users to program the microcontroller or manage the
data flow. This could be used for experimenting with different modulation techniques or transferring data
over longer distances.
Integration with the Li-Fi System:
This mobile app serves as the transmitter in the Li-Fi communication system. By utilizing the
device's flashlight to emit modulated light signals, it eliminates the need for additional hardware on the
transmitting side, making the system more accessible and cost-effective. The receiver setup, typically
involving an Arduino microcontroller and an LDR, captures these light signals, decodes the data, and
displays the transmitted message.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION:

Li-Fi technology offers a promising alternative to traditional wireless communication by leveraging

visible light for high-speed, secure, and interference-free data transfer. This project demonstrates the
feasibility of using Li-Fi for text-based communication, showcasing its advantages in speed, reliability,
and low cost. With further advancements, Li-Fi could revolutionize how we interact with technology in
various fields.

FUTURE SCOPE:
➢ Increased Data Rates: Research on higher-speed data transmission using advanced modulation
techniques.
➢ Wider Adoption: Integration of Li-Fi technology in smart homes, smart cities, and industrial IoT.
➢ Miniaturization: Development of compact and portable Li-Fi receivers for mobile devices.
➢ Hybrid Communication Systems: Combining Li-Fi with traditional Wi-Fi for seamless
connectivity.
➢ Energy Efficiency: Utilizing solar cells for dual purposes: power generation and data reception.
➢ Automotive Integration: Implementing Li-Fi for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.
➢ Standardization: Establishing global standards for Li-Fi technology to facilitate widespread
adoption.

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REFERENCES
1. http://www.warse.org/pdfs/2014/icetetssp25. pdf

2. http://www. onlinejournal. in/IJIRV216/006.pdf

3. http://iceexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? arnumber=668575 3

S
4. www.oledcomm. com 17

5. https://www. ijsr. net/archive/v5i9/26051603. pdf 8

6. https://www. ijsr.net/archive/v4il2/NOV151778. pdf9

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