Table of Contents

Introduction To Thermal Anemometry 2

IFA 300 Constant Temperature Anemometer 6
The System 6
Model 183145 Temperature Module 8
Analog-to-Digital Converters 9
THERMALPRO Software 10
F LOWPOINT Velocity Measuring System 12
Calibrators 14
Calibration Services 14
Traverse Systems 15
Probe Selection 16
Thermal Anemometry Probes 20
For Single Cylindrical Sensors 20
For Dual Cylindrical Sensors 27
With Thermocouples Built In 31
For Three Cylindrical Sensors 32
Non-Cylindrical Probes 33
Probe Supports 36
Single-Sensor Probe Supports 36
Dual-Sensor Probe Supports 38
Probe Accessories 40
Determining Sensor Operating Resistance 44
Probe Calibration 44
Bibliography of Thermal Anemometry 47
Index by Model Number 48
Introduction to Thermal Anemometry

Principles of Operation platinum thin-film deposited on a

quartz substrate) with a fast feedback
used. Modern systems generally
include provisions for correcting the
Thermal anemometers measure circuit which compensates for the velocity reading automatically for
fluid velocity by sensing the changes drop in the natural response of the temperature changes.
in heat transfer from a small, electri- sensor. Time response to flow fluctu- The limitations of the device are
cally-heated element exposed to the ations as short as three microseconds few. Accurate data analysis can
fluid. In the “constant temperature can be achieved easily. become difficult in highly turbulent,
anemometer” the cooling effect pro- It is for this reason the thermal non-isotropic, or reversing flows, and
duced by the flow passing over the anemometer has become a standard frequent sensor replacement may be
element is balanced by the electrical tool for researchers examining the necessary when working in liquid or
current to the element, so that the nature of turbulence. The small sen- particle laden flows. Even under
element is held at a constant temper- sor size, normally only a millimeter these conditions, with care and regu-
ature. The change in current due to a in length, also makes this technique lar sensor calibration, the instrument
change in flow velocity shows up as a valuable in applications where access has proven itself as an excellent tool
voltage at the anemometer output. A is difficult or where larger sensors for fluid mechanics research.
modern anemometer will be linked obstruct the flow.
to a personal computer, where the Since the actual measurement is
data is analyzed and presented to of heat transfer between the sensor Selecting A System
researchers in terms appropriate to and its environment, the thermal A modern thermal anemometer
their studies. anemometer will respond to changes system gives the researcher complete
A key feature of the thermal in parameters other than velocity, results presented in fluid dynamics
anemometer is its ability to measure such as temperature, pressure, and terms. Any such system includes five
very rapid changes in velocity. This fluid composition. While this adds discrete elements: one or more probes
is accomplished by coupling a very to versatility, it also means that and probe supports,anemometer elec-
fine sensing element (typically a wire when more than one parameter is tronics, analog-to-digital converter,
four to six microns in diameter or a changing, special techniques must be data analysis software, and a calibra-
2
tion device. Some elements (probes, ferred choice in a wide range of sor is required. Flush mounted film
for example) offer the user many thermal anemometry applications. sensors for measuring wall shear,
choices, while others offer only a Rigidity is especially important for heat flux, or flow separation are also
few. These elements are all described multi-sensor measurements where available.
here and then expanded later in the the algorithms used for data reduc-
catalog. This section should be con- tion assume a straight sensor. Also, Wire Sensors
sulted when considering purchase of film sensors are less susceptible to The traditional sensor for
a complete system, to ensure that all damage or coating by particles in research thermal anemometry has
key elements are selected. the flow than are wire sensors. been a fine wire. For very low tur-
TSI hot film sensors are con- bulence intensities, the wire sensor
Probes and Probe Supports structed of a high purity platinum is still superior—and the smaller the
TSI offers a wide variety of film on a fused-quartz substrate. wire, the better the results. For
probes. They vary in both the type Platinum provides the most stable, those applications that require a
of sensor used and the design of the anticorrosive film material available, wire sensor, the 4 µm-diameter,
probe which supports it. When while the quartz substrate provides platinum-coated tungsten wire is
selecting a probe, the user must high strength and low thermal con- almost a standard for measurements
choose between cylindrical and ductivity. As a result, the “stan- at normal room temperatures and
non-cylindrical sensors and/or dard” 51 µm-diameter cylindrical below. Tungsten is very strong and
between film and wire sensors. The hot film sensor has about the same has a high temperature coefficient
choice is based on the fluid charac- spatial resolution (in three-dimen- of resistance. It will, however, dete-
teristics, the velocity range, the sional flows, when length domi- riorate at high temperatures in oxi-
number of velocity components, nates) and conduction to the sup- dizing atmospheres (such as air).
contamination in the flow, and ports as a 4 µm-diameter tungsten Platinum wires, though weaker, can
access to the flow. wire. Film sensors with diameters also be made very small and will
TSI’s probe supports are catego- of 25 µm and 152 µm are also withstand high temperatures in an
rized into single- and dual-sensor available. oxidizing atmosphere. If more
probe supports and rigid and flexi- For applications in air, an alumi- strength is needed at high tempera-
ble types. Very often, a locking and na coating provides abrasion resis- tures, an alloy such as platinum-
protective shield is also used with tance, while for water and other iridium should be used.
a rigid probe support to provide conductive liquids a quartz coating The standard 4 µm tungsten
added mechanical protection to the provides electrical isolation from wires have the active portion of the
sensor and rigidity to the probe. the fluid. Sensors with no coating sensor isolated from the supports
Rigid probe supports are good for can be provided (and are preferred) with copper plating. The copper-
traversing across a test section while for truly non-conducting liquids. plated portion is then soldered to
a flexible probe support is useful in Gold plating on the ends isolates the specially formed, low resistance
a space-limited environment. the sensor from the supports. support needles. Other techniques
Non-cylindrical film sensors are are also used, depending on the
Film Sensors particularly useful in water, in flows expected temperature of the fluid
The rigidity and strength of where substantial contamination and the wire material. The design,
cylindrical film sensors, relative to cannot be avoided, or in situations construction, and mounting of the
wire sensors, make them the pre- where an exceptionally rugged sen- sensors listed in this catalog have

Sensor Probe Support

Probe
RS-232-C
Digital Control Line

Flow

Hotwire Probes
IFA 300 Back Panel

BNC Adapter
Computer

Type-T Thermocouple Module

Line Cord

3
 been optimized to satisfy nearly ity gases, especially transonic or The IFA 300 Research Constant
all requirements for flow measure- supersonic flows, can be very diffi- Temperature Anemometer, is a gen-
ments using wires. cult. Traditionally, compressibility eral purpose anemometer which can
effects have been assumed to start be used for any flow measurement
Sensor Velocity Range influencing data above 100 m/s in where thermal anemometry can be
Physical limits to sensor perfor- room temperature air. At the low used. It features ultrahigh frequen-
mance on the high velocity end velocity end, free convection cy response and low-noise circuits
derive from two sources: contami- impacts the ability to make accurate together with the revolutionary
nants in the flow striking the sensor measurements. A typical value used SMARTTUNETM bridge optimization
and dynamic loading on the sensor as a minimum for air is 0.15 m/s. technology which eliminates tun-
from the fluid itself. For most appli- However, if the flow is vertical and ing, whether manual or done by
cations with hot wires, contami- always in the upward direction computer mouse. Optional elec-
nants are the major source of sensor (same direction as the flow due to tronics can be used to operate a
breakage or sensor strain which free convection), at a low sensor wire sensor as a high-frequency-
causes calibration to change. Film temperature (e.g. 40 °C) mean flow resistance thermometer for tempera-
sensors eliminate the strain problem measurements down to 0.01 m/s can ture measurements and for correct-
and also require larger contami- be made successfully. In water, the ing velocity data.
nants to cause breakage. minimum velocity is about one-fifth The FLOWPOINTTM Velocity
In reasonably clean flows, most the value in air and maximum water Measuring System is the second
wire sensors 4 µm in diameter or flow is up to 10 m/s. package offered by TSI It offers ease
larger should survive at velocities of use and maximum value to the
below 300 m/s in room temperature Anemometer Electronics researcher who does not need to
air. An exception is platinum wires, Two main electronics packages measure flow fluctuations above
where even fluid loading can be a are available from TSI. With either 10 kHz or more than two velocity
problem, especially at high tempera- one, up to sixteen sensors can be components. Many industrial users
tures. Non-cylindrical sensors such operated simultaneously by select- and educational institutions find
as cones and wedges can survive ing the appropriate number of this product an ideal combination
very high velocities. To damage anemometer channels and both of economy and capability since it
such a sensor, a contaminant would anemometers come with integrated easily handles most applications up
have to harm the point or edge of signal conditioning electronics. to velocities of 50 to 75 m/s.
the sensor, changing the calibration.
Data interpretation in high veloc-

Examples
The following examples demonstrate the process of selecting a system to meet specific application requirements.
Example 1. You require frequent measurements of three components in a flow of 50 m/s.

Component TSI Recommended Reason

Probe 1299-20-18 Three-sensor probe needed

Anemometer Three channel IFA 300 (one IFA 300 and Three-component measurement capability at single location
two 183150)
Software THERMALPRO Software Three-component analysis necessary

Calibration Model 1128A or 1129 calibrator Frequent measurements require convenience of field calibration

A/D Converter ADCWIN-4 Includes sample and hold—four-channel capability sufficient

Example 2. Your application requires measuring of clean water flows ranging from 0.1 to 1 m/s and the flow direction is known.
Component TSI Recommended Reason
Probe 1210-20W, 1150, 1158 Good sensitivity, resistance to damage, easily repaired

Anemometer FLOWPOINT (one 1500-2) Low cost—frequency response requirements are low in liquid flows

Software Included with FLOWPOINT

Calibration TSI water flow calibration Necessary unless customer has a calibrated water flow facility

A/D Converter Included with FLOWPOINT, without sample/hold Sample and hold not needed for single channel

4
Analog-to-Digital
Converters
The interface which converts the
analog voltage output of the ane-
mometer to a digital form for use by
a computer is essential to any mod-
ern anemometer. Several things
must be considered when evaluating
A/D converters for use with ane-
mometers. These include making
sure the digitizing rate is adequate to
obtain the required frequency res-
ponse (which may be as high as one
megasample per second when used
with the IFA 300) and ensuring that
resolution is sufficient to resolve
small changes in velocity. When
used with the analog zero suppres-
sion and gain circuits found in the
IFA 300 and FLOWPOINT, twelve bits is
sufficient. In most cases, the ability
to simultaneously sample multiple
channels of analog input is also nec-
essary when correlating two or more under DOS, using LabWindows™. This service can be performed in just
sensor inputs. TSI offers several A/D It allows up to sixteen channels of a few days and is an economical
converters which meet these require- input with automated calibration, way for users with occasional mea-
ments, but due to the rapid change but data analysis is limited to one- surement requirements to have their
in technology in this area, it is wise and two-sensor probes. probes calibrated. Water sensors can
to contact TSI directly to get the lat- Either of these packages can also also be calibrated at TSI.
est specifications. be used with other anemometers, For users with more frequent
with some limitations. Contact TSI measurement requirements, or those
Data Analysis Software for further information. who cannot easily access the calibra-
Once data is acquired by the tion services, the purchase of a
computer, comprehensive, easy-to- Calibration portable calibrator is recommended.
use data analysis software is essen- The final requirement for any Both manual and automated calibra-
tial. TSI software is matched to the anemometer system is calibration. tors are available from TSI. They
anemometer. The THERMALPROTM The basic output of an anemometer can be used with virtually all TSI
software used with the IFA 300 is is a voltage that varies non-linearly probe designs (for gas flow only).
written using LabWindows CVI™ with velocity. For different sensors,
and runs under WindowsTM 3.1 for this output will have a similar, but Options
486 or Pentium computers. It offers not identical, curve shape, necessi- Although correct selection of the
complete experiment documenta- tating individual sensor calibration. above components yields a com-
tion, automated calibration, traverse A sensor may also exhibit some out- plete velocity measurement system,
control, and data acquisition and put drift with time, especially when TSI offers several optional compo-
analysis for up to sixteen anemome- it is used in fluids with contami- nents which let a user completely
ter channels. Complete sensor cali- nants, which can collect on the sen- equip a flow facility from a single
bration and detailed analysis and sor and change the heat transfer. supplier. The most common of
display of three-sensor data are also Calibration at or near actual these are automated traverse pack-
features of this package. Users of experimental conditions is also ages, for moving the sensor probe to
TSI’s older IFA 100 anemometer can important. For customers that do various locations in the flow, and
also upgrade their systems with this not have calibration facilities, TSI computer systems for data analysis.
software, although some features are offers two solutions to calibration TSI also offers user training and
not accessible. concerns. First, TSI maintains other forms of technical support.
The second software package, a complete calibration facility which
included with the FLOWPOINT can generate a wide range of veloci-
anemometer, is similar to the ties and is suitable for calibrating
THERMALPRO package in configura- one-, two-, or three-sensor probes.
tion. The FLOWPOINT software runs
5
Research Constant Temperature Anemometer
Model IFA 300
A revolution in thermal anemometry

• SMARTTUNETM automatic bridge

optimization technology
• High frequency response
(with no tuning)
• Windows-based software
• Built-in signal conditioner
and thermocouple circuit
• Optional constant current
anemometer
• Fully computer controlled
• Ultra-low-noise circuits
• Optional integrated calibra-
tion system

The IFA 300 is a state-of-

the-art research anemometer
capable of meeting the most
demanding measurement
requirements. Whether your SMARTTUNE* Bridge blow-down wind tunnel, thanks to
the self-optimizing SMARTTUNE
application involves measure-
ment of high speed flows,
Optimization bridge circuit.
SMARTTUNE technology eliminates
measurement of very low tur- Research thermal anemometry the need for a special 1:1 bridge to
bulence intensities, fast tem- has been an effective tool for fluid achieve high frequency responses,
perature measurement, or the mechanics researchers for many with the IFA 300, the confusion over
use of a high power bridge, years, but the requirement for pre- a multiplicity of inputs and settings
the IFA 300 can do it all. It cise manual frequency response tun- is eliminated. You only need a single
represents the depth of design ing of the anemometer/sensor cir- input jack to handle any sensor,
capability and an understand- cuit has made accurate measure- under any conditions.
ing of the dynamics of con- ment an art form and has restricted
stant temperature anemome- some applications. With the effec-
try which TSI has developed tive implementation of TSI’s The System
over the past thirty years of SMARTTUNE bridge optimization cir-
building exceptional cuitry, the IFA 300 represents the The IFA 300 utilizes the latest in
anemometry products. greatest single advance in thermal surface mount electronics to pro-
Examine the many features of anemometry technology in over vide a reliable, compact system.
this anemometer and we are thirty years. From the rugged cabinet to the easi-
sure you will agree that no SMARTTUNE technology eliminates ly installed channel modules, the
other system can compare in the controls normally used to opti- system is designed to provide many
performance or value. mize frequency response, while years of trouble-free operation. The
maintaining stability. This allows signal conditioner and anemometer
the anemometer to stay optimally bridge functions are built on a sin-
tuned over its entire operating gle board, with up to eight channels
range. You only need tell the com- available in a single 19-inch rack
puter whether the sensor is a film or mount. Automated overheat ratio
a wire and the rest is automatic. control and SMARTTUNE bridge opti-
For the first time, turbulence mea- mization further simplify the overall
surements are possible with a ther- package by eliminating the numer-
mal anemometer in applications ous potentiometer adjustments pre-
*Patent applied for. where the mean velocity changes viously required for each channel.
rapidly over a wide range, such as a A built-in thermocouple circuit in
6
each cabinet simplifies temperature log signal before digitizing. This Options
measurement. Control for the can be critical when making mea- While the basic IFA 300 system
Model 1129 Automated Calibrator surements at very low turbulence can handle up to eight anemometer
and signal conditioning for a pres- intensities. channels in one cabinet, a total of
sure transducer are included in each sixteen anemometers can be moni-
cabinet. The overall result is an ele- Data Acquisition and Analysis tored and controlled by THERMALPRO
gant, compact system—simple to The IFA 300 is designed for com- software with the addition of a sec-
use, very reliable, with superior plete computer control. System ond cabinet (and the appropriate
specifications. operating functions, such as control digitizer). You can also operate this
of the overheat ratios and signal flexible package as two separate sys-
The Anemometer/Signal conditioner settings, are handled via tems with the purchase of a second
Conditioner an RS232 interface, while the high copy of THERMALPRO software and a
Each anemometer/signal condi- speed analog data from the ane- second A/D converter.
tioner in the IFA 300 is mounted on mometer output is managed with a In cases where there is a need for
a single circuit board so installation high speed A/D converter mounted rapid-response temperature measure-
and trouble shooting are quick and inside the computer. ment, a fine hot wire sensor can be
easy. Each board is fully electrically Each system is supplied with a operated at a very low current, re-
shielded, eliminating the possibility copy of TSI’s THERMALPRO TM software. sulting in a high-frequency-response
of interference. This integrated This software integrates all control resistance thermometer. Frequency
design, together with SMARTTUNE and data acquisition functions, while response from this circuit can easily
technology, allows high frequency providing complete data analysis. exceed one kilohertz when a very
response, a maximum probe current Should you decide to use your small diameter sensor, such as our
of 1.6 A, and equivalent amplifier own software for acquisition and P.5 wire sensor, is used.
input noise of only 1.7 nV/√Hz, analysis, you will find the IFA 300
specifications unmatched in the straightforward to con-
industry! trol using standard
The signal conditioner section RS232 commands.
features a voltage offset of up to ten This is a major advan-
volts in 10 mV steps and up to tage over other ane-
1000x gain. Both functions are mometer designs having
fully computer-controlled and allow specialized software con-
the user nearly infinite flexibility in trols with proprietary
managing the dynamics of the ana- algorithms.

IFA 300 Specifications

Amplifier drift 0.3 µV/°C
Amplifier input noise 1.7 nV/√Hz and 1.5 pA/√Hz
Frequency response >250 kHz (without tuning)
Resistance measurement 0.1% ±0.01 ohms
Operating resistance 2 to 80 ohms
Maximum probe current 800 mA (1.6 A with high power setting)
Cable length 5 m or 30 m; RG-58 A/U (other lengths available on request)
Output Bridge voltage to 11.5 volts
Size 17.8 cm × 48 cm × 41 cm (7 in. × 19 in. × 16 in.); standard 19-inch rack mount
Number of channels Up to eight per cabinet; sixteen channels supported by standard software
Input power 100/120/220/240 VAC, 50-60 Hz, no switching required
Temperature measurement Thermocouple circuit built-in for type-T thermocouple
Signal conditioning
Offset 0 to 10 V in 10 mV steps, 0.15 % accuracy
Gain 1 to 1000 (1.0 MHz maximum bandwidth), 0.15 % accuracy
Low pass filters Linear phase, 12 Hz to 1 MHz; 13 settings; -60 dB/decade
High pass filters 0.1, 1, 10 Hz; -60 dB/decade
Output (analog) –5 to +5 V
Accessories included One 5-meter probe cable per channel, one 2-meter output cable per channel (plus 2 extra per
system), one Model 1340 thermocouple, one Model 1341 thermocouple cable, one BNC
shorting cap (coaxial), one BNC “T” connector, power cable(s), one 4-meter (12 ft) RS232
cable, one shorting probe for single-sensor probe supports and one for dual-sensor probe
supports, software, and instruction manual

7
To Order
All components for single chan- channels can be installed in the temperature modules can be substi-
nel operation, except the digitizer, cabinet by TSI. Up to eight more tuted for the constant temperature
are included in the basic IFA 300 channels can be added using a sec- anemometer modules.
package. Up to seven additional ond cabinet. Constant current

Specify IFA 300 Single-channel Research CTA w/Data Analysis Software —Includes cabinet for up to eight channels of
anemometer/signal conditioner, one Model 183150 anemometer/signal conditioner module, one copy
of THERMALPRO software and all necessary interface cables. Note: the Multichannel Digitizer is not
included. This must be purchased separately.
183150 SMARTTUNE CTA Module w/Signal Conditioner—Order one for each channel needed after
the first (included in basic IFA 300). Maximum of eight per cabinet and sixteen per system.
183102 Cabinet—Allows addition of eight channels to IFA 300, for a total of sixteen.

Example: To select a system with three anemometer channels and one temperature channel, order the following: (1) IFA 300,
(2) 183150, and (1) 183145. Note: digitizer and probes must be purchased separately

Model 183145 Temperature Module

This circuit supplies the sensing A wide range
current and signal conditioning of computer-
needed to use a fine wire sensor as a controlled cur-
resistance thermometer. While the rent settings, low
built-in thermocouple circuit is ade- pass filters, gain
quate to compensate for normal settings, and off-
variations in tunnel temperatures, if sets are provided
higher frequency temperature varia- to optimize the
tions are present, a faster sensor is system for the
required. It is for such applications sensor and the
that the Model 183145 is used. flow conditions.
The frequency attainable depends The temperature
directly on the diameter of the sen- module plugs
sor selected. For example, the 3 dB into a standard
point for a 4µm tungsten wire is anemometer slot
about 700 Hz at 10 m/s. The maxi- in the IFA 300.
mum frequency increases with higher
velocities or smaller diameter wires.

Specifications
Low pass filters (Hz) 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K at -60dB per decade
High pass filters (Hz) None, 0.1, 1, 10 at -60dB per decade
Offset 1 to 10 volts in 10 mv steps
Gain 1 to 1000
Output (analog) –5 to +5 V

To Order
Specify 183145 Temperature Module w/Signal Conditioner—Used for fast response temperature measurement.
Analog-to-Digital Converters
Models ADCWIN-16 and ADCWIN-4
ADCWIN-16
• High digitization rate
This digitizer
• Operates with 486 or higher
offers the capabili-
computers
ty for simultaneous
• True simultaneous sample
sampling of up to
and hold
sixteen individual
• Integrated with THERMALPRO
anemometer sig-
software
nals, the maximum
• Four- and sixteen-channel
number allowed in
versions available
the IFA 300. The
throughput rate
of the card is one
The ADCWIN-16 and megasample per
ADCWIN-4 Analog to Digital second for four or
(A/D) Converters match the more channels
capabilities of the IFA 300 (250 kilosamples
anemometer, ensuring that per channel for
information acquired by the four channels). One channel can computer. Drivers for the card are
anemometer is not lost in the be sampled at 714 kilosamples per included with THERMALPRO software
digitization process. They are second. Adding channels reduces and all digitization rate control is
ideally suited for the special- the effective digitization rate for performed through the software.
ized requirements of thermal each channel. The card allows the
anemometer signals. To make user to select from a number of pre- ADCWIN-4
use of all the information in set digitization rates. Large contin- The ADCWIN-4 Analog-to-Digital
the analog anemometer output uous data blocks can be written Converter has the same operating
signal, they digitize the signal directly to high memory. characteristics and specifications as
at a rate that ensures that no The ADCWIN-16 card features the ADCWIN-16 but offers only four
frequency information is lost full 12-bit resolution, spanning a input channels.
or aliased. They also digitize ten-volt input range. When used
the signal with sufficient reso- with the voltage offset and gain ADCTRIG
lution to detect small fluctua- from the anemometer, this allows
tions in velocity and they In addition to the BNC connec-
fluctuations in even the quietest tions to the anemometer modules,
simultaneously sample several flows to be measured accurately.
anemometer signals in order to the ADCTRIG also provides an input
The card is inserted into a 16-bit for an external switch to trigger data
calculate valid crosscorrelation slot in your 486 or higher personal
statistics. acquisition.

Specifications
Computer connection Requires full-length 16-bit ISA (AT) slot
Number of input channels 16 (ADCWIN-16) or 4 (ADCWIN-4)
Resolution 12 bit, 1 in 4096
Input range -5 to +5 V
Sample rates per channel 1 Hz to 200 kHz in a 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence; also 250,
294.1, 416.7, 500, 714.3 kHz
Data throughput rate 714.3 kHz (single channel); 833.4 kHz (2 channels);
882.3 kHz (3 channels); 1 MHz (4 or more channels)
Accessories included One ribbon cable and adapter for BNC (coaxial)
input board

To Order
Specify ADCWIN-16 12 bit A/D, 1 MHz throughput, 16 channels
ADCWIN-4 12 bit A/D, 1 MHz throughput, 4 channels
ADCTRIG BNC input board with external trigger
Note: A/D converters are not included with IFA 300 systems. They must be ordered separately.

9
 THERMALPRO™ Software
• Comprehensive data acquisi-
tion and analysis for thermal
anemometry
• Operates under Windows™
• Gives results in fluid mechan-
ics terms
• Analyzes data from one-,
two-, or three-sensor probes
• Controls TSI’s Automated
Calibrator
• Controls TSI traverses

THERMALPRO software gives

you complete control over
the operation of your IFA 300 Control
Research Constant Temperature The IFA 300 anemometer
Anemometer. It also offers the is completely controlled via
ability to acquire and analyze software, and the THERMALPRO
data from other analog sources, software package has been
including TSI’s earlier 1050 and specifically designed for this
IFA 100 series anemometers purpose. Utilizing a stan-
and anemometer systems from dard serial interface, THERMALPRO
other manufacturers. software and the IFA 300 communi- TSI or on-site by the user. THERMALPRO
Almost any application cate to set and monitor key operat- software allows the user complete
requirements you could have ing parameters for up to sixteen flexibility in choosing how to obtain
for the IFA 300 have been anemometer channels. Easy-to-use and input calibration data.
anticipated and provided for. set-up screens allow the user to set The preferred calibration method
You can use a single integrated operating resistance, offset and gain, for many users is to calibrate their
package to handle all of your and high and low pass filters, and to probes in the test environment
needs. THERMALPRO software choose film or wire sensors for each immediately prior to the actual mea-
operates under Windows, using channel. surement. Traditionally, this has
the familiar LabWindows CVITM With the IFA 300’s SMARTTUNE been difficult and time-consuming,
development language. bridge optimization technology, especially with multiple-sensor
THERMALPRO software func- bridge frequency response tuning probes. When THERMALPRO software
tions can be divided into four using hardware or software is is used with the IFA 300 and the
discrete sections: control, cali- unnecessary. For other anemome- Automated Calibrator, the entire
bration, acquisition, and analy- ters with less sophisticated controls, process can be completed easily and
sis. Each is discussed here. only limited parts of the control quickly. Once instructed, the soft-
section are usable. ware automatically handles calibra-
tor set-up, records velocity from the
Calibration calibrator’s pressure transducer, and
A major step in any thermal changes the calibrator velocity.
anemometry measurement involves Even complex yaw and pitch calibra-
calibrating the probe in the mea- tions for two- and three-component
surement environment over the probes require minimal operator
velocity range of interest. This can interaction. Provisions are also made
be quite simple, as for single sensor for users to enter data manually or in
probes used in air, or very complex, a partially automated mode. If you
as when multiple sensor probes are have TSI perform the calibration,
used in a non-isotropic environ- the calibration data is provided on
ment. Both manual and automated a diskette, and easily integrated with
methods are used for sensor calibra- the THERMALPRO software.
tions, which can be performed by

10
Data Acquisition
Acquisition of analog data from
the IFA 300 is handled by an A/D
converter, such as the ADCWIN-4 or
ADCWIN-16, described earlier.
THERMALPRO software gives you full
control over the digitizing rate and
other key operating parameters for
these cards, and their drivers are
integrated into the software.
Data acquisition also allows col-
lecting supplementary data such as
pressure, temperature, and location.
Temperature and pressure transduc-
ers can be accommodated by acquir-
ing data through the A/D converter plete answers in fluid
and using the calibration function mechanics terms. All key
to interpret the data. Sensor posi- flow parameters can be
tion can be input manually or by shown, in units of measure
using a TSI computer-controlled tra- you select, with near real-
verse, where THERMALPRO software time graphical displays of
directs probe movement according the velocity time-history
to a customer-created matrix. In and probability distribution.
either case, probe location, along Mean velocity and turbulence
with other key measurement para- intensity are also displayed immedi- The key algorithm used for three
meters, are recorded in the file head- ately and all data can be saved for sensor probe analysis is based on
er for later use in plotting data. future analysis. work done by Fingerson* at TSI,
Post-processing gives complete with further refinement by
Data Analysis statistics, including mean velocity, Lekakis** and Walter.† These equa-
The section of greatest interest to turbulence intensity, standard devi- tions represent the latest refine-
most users is data analysis. The abil- ation, skewness, flatness, and nor- ments in deriving velocity from
ity of the software to display the mal stress for one-, two-, and three- complex three-sensor probe geome-
data in meaningful terms is of inter- component probes, and shear stress, tries. Combined with the software
est. But more important, it is here correlation coefficient and flow data handling capabilities, even the
that interpretation of the input data direction angle for two- and three- most difficult analysis tasks become
takes place and key analysis algo- component probes. In addition, routine. All results can be stored in
rithms are implemented. TSI has power spectrum, autocorrelation, ASCII text files for easy additional
spent considerable effort to ensure and crosscorrelation can be calculat- analysis or plotting using third-
that THERMALPRO software gives com- ed and displayed. party software.

Specifications
Functions controlled All anemometer operating functions, data collection and analysis
Number of channels Up to 16
Minimum computer requirements PC-compatible 486 computer or higher with AT bus; 12 MB RAM; one serial port (in
addition to mouse port); Microsoft™ mouse or equivalent; available 16-bit ISA (AT) slot
(for A/D board); math co-processor; VGA graphics; DOS 6 or higher; MS Windows 3.1
or Windows for Workgroups 3.11
External signals External analog signals such as pressure and temperature can be acquired and analyzed

To Order
Specify THERMALPRO Software Thermal Anemometry Data Acquisition and Analysis Software for Windows

Note: One copy of THERMALPRO software is included with each IFA 300. Contact TSI for advice regarding use of THERMALPRO software with other anemometer systems.

*Fingerson LM (1968) Practical extensions of anemometer techniques. Advances in Hot-Wire Anemometry: 203-218
**Lekakis IC; Adrian RJ; Jones BJ (1989) Measurement of velocity vectors with orthogonal and nonorthogonal triple-sensor probes. Experiments in Fluids 7, 221-240
†
Walter J (1995) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa Hydraulics Laboratory

11
Air Velocity Calibrators
Models 1127, 1128, 1129
velocity range in the THERMALPRO yaw and pitch calibration of probes.
• Completely automates
software and attach a probe. The Though the Model 1129 Auto-
calibration acquisition
Automated Calibrator does the rest. mated Calibrator is ideal for many
• Can be used with one-,
It monitors the velocity through the applications, TSI also offers the
two-, or three-sensor probes
output of a built-in pressure trans- Models 1127 and 1128, lower-cost,
• Probe mounts for yaw/pitch
ducer, acquires sensor data, adjusts manual versions of the calibrator.
calibration
the flow rate to a new velocity, and They can be used in manual mode
• Integrated with IFA 300 and
repeats the process, until the entire with any anemometer.
THERMALPRO software
velocity range is covered. The data
is automatically integrated into the
TSI’s new Model 1129 Automated software calibration section.
Calibrator for the first time gives users While the calibrator’s most obvi-
the ability to integrate the calibration ous benefit is automated control, it
process with software control of has several other advanced design
anemometer settings and data acquisi- features. For one, its exclusive flow
tion. This results in a seamless user nozzle design exhibits a flat velocity
interface which incorporates all opera- profile over a broad dynamic range.
tional requirements for anemometer For another, it sports a probe mount-
measurements. Just attach the calibra- ing system that can handle any type
tor to a compressed air supply and to probe and probe support with great
the IFA 300 cabinet. Then define a positioning flexibility, essential for

Specifications
Air velocity calibrators
Turbulence intensity 0.3% typical
Velocity accuracy 0.5% typical
Fluid temperature range Ambient
Nozzle sizes 10 mm and 14 mm
Weight 10.2 kg (22.5 lb) for calibrator; 5.8 kg (12.75 lb) for air filter system
Dimensions 43 cm wide × 25.4 cm deep × 79 cm tall (17 in. × 10 in. × 31 in.)
Air requirements 0.025 m3/sec at 0.5 to 0.7 mPa (50 SCFM at 70 to 100 psi)
Pressure transducers
Accuracy 0.15% of reading (includes effects of nonlinearity, hysteresis, and repeatability)
Resolution 0.01% full scale
Temperature sensitivity Zero: 0.005% of full scale/°C
Span: 0.02% of reading/°C
To Order
Model Description
Specify 1127 Manual velocity calibrator without pressure transducer
1128A Manual velocity calibrator with 0 to 10 mm Hg pressure transducer; velocity range 0.05 to 50 m/s
1128B Manual velocity calibrator with 0 to 100 mm Hg pressure transducer; velocity range 0.15 to 140 m/s
1128C Manual velocity calibrator with 0 to 1000 mm Hg pressure transducer; velocity range 0.5 m/s to Mach 1
1129 Automatic velocity calibrator with 0 to 100 mm Hg pressure transducer; velocity range 0.15 to 140 m/s

Calibration Services
TSI provides calibration data, supplied on disk, for all velocity range in air (0 to 5 m/s, 0 to 50 m/s, or 0 to 100
probes it manufactures. When ordering, indicate the m/s) or water (0 to 1 m/s or 0 to 5 m/s).
To Order
Specify 15222A Air velocity calibration for TSI anemometers without software for 1, 2, or 3 sensors
15231 Air velocity calibration for DAP software (IFA 100) for 1, 2, or 3 sensors
15241 Air velocity calibration for FLOWPOINT anemometer for 1 or 2 sensors
15251 Air velocity calibration for IFA 300 anemometer for 1, 2, or 3 sensors
15223 Water velocity calibration (specify anemometer) for 1 or 2 sensors
14
Computer Controlled Traverse Systems
Models 1191, 1192, 1193
Three different computer-controlled
1067 mm (42)
traverses are offered by TSI, each able to
Y Axis
precisely locate and move a probe. As
part of an anemometer system, they
enable automated measurement or
remote operation. Typically, they are con-
trolled using THERMALPRO software, where
a customer-defined matrix identifies the 711 mm
measurement points. They also operate (28)
914 mm X Axis
independently using front panel controls (36)
and displays on the power supply.
All traverses are built to ensure stable
operation over the full translation range.
They feature 600 mm travel with 10µm
resolution, both absolute and relative 318 mm
(12.5)
homing capability, and a universal probe
mount with tilt. The three models differ 102 mm (4)

only in the number of axes of movement.

Z Axis

Specifications
Traverse
Resolution 10 µm 914 mm (36)
Accuracy ±50 µm/ft
Repeatability ±20 µm
Traversing speed 10 mm/s
Backlash compensation Yes 230 mm (9.06) Minimum height
Limit switch settings Adjustable of probe centerline
Stepper motor 200 steps/revolution 218 mm
(8.56)
Stepper motor control
Remote control RS232
Front panel LED display Position of each axis
Front panel control Pushbutton; jog/slew from front panel
Power source 110 VAC ±10%, 60 Hz standard; 220 VAC ±10%, 50/60 Hz optional
Probe mount Manual rotation and translation of probe

Model 1191 Model 1192 Model 1193

Axes Horizontal Horizontal/vertical Three-axis
Traversing length (mm) 600 600 × 600 600 × 600 × 600
Probe axis
Minimum height 29 mm 138 mm 230 mm
Maximum height 629 mm 738 mm 830 mm
Weight (including mount) 29 kg 54 kg 104 kg
Dimensions (mm)
excluding mount 1070 × 100 × 140 1240 × 1100 × 320 1330 × 1100 × 1250

To Order
Specify 1191 One-axis traverse with probe mount, 600 mm travel; 110V, 50/60 Hz
1191E Same as 1191 except 220V, 50/60 Hz
1192 Two-axis traverse with probe mount, 600 mm travel in each axis; 110V, 50/60 Hz
1192E Same as 1192 except 220V, 50/60 Hz.
1193 Three-axis traverse with probe mount, 600 mm travel in each axis; 110V, 50/60 Hz
1193E Same as 1193 except 220V, 50/60 Hz.

Note: THERMALPRO software is not included with traverses.

15
Probe Selection
TSI offers a wide range of ther- Four Steps to Choosing A Probe
mal anemometry probes, each
specially adapted for a particular The four steps outlined below ment must be insulated. Thus,
application. The broadest probe should be taken to determine the only coated film sensors (“W”
classifications are based on the key measurement and environmen- designation) can be used.
fluid measured (liquid or gas) and tal parameters that must be known Standard construction techniques
the number of velocity com- in order to select the best probe and for probes used in conductive liq-
ponents. Within these classifica- probe support for an application. uids limits the fluid temperature
tions, a choice of probe configura- The selection process then becomes to approximately 30°C. In a truly
tions helps when selecting a relatively straightforward. You can insulating liquid (e.g. oil), a non-
probe to match the flow section move on to the “How To Use The coated sensor should be used
geometry and accessibility. Probe Catalog” section to help you since it tends to collect less conta-
TSI’s probe family includes locate a specific probe, or contact mination. In liquids, boundary
cylindrical and non-cylindrical TSI for expert assistance. If no stan- layer lag can substantially reduce
hot film sensors and hot wire sen- dard configuration meets your the expected frequency response
sors. The choice between them is needs, contact TSI. We may be able based on the standard electrical
critical for most applications. Hot to provide a custom design. test (Leuck*).
films consist of a thin film of plat-
inum deposited on a quartz sub- Step 1. Identify environmental Contaminated Liquids—Non-
strate, typically a cylinder which conditions (determines the applica- cylindrical sensors such as a cone
is attached to the sensor supports. ble sensors) or wedge are the proper choice.
Various cylinder diameters permit Clean gases near room tempera- Non-cylindrical sensors can give
different spatial resolutions. If a ture—This is the best and most good results, even for transients,
more rugged sensor is required common environment. Generally, in most liquids because the higher
(typically in liquids), the film can cylindrical sensors, either wires or heat transfer rate tends to mask
be deposited on a cone or wedge- films, will be used. While non- the effect of conductive losses to
shaped substrate. cylindrical sensors can be used for the supports. Standard non-cylin-
Hot wire sensors function simi- mean velocity, it is difficult to drical sensors measure only the
lar to cylindrical hot-film sensors. interpret transient data resulting component in the mean flow
They give better frequency re- from high conduction losses to direction. Special sensors can be
sponse and lower noise but are the supports. built for custom applications.
more fragile and cannot be used
in conductive liquids.
High temperature gases—Sensors Step 2. Number of Velocity
The probe section of this cata-
must normally be operated well Components to be Measured (in all
log describes a full line of stan-
above the environment tempera- cases there are limits to the magni-
dard probes mainly classified by
ture. Maximum operating tem- tude of the turbulence intensity that
the sensor type (cylindrical or
perature of film sensors is 425°C can be accurately measured - see
non-cylindrical), the number of
sensors, and the direction the while for tungsten wires it is technical section).
mean flow moves relative to the 300°C. Platinum wires can oper- A single cylindrical sensor perpen-
probe body. They should handle ate at much higher temperatures dicular to the flow will give a
the vast majority of applications. but are much weaker than tung- good measurement of the instan-
When standard probes are not sten. Platinum iridium is a com- taneous velocity in the mean flow
adequate, TSI offers design ser- promise that is stronger than direction.
vices where a probe can be tai- platinum but has a lower temper-
lored to an application. ature coefficient (providing lower Two cylindrical sensors, properly
The section also includes probe signal-to-noise ratio) The probe oriented,will measure two compo-
supports, usually required since must also be selected for the nents of velocity.
they contain the necessary cable appropriate temperature range.
connections, and probe shields, Three cylindrical sensors, properly
which help protect the delicate Clean Liquids—Most liquids, oriented, will measure all three
sensor. Probe supports can help such as water, are sufficiently velocity components.
when custom-tailoring a probe conductive that the sensor ele-
because of access restrictions.
Shields are used as necessary.
*Lueck RG (1979) Heated Anemometry and Thermometry in Water. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Physics and
Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia.
16
 X-Probe Selection Using The
Step 3. Hot wires versus cylindrical When selecting an X-probe, Probe Section
film sensors where either can be keep in mind that an X-probe mea-
used. Once you have completed
sures two components of velocity
Hot wires will provide the best the above steps, you are ready
(U and V) that are both in the
signal to noise and generally bet- to examine the catalog to find
plane formed by the two sensors.
ter frequency response than film the correct probe and support
The U and V components will each
sensors. For measurements with for your needs. As closely as
be at 45 degrees to each sensor. It
multiple sensors, they do not stay possible, the catalog has been
is assumed that the flow is two-
positioned as well (lengthen and designed to lead you logically
dimensional, with the W compo-
bend when heated), causing to the probe you need, or to let
nent (normal to the plane formed
errors in the velocity component you determine quickly if you
by the two sensors) small in com-
calculations. need to consider a special probe
parison to the total velocity vector.
The X-probe should be aligned design.
Cylindrical film sensors will gen- such that the major flow is in the The probe section of the cat-
erally not contaminate as easily U direction. alog is organized according to
(due to larger diameter) and will the following characteristics:
not shift resistance due to strain • First, by broad sensor type
in a high velocity environment (cylindrical or non-cylindrical)
or due to particle impact. • Second, by the number of sen-
sors (one, two, or three)
Step 4. Probe and support selection
Once the type and number of sen-
u Example
Model 1241
mounted on the probe
• Third, by the direction of the
sors on the probe is selected, further
selections depend on the access to
v mean flow relative to the
probe body (end flow, cross
the flow and where the measure- flow)
ment is to be made. Right angle • Fourth, by the specific config-
adapters, miniature probes, cross uration of the probe (high-
flow designs are all variations that temperature, miniature, etc.).
help you get the sensor where it
belongs with minimum flow field u Example
Model 1240
Once you have located the
type of probe best suited to your
disturbance.
v application, review the list of
recommended sensors to deter-
mine if the specific sensor type
(air or water, wire or film) which
Special Designs you need is available. See the
sensor specification table on
If you find that no standard probe page 19 for a description of the
meets your requirements, define your sensor designations listed in the
measurement needs according to the probe section and detailed speci-
steps outlined above and contact TSI. fications on each type of sensor.
We will respond quickly with a draw- When the probe type has
ing and quote for a proposed solu- been determined, the final step
tion. This is often an iterative process is to locate the best probe sup-
as we work with you to get the best port and shield. A wide variety
possible approach, but it is one that of supports and shields are list-
has proved worthwhile to thousands ed after the probe section. Your
of users around the world, each hav- choice will be largely based on
ing a unique application. access requirements. Remember
that here, too, TSI supplies spe-
cial designs to meet your appli-
cation.

17
Sensor Probe Selection
The chart below lists all the probes featured in this catalog and summarizes their key selection characteristics:

Sensor Designation

Temperature
Designation Cylindrical Sensors S =Single X=“X” probe

Orientation
II=2 parallel sensors T=Triple sensor

Position
Number

Sensor

Sensor

Sensor
SF =Split film BL=Boundary layer
Page

Type
Fluid
Size
Model No.* Non-cylindrical C =Conical
Cylindrical Sensors Sensors F =Flush
SF =Side flow
1201 20 S R L G F 90 I
W=Wedge
1210 20 S R L G,L W,F 90 I
1220 20 S R H G W,F 90 I
1260A 21 S M L G,L W,F 90 I Sensor Size
1276 21 S SM L G,L W,F 90 I (Diameter of probe R=Regular (3.2 mm)
1214 21 S R L G W,F 90 I
body closest to M=Miniature (1.5 mm)
sensor) SM=Subminiature (0.9 mm)
1213 22 S R L G,L W,F 45 I
OP=One Piece (4.6 mm)
1263A 22 S M L G W,F 45 I
1211 23 S R L G W,F 0 I
1221 23 S R H G W,F 0 I Temperature
1212 24 S R L G,L W,F 90 U (Maximum L=150°C, (except 60°C for 1201)
1222 24 S R H G W,F 90 U exposure H=300°C (except 250°C for 1232H, 1234H**)
temperature of TC = Probe with built-in thermocouple
1262A 24 S M L G,L W,F 90 U
probe body)** Maximum temperature for water probes
1279 25 S SM L G F 90 U
is approximately 30°C
1277 25 S SM L G F 0 U
1218 26 BL,S R L G,L W,F 90 U
1261A 26 BL,S M L G,L W,F 90 U
1241 27 X R L G,L W,F 45 I Fluid G=Gas
1248A 27 X M L G,L W,F 45 I L=Liquid
1240 27 X R L G,L W,F 90 I
1247A 28 X M L G,L W,F 90 I
1246 28 X R L G,L W,F 45 U Sensor Type W=Wire
1245 28 X R L G,L W,F 90 U F =Platinum film
1249A 29 X M L G,L W,F 45 U
1243 29 BL,X R L G,L W,F 45 U Sensor Orientation
1244 29 II R L G,L W,F 90 I (Relative to 0 =0°
1288 30 SF R L G,L W,F 90 I connector
1287 30 BL,SF R L G,L F 90 I end of probe)
1301 31 S OP L,TC G,L F 90 I 90 =90°
1302 31 X OP L,TC G,L F 45 I
1299 32 T OP L G F 54 I
45=45°
1299A 32 T OP L G F – U
Non-Cylindrical Sensors
1230 33 C R L G,L F – I 54=54.74°
1231 33 C R L G,L F – U
1264A 33 C M L G,L F – U
1232 34 W R L G,L F – I
1232H 34 W R H G F – I Sensor Position I=In-line
1233 34 W R L G,L F – U (Relative to
connector end
1234H 35 SF,W R H G F – I of probe)
1269W 35 SF R L L F – I U=Upstream
1237 35 F R L G,L F – –
1268 36 F M L G,L F – –
1471 36 F M L G F – –
1472 36 F SM L G F – –

*Probes are listed in numerical order in the index

on page 48.

18
Specifications
Hot Wire and Hot Film Sensors

.)

Temp m Ambient
mm (in
Suppo Between

Opera m Sensor
be No uffix

e (°C)
(in.)
in µm or
Sensin r (D) of

mm (in Area in

(/°C)
S

Coeffic ature
g Area

Sensin L) of

Resis nt of
e
nation
.

eratur
rts in

eratur

tance
Desig .

ting
No

ce
te

h(

ie
u

er
g
.)

Maxim

Maxim
Diame

Distan

Temp
Lengt
Dash

in Pro

Width

Temp
Type
Hot Wire
Tungsten 3.8 1.27 1.52
-T1.5 150 300 0.0042
Platinum Coated (0.00015) (0.05) (0.06)
5.1 1.27 1.27
Platinum -P2 750** 800 0.00385
(0.0002) (0.05) (0.05)
Platinum 6.3 1.27 1.27
-PI2.5 750** 800 0.0009
Iridium (Alloy) (0.00025) (0.05) (0.05)
Platinum 12.7 1.27 1.27
-PI5 750** 800 0.00094
Iridium (Alloy) (0.0005) (0.05) (0.05)

Hot Film Gas

25.4 0.25 0.76
Platinum -10A 150/300 425 0.0024
(0.001) (0.01) (0.03)
25.4 0.51 1.27
Platinum -10 150/300 425 0.0024
(0.001) (0.02) (0.05)
50.8 1.02 1.65
Platinum -20 150/300 425 0.0024
(0.002) (0.04) (0.065)
152.4 2.03 3.05
Platinum -60 150/300 425 0.0024
(0.006) (0.08) (0.12)
Split 152.4 2.03 3.8
Platinum 150/300 350 0.0024
Film (0.006) (0.08) (0.15)
Non- 127 1.02
Platinum — 150/300 425 0.0024
Cylindrical (0.005) (0.04)

Hot Film Liquid

25.4 0.25 .76
Platinum -10AW 30 67 0.0024
(0.001) (0.01) (0.03)
25.4 0.51 1.27
Platinum -10W 30 67 0.0024
(0.001) (0.02) (0.05)
50.8 1.02 1.65
Platinum -20W 30 67 0.0024
(0.002) (0.04) (0.065)
152.4 2.03 3.05
Platinum -60W 30 67 0.0024
(0.006) (0.08) (0.12)
Split 152.4 1.02 3.8
Platinum 30 67 0.0024
Film (0.006) (0.04) (0.15)
Non- 127 1.02
Platinum — 30 67 0.0024
Cylindrical (0.005) (0.04)
**May require custom probe design

19
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors
Probes for single cylindrical sensors are used for one-dimensional flow measurements.
Within this category, the Model 1210 and its equivalent disposable probe, the Model
1201, are the most frequently used probe models.

Model 1201 Disposable Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film 1201-20
Max. Fluid Temp. = 60°C
38 mm (1.50)

3.9 mm (.155) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1210 General Purpose Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1210-T1.5
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film 1210-20
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire 1210-60
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp. = 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1210-20W
1210-60W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1220 High Temperature Straight Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1220-PI2.5
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film
1220-20
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire
1220-60
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp. = 300°C

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

20
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors

Model 1260A Miniature Straight Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
6.4 mm (.25) 1260A-T1.5
38 mm (1.50) 1260A-10
Max. Fluid Temp. = 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1260A-10W

1.5 mm (.060) Dia. 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1276 Subminiature Straight Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
4.8 mm (.19) 1276-P.5*
1276-10A
32 mm (1.25) Max. Fluid Temp. = 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1276-10AW

0.9 mm (.035) Dia.

* Use for temperature measurement only with constant current bridge.

Model 1214 Streamlined Probe Recommended Sensors

For high speed (e.g. supersonic) flows For Gas Applications
1214-T1.5
6.3 mm (.25) Hot Film 1214-20
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp. = 150°C

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

21
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors
Single sensors 45° to probe axis can be used in steady flows to measure turbulent
shear stress or two components of velocity by rotating the probe about its axis.

Model 1213 Sensor 45° to Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film 1213-T1.5
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire 1213-20
1213-60
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1213-60W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1263A Miniature Sensor 45° to Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
6.3 mm (.25) 1263A-T1.5
1263A-10
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

1.5 mm (.060) Dia. 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

22
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors
In cross flow applications, probe interference is reduced
by mounting the sensor parallel to the probe body.

Model 1211 Standard Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1211-T1.5
9.5 mm (.38) 1211-10
1211-20
38 mm (1.50)
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1221 High Temperature Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1221-PI2.5
9.5 mm (.38) 1221-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C
38 mm (1.50)

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

23
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors
For minimum probe interference in cross flow applications,
the sensor needles are bent so the sensor is upstream of the probe.

Model 1212 Standard Single Sensor Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
38 mm (1.50) 1212-T1.5
1212-20
1212-60
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
7.9 mm (.312) For Liquid Applications
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia. 1212-20W
1212-60W

Model 1222 High Temperature Single Sensor Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
38 mm (1.50) 1222-PI2.5
1222-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C

7.9 mm (.312)
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1262A Miniature Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1262A-T1.5
38 mm (1.50)
1262A-10
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
5.0 mm (.20) 1262A-10W
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
1.5 mm (.060) Dia.

24
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors

Model 1279 Subminiature Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1279-10A
32 mm (1.25) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

3.2 mm (.125)
0.9 mm (.035) Dia.

Model 1277 Subminiature Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1277-10A
32 mm (1.25) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

5.0 mm (.20)
0.9 mm (.035) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

25
Probes for Single Cylindrical Sensors
Boundary layer probes provide a protective pin to allow measurements
very near the surface and a long radius bend to minimize disturbances.

Model 1218 Standard Boundary Layer Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
38 mm (1.50) 1218-T1.5
1218-10
1218-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
12.7 mm For Liquid Applications
(.50) 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia. 1218-20W
1218-60W
12.7 mm
.13 mm (.50)
(.005)

Model 1261A Miniature Boundary Layer Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
38 mm (1.50) 1261A-T1.5
1261A-10
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1261A-10W
12.7 mm
(.50) 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
1.5 mm (.060) Dia.
.13 mm 12.7 mm
(.005) (.50)

26
Probes for Dual Cylindrical Sensors
Dual sensor probes position two sensors in close proximity, generally in an “X” configu-
ration, for measuring two components of flow and the correlation between them. For
accurate measurements, the maximum turbulence intensity is limited by the sensitivity
to the flow perpendicular to the measured components.

Model 1241 End Flow “X” Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film 1241-T1.5
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire 1241-20
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1241-20W
1241-60W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1248A Miniature End Flow “X” Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1248A-T1.5
6.3 mm (.25) Hot Film
1248A-10
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1248A-10W

1.5 mm (.060) Dia. 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1240 Standard Cross Flow “X” Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1240-T1.5
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film
1240-20
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50)
For Liquid Applications
1240-20W
1240-60W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

27
Probes for Dual Cylindrical Sensors

Model 1247A Miniature Cross Flow “X” Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
6.3 mm (.25) 1247A-T1.5
1247A-10
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1247A-10W

1.5 mm (.060) Dia. 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1246 Cross Flow “X” Probe, Sensors Upstream Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
1246-T1.5
38 mm (1.50) 1246-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1246-20W
1246-60W
19 mm 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
(.75)

Model 1245 Cross Flow “X” Probe, Sensors Upstream Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
1245-T1.5
38 mm (1.50)
1245-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1245-20W
1245-60W
19 mm 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
(.75)

28
Probes for Dual Cylindrical Sensors

Model 1249A Miniature Cross Flow “X” Probe, Recommended Sensors

Sensors Upstream For Gas Applications
1249A-T1.5
1249A-10
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1249A-10W
6.3 mm (.25)
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
6.3 mm (.25)
1.5 mm (.060) Dia.

Recommended Sensors
Model 1243 Boundary Layer Cross Flow “X” Probe, For Gas Applications
Sensors Upstream 1243-T1.5
1243-20
12.7 mm (.50) Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
38 mm (1.50) 1243-20W
1243-60W

12.7 mm
(.50) 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1244 End Flow Parallel Sensor Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film 1244-T1.5
9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire 1244-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50)
For Liquid Applications
1244-20W
1244-60W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

29
Probes for Dual Cylindrical Sensors
Split film sensors are 152µm film sensors that are separated along the length into two
independently-controlled sensors. With one sensor oriented upstream and the other
downstream, they can sense flow reversal as well as measure flow. With the sensors
oriented with the split facing upstream, they can make two-component measurements
similar to “X” probes. They are effective at higher turbulence intensities because of less
sensitivity to flow perpendicular to the measured components.

Model 1288 End Flow Split Film Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
16.5 mm (.65) 1288
38 mm (1.50) Max. Fluid
Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1288W
3.8 mm
(.15) 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
0.5 mm (.02) Dia. Sensor 1
Split
Flow Plane
Direction

Sensor 2
Sensor Cross-section

Model 1287 Cross Flow Split Film Boundary Layer Probe Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
16.5 mm (.65 ) 1287
38 mm (1.50)
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
For Liquid Applications
1287W

3 mm (.12)
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Sensor 1
3.8 mm Split Plane
0.5 mm (.02) Dia.
(.15)

Sensor 2

Flow Direction
Sensor Cross-section

30
Probes With Thermocouples Built In
For convenience, these probes have built-in thermocouples so the temperature measure-
ment is always close to the velocity measurement, even when traversing the probe.

Model 1301 General Purpose Probe With Thermocouple Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1301-T1.5
1301-20
1301-60
Max. Fluid
Temp.= 150°C

12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film

9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire

304.8 mm (12.0)

Welded thermocouple 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

(Type-T Copper Constantan)

Model 1302 End Flow “X” Probe With Thermocouple Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
1302-T1.5
1302-20
1302-60
Max. Fluid
Temp.= 150°C

12.7 mm (.50) Hot Film

9.5 mm (.38) Hot Wire
304.8 mm (12.0)

4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Welded thermocouple
(Type-T Copper Constantan)

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

31
Probes for Three Cylindrical Sensors
Three-sensor probes are used to locate three sensors in close proximity. They are gener-
ally used to measure all three velocity components. Good measurements require that
the flow vector stays within the one octant defined by the three sensors. The sensors
are located optimally for maximum spatial resolution and minimum probe interference.

Model 1299 End Flow 3-D Probe

457 mm (18.0)
12.7 mm (.50)

2
®

1
4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

3
2 35.26°

1
2 mm (.08)
Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
3 1299-18-20
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
Enlarged End View Sensor Angles

Model 1299A Cross Flow 3-D Probe

1 Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
2 mm (.08) 1299A-18-20
51 mm Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
(2.0)
3
2
8 mm
Enlarged End View
(.31) Dia.
89 mm
(3.5) 4.6 mm
(.18) Dia.
12.7 mm
(.50)
2

4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

®

457 mm (18.0)
3

32
Non-Cylindrical Probes
Non-cylindrical probes tend to be more contamination resistant than cylindrical sen-
sors, more rugged, and have essentially no limit on maximum flow velocity. In gases,
higher frequencies are attenuated, compared with a steady state calibration, due to
conduction losses to the surrounding material.

Cone-shaped sensors are contamination resistant and especially suited to liquid applications or highly
contaminated gases.

Model 1230 End Flow Conical Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
9.5 mm (.375) 1230
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50)
For Liquid Applications
1230W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1231 90° Cross Flow Conical Probe, Recommended Sensors

Sensor Upstream For Gas Applications
1231
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50) For Liquid Applications
1231W

12.7 mm 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

(.50)

Model 1264A Cross Flow Miniature Conical Probe, Recommended Sensors

Sensor Upstream For Gas Applications
1264A
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50) For Liquid Applications
1264AW

9.5 mm (.375)
3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.
1.5 mm (.060) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

33
Non-Cylindrical Probes
Wedge-shaped sensors have a cosine response similar to cylindrical sensors
but are somewhat less contamination resistant compared to cone-shaped sensors.

Model 1232 End Flow Wedge Probe Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
9.5 mm (.375) 1232
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50)
For Liquid Applications
1232W

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1232H High Temperature End Flow Wedge Probe Recommended Sensors
For Gas Applications
9.5 mm (.375) 1232H
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C
38 mm (1.50)

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Model 1233 90° Cross Flow Wedge Probe, Recommended Sensors

Sensor Upstream For Gas Applications
1233
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
38 mm (1.50) For Liquid Applications
1233W

12.7 mm 3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

(.50)

34
Non-Cylindrical Probes

Model 1234H High Temperature Cross Flow Recommended Sensors

Wedge Probe For Gas Applications
1234H
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C
6.3 mm (.25)

38 mm (1.50)

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

The rugged sensor is designed specifically for field applications or other

conditions where the tips on cones or wedges are likely to become damaged.

Model 1269W Ruggedized Cross Flow Probe Recommended Sensors

For Liquid Applications
1269W
6.3 mm (.25)

38 mm (1.50)

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Flush mount sensors are designed to be mounted flush with a wall surface for
boundary layer studies or simply as a monitor.

Model 1237 Standard Flush Mount Sensor Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
1237
38 mm (1.50)
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

3.2 mm (.125) Dia. 4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

35
Non-Cylindrical Probes

Model 1268 Miniature Flush Mount Sensor Recommended Sensors

For Gas Applications
76 mm (3.0) Teflon coated wires 1268
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
6.4 mm (.25)
For Liquid Applications
1268W
(Note: Use Model 1108
Adapter)
Sensor width 1.5 mm (.060) Dia.
.15 mm (.006)
End View

Model 1471 Miniature Flush Mount Sensor Recommended Sensors

Model 1472 Subminiature Flush Mount Sensor For Gas Applications
1471
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
Thickness
1472
.75 mm (.03)-Model 1471
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
.5 mm (.02)- Model 1472

Sensor width Platinum electrical leads

.15 mm (.006) 25.4 mm (1.0) × .075 mm (.003) Dia.

Enlarged 1.5 mm (.060) Dia.-Model 1471

View .7 mm (.030) Dia.-Model 1472

Single Sensor Probe Supports

Designed for most standard TSI
Model 1150 Standard Probe Support single sensor plug-in probes.
Model 1160 High Temperature Probe Support
Specify
1150-6 for 152 mm
Standard Lengths (6 in.) length
38 mm (1.50) 1150-18 for 457 mm
(18 in.) length
1150-36 for 915 mm
(36 in.) length
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
1160-6 for 152 mm
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. 14.2 mm (.56) Dia. (6 in.) length
1160-18 for 457 mm
(18 in.) length
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C

36
Single Sensor Probe Supports

Model 1151 Probe Support Convenient probe support for

small spaces.
57 mm (2.25)
Specify
1151-1
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

305 mm (12) coaxial cable

Model 1159 Immersible Probe Support Small probe can be immersed

entirely for liquid flow
108 mm (4.25) Sealed for applications.
57 mm (2.25) immersion
Specify
1159-15

Sealed for
immersion 6.3 mm (.25) Dia.
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. 457.5 cm (15 ft) coaxial cable

BNC connectors for direct

connection to anemometer.
No other cable required.

Model 1152 90° Angle Adapter Right angle bend provides

access to upstream points
38 mm (1.50) with straight probes.

Specify
1152

4.6 mm (.18) Dia.

22 mm
(.85)

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches. 37

Dual Sensor Probe Supports
Model 1155 Standard Probe Support Designed for most standard
TSI dual sensor plug-in probes.
Model 1165 High Temperature Probe Support
Specify
1155-6 for 152 mm
(6 in.) length

Channel
Standard Lengths (See listing) 1155-18 for 457 mm

2
(18 in.) length
1155-36 for 915 mm
(36 in.) length
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C
1165-6 for 152 mm

Channel
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. (6 in.) length

®
1165-18 for 457 mm
(18 in.) length
Max. Fluid Temp.= 300°C

Model 1156-1 Probe Support

89 mm (3.5)
Sealed for
immersion
51 mm (2.0) 30.5 cm (12.0)
coaxial cable

Sealed for
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. immersion
9.5 mm (.38) Dia.

BNC connectors

Convenient probe support for

small spaces.

Specify
1156-1
Max. Fluid Temp.= 150°C

38
Dual Sensor Probe Supports
Model 1154-15 Dual Sensor Probe Support for Liquids

116 mm (4.50)
Sealed for
immersion
51 mm (2.0)

Sealed for
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. immersion
457.5 cm (15 ft) coaxial cable
12.6 mm
(.50) Dia.

BNC connectors for direct connection

to anemometer. No other cable required.

Small probe can be immersed

for liquid flow applications.

Specify
1154-15

Model 1157 90° Angle Adapter Right angle bend provides

access to upstream points with
straight probes.
38 mm (1.50)
1157 1157A Specify
1157
1157A (for use with Models
1240 and 1247A probes
4.6 mm (.18) Dia. only)
22 mm
(.85)

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

39
Probe Accessories
Model 1139 Shield With Window Completely protects sensor while
providing opening for cross-flow
measurements. Probe can be
extended beyond end for unob-
structed measurements. Fits
Standard lengths Model 1150 Probe Supports.
Soft tip thumb screw
Built-in O-ring seal Specify
1139-6 for 152 mm
(6 in.) length
1139-18 for 457 mm
(18 in.) length
1139-36 for 915 mm
6.3 mm (.25) Dia. (36 in.) length
16 mm (.63) Dia.

Model 1158 Locking Protective Shield Protects probe when used as a

shield, locks probe into socket
when extended. Provides sturdy
support for probe. Fits Model
1150 Probe Supports and most
Standard lengths standard probes.
Soft tip thumb screw
Specify
Built-in O-ring seal
1158-6 for 152 mm
(6 in.) length
1158-18 for 457 mm
(18 in.) length
1158-36 for 915 mm
6.3 mm (.25) Dia. (36 in.) length
16 mm (.63) Dia.

Model 1132 Wire Shield Protects probe from breakage

while in use. Can be installed
Model 1133 Miniature Wire Shield and removed as required using
friction fit.
15.2 mm (.60) for .125 Dia. probes (Model 1132)
9.5 mm (.38) for .060 Dia. probes (Model 1133) Specify
21 mm (.82) for .125 Dia. probes 1132 for 3.18 mm (1/8 in.)
9.5 mm (.38) for .060 Dia. probes diameter probes
1133 for 1.5 mm (.060 in.)
diameter probes

40
Probe Accessories
Model 1108 BNC Subminiature Probe Adapter Adapts from probe wires to
BNC connector for subminia-
ture probes with wire leads.

Specify
1108

BNC Connector

Model 1138 Mounting Blocks A sealing fitting for probe

traversing and for mounting
3.2 mm (.125) probe supports to the wall of
Soft tip thumb screw a test section.
19 mm (.75)
Specify
6.3 mm (.25) 1138-1 for .250 in. Prot.
Sleeve-1/4 NPT
Soft tip thumb screw #6-32 UNC Thread 1138-2 for .180 in. Probe
Support-1/4 NPT
Built-in Models 1138-5,6 1138-3 for .125 in.
O-ring seal
Standard Probe-1/8 NPT
1138-5 for .060 in.
Miniature Probe-6-32
Models 1138-1,2,3 1138-6 for .035 in.
Submin. Probe-6-32

25.4 mm
(1.0) 16 mm (.63) Dia.
38 mm (1.50)

Model 1137 Mounting Block Sealing fittings for probe tra-

versing and for mounting probe
supports to the wall of a test
section. Has nylon ferrules for
higher pressure applications.
See specifications
for internal diameter Specify
1137-1 for .250 diameter,
1/4-18 NPT

1137-2 for .180 diameter,

1/4-18 NPT

1137-3 for .125 diameter,

1/8-27 NPT

1137-4 for .060 diameter,

1/8-27 NPT

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

41
Probe Accessories

Model 1341 Thermocouple Probe Measures temperature of

measurement environment.
Type-T copper-constantan.
105 mm (4.12)
Specify
1341

1.5 mm (.06) Dia.

Model 1340 Thermocouple Extension Cable Cable 5 m long connects

Model 1340 Thermocouple to
5 m (197) anemometer. Type-T copper-
Thermocouple constantan.
extension cable
Specify
1340

Model 1304 Control Resistor Model 1304 control resistors

Model 1305 Control Resistor are used with bridges that
have a 5 to 1 ratio, such as
1750 and 1050/1053/1054
anemometers. The Model
1305 control resistors are
used with bridges that have
a 1 to 1 bridge ratio such as
BNC Connector for the 1:1 bridge used for high
direct connection frequency applications of the
to 1050 anemometer or IFA 100 and 1050.
1750 anemometer
Specify
1304-XX
1305-XX
where XX is the resistance
to the nearest 1 ohm. To
determine the correct resis-
tance, refer to equation 2
on page 44.

42
Probe Accessories

Model 10120 Hot Wire/Film Sensor Repair Kit Specify

10120 for 110VAC, 60 Hz
Includes equipment needed to attach hot wire or cylindrical film sensors 10120-1 for 220VAC, 50 Hz
designed for gas applications to needle supports. Kit includes soldering iron
with spare tips, single-edge razor blades, soldering stand with clip, jeweler’s
broach, soft solder (400°F melting point), distilled water, brush, acid flux, and a
file. A microscope or magnifier of about 10X to 20X is also recommended.

Model 10121 Hot Film Replacement Sensors Specify

10121-10 for 0.025 mm
These are high-quality, alumina-coated hot film sensors (cylindrical elements for (0.0015 in.) dia. with
air only) for field replacement use. They are furnished in quantities of 10 with 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
mounting instructions. sensor length
10122-20 for 0.05 mm
(0.002 in.) dia. with
1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
sensor length
10122-60 for 0.15 mm
(0.006 in.) dia. with
2 mm (0.080 in.)
sensor length

Model 10122 Hot Wire Replacement Sensors Specify

10122-T1.5 for 0.0038mm
These are high-quality, platinum-coated tungsten hot wire sensors for field (0.00015 in.)dia. with
replacement use, furnished in quantities of 12 on a card. Each sensor is strung 1.25 mm (0.050 in.)
across a slot for ease in positioning and mounting. The ends of the wires are sensor length
plated to isolate the active sensor region. 10122-T2 for 0.005mm
(0.0002 in.) dia. with
1.25 mm (0.050 in.)
sensor length

Specify
Model 10123 Wire for Hot Wire Sensors 10123-T1.5 for 0.0038 mm
(0.00015 in.) dia. with
This is the same high-quality, platinum-coated tungsten wire used in the Model 2-meter length of wire
10122 but furnished on a spool in a 2-meter length. 10123-T2 for 0.005 mm
(0.0002 in.) dia. with
2-meter length of wire

Dimensions in parentheses are in inches. 43

Determining Operating Probe Calibration
Resistance of a Sensor The probe current versus velocity curves* on page 45 show the
sensitivity of various types of sensors. Velocity sensitivity is
taken directly from the slope of the curve as amps per units of
velocity. To convert from current sensitivity to bridge voltage
Each TSI probe is furnished with complete sensor data showing sensitivity, use the following equation:
the recommended operating resistance (Rop) of the sensor.

Fragile Sensors ®
Equation 3
To be opened only by user
Probe TSI
∆ EB ∆ Is
Model

Sensor
No.
Probe RES
at 0°C
R 0,
R100-R 0
Serial
Recommended
Oper. RES
R 0p,
Ref. No.
Recommended
Oper. Temp.
T0p,°C
Internal
Probe RES
Rint, ∆V
=
∆V
(R )
op + R B
1
2
3
where:
Notes: 1. Control RES (If required) = ( R0p +R cable) × 5 on 5:1 BRIDGE
2. R 0 = R sensor+Rint
∆EB = The slope of the calibration curve at the velocity of interest,
Call 1-800- 874-2811 for service. Made in U.S.A. ∆V proportional to the ratio of change in sensor current (∆I s)
for a small change in velocity (∆V) past the sensor.
Example of Sensor Data Label EB = Bridge voltage
V = Velocity
The operating resistance of the sensor determines the tempera- Rop = Sensor operating resistance
ture at which the sensor will be operated. Operating resistances RB = Bridge resistor in series with the sensor (10 ohms for IFA
are calculated from sensor resistance data taken at 0°C (RO) and 300 STD Bridge)
100°C (R100-RO) and include the internal probe resistance (Rint).
The operating resistance listed with each probe corresponds to
the recommended operating temperature of the sensor (Top) The curves can also be used to determine the electrical power
which is also included with the probe. Sensors for use in air or dissipated in the sensor or to estimate the approximate bridge
other gases are usually run at temperatures of 250°C, while voltage at a given velocity:
water sensors are run at 67°C. These sensor temperatures have
been selected to optimize sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, Equation 4
and provide maximum sensor life. If a different sensor temper-
ature is desired, it can be calculated from:
(
EB = Is Rop + R B )
Equation 1
where:

Rop =
(
Ts R100 - RO ) +R EB = Bridge voltage
Is = Sensor current
O
100°C Rop = Sensor operating resistance
where: RB = Bridge resistor
Rop = Operating resistance of the sensor (ohms)
Ts = Desired sensor temperature (°C) The sensor curves shown are valid only for the sensor resis-
R100-RO = Sensor resistance change between 0°C and 100°C tance listed. For a different resistance sensor, correct the sen-
(ohms) sor current by:
RO = Sensor resistance at 0°C (ohms)
Equation 5
The operating resistance of the sensor can be set with a vari-
able resistance decade or with a fixed control resistor. The Rop1
required control resistor value can be determined by: Is 2 = Is1
Rop2
Equation 2 where:
Is2 = New sensor current
RCR = Rop+ Rc ( ) 5 Is1 = Sensor current from curve
+

Rop1 = Sensor resistance listed on curve

(for 5:1 bridge ratio) Rop2 = Actual sensor resistance
where:
RCR = Control resistor value (ohms) Sensitivity to Resistance Change
Rc = Probe cable resistance, including probe support (ohms) Often in anemometry, questions may arise regarding: 1) Effect
of cable length on calibration; 2) “Noise” from slip rings and
other types of “contact problems;” 3) Effects of resistance shifts
For TSI 1050 Anemometers with resistance decades, or for of the sensor; 4) Stability requirements of other resistors in the
IFA 100, IFA 300, and FLOWPOINT Anemometers, the operating bridge. These questions all relate to the effect of resistance
resistance can be set directly if the probe cable resistance is changes on the output voltage. This can be expressed as:
properly accounted for.

*Curves are for typical sensors. Actual sensors will vary.

44
Equation 6
Wire Sensors in Air
0.3

∆ EB
=-
( )(2 R / R - 1)+1
I s Rop /R B op e
0.28
0.26
0.24
Ts =250°C
-PI5
Rop =4Ω

∆ Rop 2 (R /R )-1

Sensor Current (amps)

0.22
op e 0.2
0.18

For example, if Rop = 9 ohms, Re = 6 ohms, and RB = 10 ohms, 0.16

0.14
then: 0.12
-PI2.5
0.1
Rop =15Ω
∆EB 0.08

∆ Rop (
= -2.8 Is volts/ohm ) 0.06
0.04
0.02
-T1.5/-P2
Rop =10Ω

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
From the sensor current curves at the right and equation (3), Velocity, m/s

a resistance change can be related to velocity sensitivity. Cylindrical Film Sensors in Air
0.3
0.28
Rop =10Ω
Effects of Amplifier Drift 0.26
0.24
Ts =250°C -60

The following relationship gives the ratio of bridge voltage 0.22

Sensor Current (amps)

0.2
(output) change to a change in amplifier input voltage. 0.18
0.16
-20
0.14

Equation 7 0.12
0.1
-10
0.08

∆EB
=
1
1+
RB (R op /RB )(2 R / R - 1)+1
op B
0.06
0.04
0.02
-10A

eb 2 Rop (R /R )-1
op e
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Velocity, m/s
70 80 90 100

Non-Cylindrical Film Sensors in Air

Using the above example: 0.4

∆RB 0.35 Rop =10Ω

= -3.63 Ts =250°C 1234
eB 0.3

Sensor Current (amps)

0.25
Therefore, a change of 10 microvolts at the amplifier input 1232/1233
(equivalent input drift for example) gives only 36.3 microvolts 0.2

1230/1231
at the anemometer output for the assumed conditions. A 0.15

constant temperature anemometer is inherently a very stable 0.1

instrument. 0.05

0
Conduction Loss to Supports 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Velocity, m/s
70 80 90 100

The steady-state effects of conduction losses to supports have Cylindrical Film Sensors in Water
little influence on the mean velocity accuracy if the sensor is 0.9

properly calibrated. Only when attempts are made to predict 0.8

Rop =6Ω -60W
the calibration heat transfer equations will the steady state 0.7 Ts =67°C

conduction to supports become a factor. In noncylindrical film

Sensor Current (amps)

0.6

sensors, the dynamic effects of nonsteady state heat conduction 0.5

to the supporting structure can be significant, particularly in 0.4

-20W

gases. For example, the high frequency (compensated) sensitivi- 0.3 -10W
ty can be less than half of that predicted by a steady-state cali-
0.2
-10AW
bration curve.** The actual attenuation depends on many fac-
0.1
tors including the size and shape of the sensor and its environ-
0
ment. In general, the high heat transfer rates in water reduce 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Velocity, m/s
this error to acceptable levels, while in gases a dynamic calibra-
tion is required for optimum results. It should be emphasized Non-Cylindrical
that this effect is usually negligible in both hot wires and cylin- Film Sensors in Water
0.5
drical film sensors. This is because the conduction loss to the
Rop =6Ω
supports is small and the supports are a sufficiently large heat 0.4
Ts =67°C
1234W

sink so their temperature change is small. 1232W/1233W

Sensor Current (amps)

0.3
1230W/1231W

0.2 1269W

0.1

**For additional technical information, request TSI Quarterly reprint 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Q22, January-March 1983, “Dynamic Response of Conical and Wedge Velocity, m/s
Type Hot Films Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Results,”
E. Nelson and J.A. Borgos.
45
 In other words, the effective cooling velocity past the sensor
Bridge
varies as the cosine of the angle between the sensor axis and
R2 RB
Voltage the velocity vector. At 90°, Veff = V and at 0° Veff = 0. It should
Out D.C. Differential be noted that in the ideal case, the sensitivity remains con-
eb Amplifier
(EB)
stant as the velocity vector moves around the sensor at a con-
Ip stant angle, α, to the sensor axis.
R1 Rop
Control
Resistor Sensor
Single Sensor Oriented Perpendicular to the
Mean Flow
Schematic of Constant Temperature Anemometer Let the mean flow be represented by V1 and the fluctuations
represented by v1, v2, and v3 where v2 represents the fluctua-
tions in the direction parallel to the sensor and v3 represents
Calibration Adjustments the fluctuations in a direction perpendicular to v1 and v2. The
Calibrations are made by plotting Bridge Voltage, EB, as a func- effective velocity measured will be:
tion of Velocity and then fitting the data with a polynomial or
exponential curve fit. If the calibration must be adjusted for
use with a different bridge resistance, RB, or cable resistance, Rc, Equation 11
it is useful to assume that the sensor current is constant (for a
2
given velocity and sensor temperature). For convenience, inter-
nal probe resistance is included in sensor resistance data, but
Veff = (V1 + v1 ) + v 32
probe support resistance can be measured or nulled out and If we neglect v3, then:
should be included with cable resistance, Rc. Then we can cal-
culate a new bridge voltage for each velocity. V1 = V = Veff

Equation 8 and

2 2
EB v1 = v1
Is =
(R B + Rc + Rop ) The value of V1 is the average value while
and so: 2
v1

E B′ = EB
(R ′ + R ′ + R )
B c op is the rms value.

(R + R + R )
B c op When
2
v V = 0 .2
Temperature Sensitivity
Bridge Voltage is corrected for ambient temperature changes as (= 20% turbulence intensity), the error due to ignoring v3 is
follows. A reasonable assumption is that about 2% for isotropic, normally distributed, and normally cor-
2 related turbulence.† The mean velocity error is also about 2%.
EB
(Ts - T ) X Probe (Two cylindrical sensors oriented
is constant for a given velocity as temperature changes. at 90° to each other)
Therefore, we can predict a bridge voltage EB’ for a new The X probe is used to measure two velocity components.
temperature, T’, as follows. Writing the equations for the effective velocity for the two
sensors “A” and “B” with the mean velocity in the plane of
Equation 9 the two sensors V3 = 0 and α1 = the angle between V1 and
1
sensor B gives:
Ts - T ′
2

EB′ = EB
Ts - T Equation 12
2 2 2
VA ,eff = (V1 cos α1 -V2 sin α 1 ) + v 3
Directional Sensitivity of Cylindrical Sensors
The following provides a very brief introduction to techniques 2 2 2
for measurements with cylindrical thermal sensors. To simplify VB ,eff = (V1 sin α 1 + V2 cos α 1 ) + v 3
this presentation, it is assumed that the sensor is sufficiently
If the sensors are further aligned so α1 = 45° and v 23 is assumed
long so that the following approximation can be used:
negligible, then rearranging the above equations gives:

Equation 10

Veff = V cos α

46
Equation 13 Nomenclature
EB = bridge voltage output
-1
V1 = 2 2
(V A ,eff + VB ,eff ) ∆EB = small change in bridge voltage output
eb = small voltage change at amplifier input
Finally, if the sensors are aligned so that V2 = 0 and V1 = V, f = frequency, (Hz)
then: Is = current through sensor (amps)
∆Is = small change in sensor current
Equation 14 Rc = probe cable resistance (includes probe support resistance,
but not internal probe resistance)
- 12 RCR = control resistor value
V= 2 (V
A ,eff + VB ,eff ) Re = resistance of sensor at ambient (environment) fluid
temperature (ohms)
2 Ro = sensor resistance at 0°C
2
v1 = 2
-1
(v
A ,eff + vB ,eff ) Rop = resistance of sensor at operating temperature
∆Rop = small change in sensor resistance
2 RB = bridge resistor in series with the sensor, 10 ohms for
2
v2 = 2
-1
(v
A ,eff - vB ,eff ) FLOWPOINT, IFA 100, IFA 300 except 2 ohms for IFA 100,
IFA 300 Hi Power Bridge; 40 ohms for Model 1053B,
-1
v1 v2 = 2 (v A ,eff + vB ,eff )(v A ,eff - vB ,eff ) 1054A, 1054B, and #1 Bridge on Model 1050; 10 ohms
for #2 Bridge on Model 1050 and 2 ohms on #3 Bridge on
Model 1050; 20 ohms for Model 1750.
Neglecting v3 gives an error of about 8% when the turbulence T = fluid temperature
intensity is 20%, with the same flow field as discussed for the Ts = sensor operating temperature (°C)
single wire.† V = fluid velocity past sensor
∆V = small change in fluid velocity past sensor
The above is given here to provide some insight into how sin- V1, V2, V3 = orthogonal components of V relative to flow
gle sensors and X probes are used and the limitations at high facility
turbulence intensities. Refinements of the equations as well as Veff = effective cooling velocity past sensor (equivalent value
other considerations are contained in the extensive literature of VN)
on thermal sensors contained in the Freymuth bibliography. VA,eff = effective velocity as seen by sensors (and similarly
for sensor B)
v = small fluctuations in velocity V
α1 = angle between velocity vector and sensor axis
B
Se

or
ns

ns

α1
or

Se
A

V1

V2
V

V3 †S.P. Parthasarathy and D.J. Tritton, “Impossibility of Linearizing Hot-

Wire Anemometer for Turbulent Flows,” AIAA J., vol. 1, pp. 210-1211,
1963.
Configuration of X-probe.

Bibliography of Thermal Peter Freymuth’s Bibliography of Thermal Anemometry has

Anemometry by Peter been an invaluable resource for many researchers working
in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This bibliography has
Freymuth
been revised completely and updated through 1990. TSI
• Available in both database and has also developed a database of the complete bibliogra-
print versions phy. Using Pro-Cite ® for DOS-based computers, from
• Over 2500 cross-reference entries Personal Bibliographic Software Inc., a tremendously flexi-
• Essential for fluid mechanics ble package has been assembled. A specific reference from
researchers and technical libraries the over 2500 entries can now be found in seconds.
Locating all references relating to a particular topic is equally simple using Professor
Freymuth’s cross-referencing system, which ties all entries to one or more base topics.

To Order
Specify 101910 Printed version only
101920 Print version plus database (requires Pro-Cite version 1.4 or higher)
101930 Print version, database, and search-only version of Pro-Cite

47
Index
Model Description Pg. Model Description Pg.
ADCWIN-4 Analog to Digital Converter 9 1237 Standard Flush Mount Sensor 35
ADCWIN-16 Analog to Digital Converter 9 1240 Standard Cross Flow “X” Probe 27
FLOWPOINT Velocity Measuring System 12 1241 End Flow “X” Probe 27
IFA 300 Research Constant Temperature 1243 Boundary Layer Cross Flow “X” Probe,
Anemometer 6 Sensors Upstream 29
THERMALPRO Software (for IFA 300) 10 1244 End Flow Parallel Sensor Probe 29
1108 BNC Subminiature Probe Adapter 41 1245 Cross Flow “X” Probe, Sensors Upstream 28
1127/1128 Manual Air Calibrator 14 1246 Cross Flow “X” Probe, Sensors Upstream 28
1129 Automated Air Calibrator 14 1247A Miniature Cross Flow “X” Probe 28
1132 Wire Shield 40 1248A Miniature End Flow “X” Probe 27
1133 Miniature Wire Shield 40 1249A Miniature Cross Flow “X” Probe,
1137 Mounting Block 41 Sensors Upstream 29
1138 Mounting Block 41 1260A Miniature Straight Probe 21
1139 Shield with Window 40 1261A Miniature Boundary Layer Probe 26
1150 Standard Probe Support 36 1262A Miniature Probe 24
1151 Probe Support 37 1263A Miniature Sensor 45° to Probe 22
1152 Single Sensor 90° Angle Adapter 37 1264A Cross Flow Miniature Conical Probe,
1154 Dual Sensor Probe Support for Liquids 39 Sensor Upstream 33
1155 Standard Dual Sensor Probe Support 38 1268 Miniature Flush Mount Sensor 36
1156 Dual Sensor Probe Support 38 1269W Ruggedized Cross Flow Probe 35
1157 Dual Sensor 90° Angle Adapter 39 1276 Subminiature Straight Probe 21
1158 Locking Protective Shield 40 1277 Subminiature Probe 25
1159 Immersible Probe Support 37 1279 Subminiature Probe 25
1160 High Temperature Probe Support 36 1287 Cross Flow Split Film Boundary
1165 High Temperature Dual Probe Support 38 Layer Probe 30
1191 One-Axis Traverse System, 110V 15 1288 End Flow Split Film Probe 30
1191E One Axis Traverse System, 220V 15 1299 End Flow 3-D Probe 32
1192 Two-Axis Traverse System, 110V 15 1299A Cross Flow 3-D Probe 32
1192E Two-Axis Traverse System, 220V 15 1301 General Purpose Probe with Thermocouple 31
1193 Three-Axis Traverse System, 110V 15 1302 End Flow “X” Probe with Thermocouple 31
1193E Three-Axis Traverse System, 220V 15 1304 Control Resistor 42
1201 Disposable Probe 20 1305 Control Resistor 42
1210 General Purpose Probe 20 1340 Thermocouple Probe 42
1211 Standard Probe 23 1341 Thermocouple Extension Cable 42
1212 Standard Single Sensor Probe 24 1471 Miniature Flush Mount Sensor,
1213 Sensor 45° to Probe 22 Glass Only 36
1214 Streamlined Probe 21 1472 Subminiature Flush Mount Sensor,
1218 Standard Boundary Layer Probe 26 Glass Only 36
1220 High Temperature Straight Probe 20 1500 FLOWPOINT Velocity Measuring System 12
1221 High Temperature Probe 23 10120 Hot Wire/Film Sensor Repair Kit 43
1222 High Temperature Single Sensor Probe 24 10121 Hot Film Replacement Sensors 43
1230 End Flow Conical Probe 33 10122 Hot Wire Replacement Sensors 43
1231 90° Cross Flow Conical Probe, Sensor 15222A Air Calibration for TSI Anemometers
Upstream 33 Without Software 14
1232 End Flow Wedge Probe 34 15231 Air Calibration for DAP Software (IFA 100) 14
1232H High Temperature End Flow Wedge Probe 34 15241 Air Calibration for FLOWPOINT Anemometer 14
1233 90° Cross Flow Wedge Probe, 15251 Air Calibration for IFA 300 Anemometer 14
Sensor Upstream 34 15223 Water Velocity Calibration 14
1234H High Temperature Cross Flow 183145 Temperature Module 8
Wedge Probe 35

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48
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