INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS

A. LINEAR FACTORS

Evaluate each of the following integrals.

( 2 x +11 ) dx
1. ∫
x2 + x−6

SOLUTION:

( 2 x +11 ) dx ( 2 x+ 11 ) dx
∫ 2 = ∫
x + x−6 ( x−2)( x +3)

( 2 x+11 ) A B
LET = + ∴ 2 x+11=A ( x+3 )+ B(x −2)
( x−2)(x +3) x−2 x+ 3

IF x = 2, A ( 2+3 )=2 ( 2 ) +11=15 ∴ A=3

IF x = -3, B (−3−2 ) =2 (−3 )+11=5 ∴ B=−1

THUS,

( 2 x +11 ) dx 3 dx dx
∫ =∫ -∫ = 3 ln |x−2|−ln |x +3|+ c (answer)
2
x + x−6 (x−2) (x +3)

( x−1 ) dx
2. ∫
x 2+5 x +6

SOLUTION:

( x−1 ) dx ( x−1 ) dx
∫ 2
= ∫
x +5 x +6 ( x +2)( x+ 3)

( x−1 ) A B
LET = + ∴ x−1= A ( x +3 ) + B(x +2)
x +5 x +6 x+2 x +3
2

IF x = -2, −2−1=A (−2+3 ) ∴ A=−3

IF x = -3, −3−1=B (−3+2 ) ∴ B=4

THUS,

( x−1 ) dx −3 dx 4 dx
∫ =∫ -∫ = −3 ln |x +2|+ 4 ln |x +3|+ c (answer)
2
x +5 x +6 ( x +2) ( x +3)
 dx
3. ∫ 2
x + ax

SOLUTION:

1 A B
LET 2 = + ∴ 1= A ( x +a )+ B( x )
x +ax x x +a

1
IF x = 0, 1= A ( 0+ a ) + B(0) ∴ A=
a

−1
IF x = -a, 1= A (−a+a ) + B(−a) ∴ B=
a

THUS,

dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 1
∫ = ∫ - ∫ = ln| x|− ln| x+ a|+c (answer)
x + ax a x a ( x+ a) a
2
a

2 dx
4. ∫
(x +1)( x−1)

SOLUTION:

2 A B
LET = + ∴ 2= A ( x−1)+ B( x +1)
( x +1)(x −1) ( x +1) (x−1)

IF x = 1, 2= A (1−1)+ B (1+ 1) ∴ B=1

IF x = -1, 2= A (1+1)+ B(1−1) ∴ A=1

THUS,

2 dx dx dx
∫ =∫ +∫ = ln |x +1|+ ln|x −1|+c (answer)
( x +1)( x−1) ( x +1) (x−1)

( 4 x +1 ) dx
5. ∫
x 2+6 x −7

SOLUTION:

( 4 x +1 ) dx ( 4 x +1 ) dx
∫ 2 = ∫
x +6 x −7 ( x +7)( x−1)
 ( 4 x +1 ) A B
LET = + ∴ 4 x+1=A ( x+7 )+ B( x−1)
( x +7)( x−1) ( x +7) (x −1)

27
IF x = -7, 4 (−7)+1= A (−7+7 ) + B(−7−1) ∴ B=
8

5
IF x = 1, 4 (1)+1= A ( 1+7 ) + B(1−1) ∴ A=
8

THUS,

( 4 x +1 ) dx 5 dx 27 dx 5 27
∫ = ∫ + ∫ = ln|x +7|+ ln |x−1|+ c (answer)
x +6 x −7 8 (x +7) 8 (x−1)
2
8 8

2
(3 x +8 x−12) dx
6. ∫
x3 +7 x 2 +12 x

SOLUTION:
2
(3 x +8 x−12) dx (3 x 2 +8 x−12) dx
∫ 3 2 = ∫
x +7 x +12 x x ( x+ 4)(x +3)
2
(3 x + 8 x −12) A B C
LET = + +
x (x+ 4)(x +3) x x +3 x+ 4

∴ 3 x 2+ 8 x−12= A ( x+3 )( x +4 ) + Bx(x +4 )+ Cx(x +3)

IF x = 0, −12= A (3)(4) ∴ A=−1

IF x = -3, 3 ( 9 ) −24−12=−9=B (−3 ) (1) ∴ B=3

IF x = -4, 3 ( 16 )−32−12=4=C (−4 ) (−1) ∴ C=1

THUS,

(3 x 2 +8 x−12) dx dx dx dx
∫ = −∫ +3 ∫ +∫ = −ln|x|+3 ln|x +3|+ ln |x+ 4|+c
3 2
x +7 x +12 x x (x +3) ( x + 4)

(answer)

(x 2−5 x +3)dx
7. ∫ 3 2
x −4 x +3 x

SOLUTION:
 2 2
( x −5 x +3) dx ( x −5 x+3) dx
∫ 3 = ∫
x −4 x 2+3 x x (x−1)(x −3)

( x2 −5 x +3) dx A B C
LET = + +
x(x −1)(x−3) x x−3 x−1

∴ x 2−5 x+ 3= A ( x−3 ) ( x−1 ) + Bx(x−1)+Cx(x −3)

IF x = 0, 0−0+3=A (−3)(−1) ∴ A=1

−1
IF x = 3, 9−15+3=B ( 3 ) ( 2 )=−3 ∴ B=
2

1
IF x = 1, 1−5+ 34=C (−2 )=−1 ∴ C=
2

THUS,
2
( x −5 x +3) dx dx −1 dx 1 dx 1 1
∫ =∫ ∫ + ∫ = ln |x|− ln |x−3|+ ln|x −1|+c
3 2
x −4 x +3 x x 2 (x−3) 2 ( x−1) 2 2

(answer)

(5 x−12) dx
8. ∫
x 3−6 x 2+ 8 x

SOLUTION:

(5 x−12)dx (5 x−12)dx
∫ 3 2 = ∫
x −6 x + 8 x x ( x−2)( x−4)

( 5 x−12)dx A B C
LET = + +
x(x −2)( x−4) x x−2 x−4

∴ 5 x−12= A ( x−2 ) ( x−4 ) + Bx( x−4)+Cx( x−2)

−3
IF x = 0, −12= A (−2)(−4) ∴ A=
2

1
IF x = 2, 10−12=B ( 2 ) (−2 ) ∴ B=
2

IF x = 4, 20−12=C ( 4 ) (2) ∴ C=1

THUS,

(5 x−12)dx −3 dx + 1 dx dx −3 1
∫ = ∫ ∫ +∫ = ln|x|+ ln|x −2|+ln |x−4|+ c
3 2
x −6 x + 8 x 2 x 2 ( x−2) ( x−4) 2 2

(answer)
 21 dx
9. ∫
(x−1)( x +3)(x−4 )

SOLUTION:

21 A B C
LET = + +
( x−1)(x+ 3)( x−4) ( x−1) ( x +3) ( x−4)

∴ 21= A ( x +3 ) ( x−4 ) + B(x−1)(x−4 )+C ( x−1)( x+ 3)

−7
IF x = 1, 21= A (4 )(−3) ∴ A=
4

3
IF x = -3, 21=B (−4 ) (−7 ) ∴ B=
4

IF x = 4, 21=C ( 3 ) (4 ) ∴ C=1

THUS,

(5 x−12)dx −3 dx + 1 dx dx −3 1
∫ = ∫ ∫ +∫ = ln|x|+ ln|x −2|+ln |x−4|+ c
3 2
x −6 x + 3 x 2 x 2 ( x−2) ( x−4) 2 2

(answer)

x +13 dx
10. ∫
(x +1)( x+3)( x−2)

SOLUTION:

x+ 13 A B C
LET = + +
( x +1)(x +3)( x−2) ( x +1) ( x +3) (x−2)

∴ x +13= A ( x +3 ) ( x−2 ) +B (x+1)( x−2)+C( x+1)(x+ 3)

IF x = -1, 12= A (2)(−3) ∴ A=−2

IF x = -3, 10=B (−2 ) (−5 ) ∴ B=1

IF x = 2, 15=C ( 3 ) (5) ∴ C=1

THUS,
 x +13 dx dx dx dx
∫ = −2 ∫ +∫ +∫ = −2 ln |x +1|+ln |x +3|+ ln| x−2|+c
( x +1)( x+3)(x−2) (x +1) (x +3) ( x−2)

2
3 x dx
11. ∫
x +5 x 2+ 4
4

SOLUTION:
2 2
3 x dx 3 x dx
∫ 4 = ∫ 2
2
x +5 x + 4 ( x +4 )(x2 +1)
2
3 x dx A B
LET 2 2 = 2 + 2
( x +4)(x +1) ( x +4) (x + 1)

∴ 3 x 2=A (x 2 +1)+ B(x 2 +4 )

¿ x 2 (A + B)+( A + 4 B)

EQUATING COEFFICIENTS OF SIMILAR TERMS:

A+B = 3 AND A+4B=0

A = 3 – B= -4B -3B = 3 ∴ B=−1, AND SO A=-4(-1) = 4

THUS,
2
3 x dx dx dx t
∫ =4∫ 2 −∫ 2 = 2 arctan −arctan t+ c (answer)
4 2
x +5 x + 4 (x + 4) (x +1) 2

8 dx
12. ∫
x (x¿¿ 4+ 4) ¿

SOLUTION:

8 dx A 4 B x3
LET ∫ = +
x (x¿¿ 4+ 4) ¿ x ( x¿¿ 4+ 4)¿

∴ 8=A ( x ¿¿ 4 +4 )+ 4 B x 3 ¿
 4
8=x (4 B+ A)+ 4 A

EQUATING COEFFICIENTS OF SIMILAR TERMS:

4A =8 ∴ A=2

−1
4 B+ A=0 ∴ B=¿
2

THUS,

8 dx dx −1 4 x 3 dx 1
= 2 ln |x|− ln|x + 4|+c (answer)
4
∫ =2∫ ∫
x (x¿¿ 4+ 4) ¿ x 2 (x ¿¿ 4 +4 )¿ 2

dx
13. ∫ 3 2
x −2 x

SOLUTION:

dx dx
∫ 3 2 =
∫ 2
x −2 x x ( x−2)

1 A B C
LET = + 2+
2
x ( x−2) x x x−2

∴ 1= Ax (x−2)+ B( x−2)+C x 2

1
IF x = 2, 1=C (2)
2
∴ C=
4

−1
IF x = 0, 1=B (−2 ) ∴ B=
2

1 1 −1
IF x = 1, 1= A (−1 ) − (−1 )+ ∴ A=
2 4 4

THUS,

dx −1 dx −1 −2 1 dx −1 1 1
∫ 3 2 =
∫ ∫x + ∫ = ln |x|+ + ln |x−2|+c (answer)
x −2 x 4 x 2 4 x−2 4 2x 4

x 3+ 4 dy
14. ∫
x ( x+ 1)
SOLUTION:

∫
x 3+ 4 dy
x ( x+ 1) [
= ∫ y−1+
x+ 4
x (x +1) ]
dy

2
x x +4 dy
= −y+∫
2 x ( x+ 1)

x+ 4 A B
LET = +
x(x +1) x ( x+1)

∴ x +4= A( x+1)+B (x)

IF x = 0, 4= A (1) ∴ A=4

IF x = -1, 3=−B ∴ B=−3

THUS,

x +4 dx dx
∫ =4∫ −3 ∫
x ( x+1) x x+1

= 4ln |x|−3 ln |x+ 1|+ c

AND SO,

x 3+ 4 dy x2
∫ = − y + 4ln |x|−3 ln |x+ 1|+ c (answer)
x ( x+ 1) 2

5 sin x cos x dx
15. ∫
(sin x )2+3 sin x−4

SOLUTION:

5 sin x cos x dx 5 sin x cos x dx

∫ 2 = ∫
(sin x ) +3 sin x−4 (sin x +4 )(sin x−1)

5 sin x A B
LET = +
(sin x +4)(sin x −1) (sin x +4) (sin x−1)

∴ 5 sin x= A(sin x−1)+B (sin x+ 4)

WHEN sin x = 1, 5=B( 1+ 4) ∴ B=1

WHEN sin x = 0, 0=A (−1 )+(1) ( 4 ) ∴ A=4

THUS,

5 sin x cos x dx cos x dx cos x dx

∫ 2 =4∫ +∫ = 4 ln |sin x+ 4|+ln |sin x−1|+ c (answer)
(sin x ) +3 sin x−4 (sin x+ 4) ( sin x−1 )

B. QUADRATIC LINEAR FACTOR

xdx
1 .∫ 2
x + 6 x +13

x A (2 x +6) B
Let: 2 = 2 + 2
x +6 x +13 x +6 x +13 x +6 x+ 13

x= A ( 2 x+6 ) +B x=2 Ax +¿)

Equate Coefficients:

1
2 A=1 ∴ A= 6 A+ B=0 ∴ B=−6 A=−3
2

Therefore:

xdx 1 ( 2 x+ 6 ) dx dx
∫ x 2+ 6 x +13 = 2 ∫ x 2+6 x +13 −3 ∫ x2 +6 x +13
1 dx
¿ ln ( x + 6 x+13 )−3∫
2
2 ( x +3 )2 + ( 2 )2

1 3 ( x +3 )
¿ ln ( x 2+ 6 x+13 )− arctan +C
2 2 2

( 4 x +5 ) dx
2.∫
x 2 +4 x +20

4 x+5 A (2 x +4 ) B
Let: 2
= 2 + 2
x + 4 x+ 20 x +4 x+20 x + 4 x+ 20

4 x+5= A ( 2 x + 4 ) + B4 x+5=2 Ax +(4 A+ B)

Thus:

2 A=4 ∴ A=24 A + B=5 ∴ B=5−4 A=5−4 ( 2 ) B=−3

Therefore:

4 x+ 5 ( 2 x + 4 ) dx dx
∫ x 2+ 4 x +20 =2∫ x 2 +4 x +20 −3 ∫ x 2+ 4 x +20
dx
¿ 2 ln ( x + 4 x +20 )−3∫
2

( x+ 2 )2+ ( 4 )2

3 (x+ 2)
¿ 2 ln ( x 2+ 4 x +20 )− arctan +C
4 4

4 dx 4 dx
3.∫ 3 2
=∫ 2
x −4 x + 8 x x( x −4 x +8)

4 A B(2 x−4) C
Let: = + 2 + 2
3 2
x −4 x +8 x x x −4 x +8 x −4 x +8
 4= A ( x −4 x +8 ) + Bx ( 2 x−4 ) +Cx4= A ( x −4 x +8 ) + B ( 2 x −4 x ) +Cx
2 2 2

4=x 2 ( A +2 B ) + x (−4 A−4 B+ C ) +8 A

Equate Coefficients:

1
8 A=4 ∴ A= −4 A−4 B+C=0 A+2 B=0 ∴ B=
2
−1
2
A=
−1 1 −1
2 2
=
4 ()
C=4 ( A +B )=4 ( 12 − 14 )=1
Thus:

4 dx 1 dx 1 ( 2 x−4 ) dx dx
∫ x 3−4 x2 +8 x = 2 ∫ − ∫ 2
x 4 x −4 x+ 8
+∫ 2
(x−2) +(2)
2

1 1 1 ( x−2 )
¿ lnx− ln ( x 2−4 x +8 ) + arctan +C
2 4 2 2

10 dx 10 dx
4. ∫ 3 2
=∫ 2
4 x +4 x +5 x x (4 x −4 x +5)

10 dx A B(8 x−4) C
Let: = + 2 + 2
x(4 x −4 x+5) x 4 x −4 x+5 4 x −4 x+ 5
2

10=A ( 4 x 2−4 x+ 5 ) + Bx ( 8 x−4 ) +Cx10=A ( 4 x 2−4 x+ 5 ) + B ( 8 x2−4 ) +Cx

2
10=x ( 4 A+ 8 B )+ x (−4 A−4 B +C ) +5 A

Equate Coefficients:

−4 A −4 ( 2 )
5 A=10 ∴ A=24 A +8 B=0∴ B= = =−1−4 A−4 B+C=0∴ C=4 ( A+ B )
8 8
¿ 4 ( 2−1 )=4

Therefore:

10 dx dx ( 8 x−4 ) dx dx
∫ x (4 x 2−4 x +5)=2∫ x
−∫ 2
4 x −4 x+5
+ 4∫
(2 x−1)2 +(2)2
 1 ( 2 x −1 )
¿ lnx−ln ( 4 x 2−4 x+ 5 ) +arctan +C
2 2

( 9 y+14 ) dy
5.∫ ¿
( y−2 ) ( y ¿¿ 2+ 4)

9 y+ 14
Let: A B(2 y ) C
( y−2 ) ( y ¿¿ 2+ 4)= + 2 + 2 ¿
y−2 y + 4 y + 4

9 y +14= A ( y +4 ) + B ( 2 y ) ( y−2 ) +C ( y −2 )when y=2 :18+14= A ( 8 ) ∴ A=4

2

20−1−14−9
when y=0 :14=4 ( 4 )−2 C ∴ C=1when y=1 :9+14=4 ( 5 ) + B (−2 )+ (−1 )∴ B= =−2
2

Thus:

( 9 y +14 ) dy dy 2 ydy dy
∫ ( y−2 ) ( y¿ ¿2+ 4) =4 ∫ y −2 −2∫ y 2+ 4 +∫ y 2+ 4 ¿
1 y
¿ 4 ln ( y−2 )−2 ln ( y + 4 ) + arctan +C
2
2 2

ydy 1 4 ydy
6.∫ = ∫ ¿
4 y +1 4
4 ¿¿¿

( x¿¿ 3−4 )dx

7.∫ ¿
x 3 +2 x 2+2 x

Solution:

[
2 ( x 2 + x+ 2 )
] ( x + x+2 ) dx
2
( x ¿¿ 3−4) dx
∫ x 3 +2 x2 +2 x =¿∫ 1− x 3+ 2 x 2 +2 x dx ¿ ¿¿ x−2∫ x (x 2 +2 x +2)

( x2 + x +2 ) dx
Consider ∫ x ( x 2+2 x +2)

A B(2 x +2)
2
x + x+2 C
Let: = + 2 + 2
x( x +2 x+2) x x + 2 x +2 x + 2 x +2
2
 x + x+2=A ( x +2 x +2 ) +Bx ( 2 x +2 ) +C when x=0 :2= A ( 2 ) ∴ A=1
2 2

when x=−1 :2=1+ B ( 0 )−C ∴ C=−1when x=1 :4=5+ 4 B−1 ∴ B=0

And so,
2
x + x+2 dx dx
∫ =∫ −∫
x ( x +2 x+2 ) x ( x+1 )2 +1
2

¿ lnx−arctan ( x+ 1 )+ K

Hence,

( x ¿¿ 3−4)dx
∫ 3 2
x +2 x +2 x
=¿ x−2 [ lnx−arctan ( x +1 ) ] +C ¿ ¿¿ x−2 lnx+2 arctan ( x+ 1 )+ C

( y +3 ) dy ( y +3 ) dy
8.∫ 3 2
=∫ 2
y +4 y y ( y +4 )

( y +3 ) dy A B C
Let: ∫ = + 2+
2
y ( y +4 ) y y y+ 4

3 −1 1
y +3=Ay ( y+ 4 )+ B ( y + 4 ) +C y 2when y=0 : B= when y=−4 :C= when y=1 : A=
4 16 16

So,

( y +3 ) dy
∫ y 2 ( y+ 4 ) =∫ [ 1/16 3/ 4 1/16
y
+ 2−
y y+4
dx
]
1 3 1
¿ lny− − ln ( y + 4 ) +C
16 4 y 16

dx
9.∫ ¿
¿¿

1
Let: 2
x ¿¿

1 1 1 1
1= Ax ¿when x=0 : B= when x=2 : D= when x=1 : A−C= when x=−1 :3 A +C=
4 4 2 2

1 −1
So, A= ∧C=
4 4
Finally,

dx
∫ ¿¿ ¿
1 1 1 1
¿ lnx− − ln ( x−2 )− +C
4 4x 4 4 ( x−2 )

dx dx
10.∫ 4 3 ∫ 3
=
x +x x ( x +1)

1 A B C D
Let: = + 2 + 3+
x ( x +1) x x x x +1
3

1= A x 2 ( x +1 ) + Bx ( x+1 )+C ( x+1 ) + D x 3when x=0 :C=1when x=−1 : D=−1when x=1 : A +B=0
when x=2 :2 A+ B=1

So, A=1∧B=−1

Finally,

∫ 4
dx
x +x
3 ∫
=
[
1 1 1
− 2+ 3−
x x x x+1
1
dx
]
1 1
¿ lnx+ − 2 −ln ( x +1 ) +C
x 2x

11.

=
 12.

LET:

When x=0;

When x=1;

When x=-1;

+C

13.
 LET:

Simplify, expand and collect similar terms:

From which

So,

+C

14.

REDUCTION:

Using the same method as in the previous exercise:

So,
15.

LET:

C. REPEATED FACTORS
 1.

LET:

2
1  A ( x  2)  B( x)( x  2)  C ( x)

IF x=0:
2
1  A (2)  4 A

1
A
4

IF x=-2:

1  C (2)

1
C  
2

IF x=1:

1
1
4
3  B(3)  12
2

1 9
1   3B
2 4

3 9

1
B  2 4  
3 4

THUS:
dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
x 2

4  x 4  x  2 2  ( x  2)2
 
( x  2)
1 1 1 1
ln x  ln( x  2)  ( x  2)  C
4 4 2

( x  1)dx
 2
2. x ( x  1)

LET:
 x 1 A B C
2
  2
x ( x  1) x x x 1

2
x  1  Ax( x  1)  B( x  1)  C x

IF x=1:
2
1  1  A(1)(1  1)  B(1  1)  C (1)

IF x=o:

1  B(1) B  1

IF x=-1:
2
0  A(1)( 2)  B(2)  C (1)

0  A(2)  2  2

4
A  2
2

THUS:

( x  1)dx dx 2 dx
 2
 2  1 x dx  2
x ( x  1) x x 1

1

 2 ln x  1 x  2 ln( x  1)  C
1

1
  2 ln x  2 ln( x  1)  C
x

(5 y  4)dy (5 y  4)dy
 3 2
 2

3. y 4 y y ( y  4)
 LET:

(5 y  4) A B C
2
  2
y ( y  4) y y y4

2
5 y  4  Ay ( y  4)  B( y  4)  C y
IF y=-4:
2
5(4)  4  C (4)

 24 3
C  
 24  16C 16 2

IF y=0:

-4=4B B  1

IF y=1:

3
5  4  A(5)  (5) 
2

13
1  5A 
2

15 3
A 
10 2

THUS:

(5 y  4)dy 3 dy 2 3 dy
 3 2
    y dy  
y 4 y 2 y 2 y4

3 1 3
 ln y   ln( y  4)  C
2 y 2

4.

LET:
 IF y=2:

IF y=0:

IF y=1:

THUS:

5.

LET:

IF x=-2:
 IF x=1:

3=3B

IF x=0:

THUS:

2
x −x+ 1
6.   ∫ 3
dx
(x+ 1)
2
A B C
∫ x(x+
−x+ 1
1)
3
dx=¿ ∫ ( + +
x +1 ( x +1 )2 ( x+ 1 )3
)dx

(After getting a common denominator, adding fractions, and equating numerators, it follows that

A(x +1)2+ B ( x+ 1 )+ C=x 2−x +1 ; 

let x= -1: A(0) + B(()) + C= 3 C= 3

let x= 0: A(1) + B(1) + C= A + B +3=1 A+ B= -2
let x= 1: A(4) + B(2) + C= 4A + 2B + 3= 1 2A+ B= -1

it follows that B= -3  and A= 1

1 −3 3
= ∫ ( x +1 + + )dx
( x +1 ) ( x +1)3
2

1
= ∫(
−2 −3
−3 ( x+ 1 ) + 3(x +1) )dx
x +1
 ( x +1 )−1 ( x+1 )−2
= ln |x +1|−3 +3 +C
−1 −2

3 3
= ln |x +1|+ x+1 − 2
+C
2(x +1)

x3 + 4
7.  ∫ ¿ dx
x 2+3 x +2 ¿
3 3
x +4 x +4
∫ x 2+3 x +2 ¿ ¿ dx = ∫ ( x +1)( x−1)( x+2)(x +1) dx
3
x +4
¿∫ 2
dx
(x +1) (x−1)( x +2)

A B C D
¿ ∫( + + ❑+ )dx
x +1 ( x+ 1 ) ( x −1 ) x +2
2

(After getting a common denominator, adding fractions, and equating numerators, it follows that

 A(x+1)(x-2)^2 + B(x-2)^2 + C(x+1)^2(x-2) + D(x+1)^2 = x^3 + 2x – 1;

4
Let x = -1: A(0) + B(9) + C(0) + D(0) = -4 B=- ;
9

11
Let x = 2: A(0) + B(9) + C(0) + D(9) = 11 B= ;\
9

16 11
Let x = 0: A(4) + B(4) + C(-2) + D(1) = 4A- -2C + = -1;
9 9

−2
  2A- C=  
9

4 44
Let x = 1: A(2) + B(1) + C(-4) + D(4) = 2A- -4C + = -2;
9 9

11
 A – 2C= -
; 
9
7 20
it follows that and A=   and C=
27 27

7 /27 −4 /9 20/27 11/9

¿ ∫ ( x +1 + + ❑+
x+2
)dx
( x +1 )2 ( x−1 )
 [
= ( 7/27 )
1
−
x +1 9
4
()
( x +1 )−2 +
20 1
27 x−2( )
+ (11 /9 ) ( x−2)−2 dx
]
−1 −1
(x+ 1) ( x−2)
= ( 7 /27 ) ln|x +1|−(4 /9) +(20/27)ln|x−2|+(11/9) +C
−1 −1

7 4 20 11
= ln|x +1|+ + ln|x−2|− +C
27 9(x +1) 27 9( x−2)

2
sec x
8.  ∫
tan x−tan 2 x
3

Let u = tanx

du= sec 2 xdx

2
1 1
∫ tan3sec x
2 = ∫
xdx =∫
2
3 2
sec 3 2
du
x−tan x tan x−tan x u −u

1
=∫ 2
du
u (u−1)

A B C
¿ ∫( + 2+ )du
u u u−1

(After getting a common denominator, adding fractions, and equating numerators, it follows
that   Au ( u−1 ) +B ( u−1 ) +C u2=1; 

Let u= 0: A(()) + B(-1) + C(0)= 1 B= -1;

Let u= 1: A(()) + B(0) + C(1)= 1 C= 1;

Let u= -1: A(2) + B(-2) + C(1)= 2A + 2 + 1= 1 A= -1;

 

=∫ ( −1u + −1u + u−11 ) du

2

=∫ ( −1u −u −2
+
1
u−1 )
du

−1
−u
= -ln|u| + ln |u−1|+ C
−1
 −1
−u
= -ln|u| + ln |u−1|+ C
−1

−1
= -ln|tanx| + ln |tanx−1|+C
tanx

= cotx + ln|tanx-1|-ln|tanx| + C

¿
= cotx + ln¿ tan x−1∨ ¿ tan x ∨¿ ¿ ¿ + C

= cotx + ln |tantan xx − tan1 x|+ C

= cotx + ln|1−cot x|+ C
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

4
1.∫ x dx
3

x 4 4 4 4 24
= − =60
4 2 4 4

−10
dx
2. ∫ x +2
−6

−10
lnx+2 = ln (-10+2) – ln (-6+2)
−6

= ln 2

3. ∫ ( xxdx
+1)
8
0

−7
( x +1)
Let u=x , du=dx, dv=(x +1)−8 dx, v=
−7

( x +1)−7 ( x +1 )−7 1
-x [∫ −∫ dx
−7 −7 0

−x (x+1)−7 1 1
+ ¿
−7 7 0

−x (x+1)−7 ( x+1 )−6 1

−
7 42 0
 −7 −6
−1 ( 1+1 ) (1+1 )
[ − ]−¿
7 42

−1 1 1
− + =0.022
7(2) 42 ( 2 ) 42
7 6

4. ∫ lnxdx
1

e
x ln x-x
1

=e ln e – e – (1 ln 1-1)

=e – e +1 = 1

π
4
5. ∫ x cos 2 x dx
0

1
Let u=x, du=dx, dv=cos2xdx, v= sin 2 x
2

1 1
= sin 2 x−∫ sin 2 xdx
2 2

x
= sin 2 x−
2
1 −1
2 2
cos 2 x
[ ]
π
x cos 2 x
= sin 2 x +
2 4 4
0

π
4 cos 2(45 °) 0 cos 2(0)
¿ sin 2 ( 45 ° )+ − sin2 ( 0 ) +
2 4 2 4

π 1 π −2
¿ − =
8 4 8

6. ∫ 6 x 2−5 x+ 2 dx
−3
 5 2 1
= (2 x 3- x + 2x)
2 −3
=¿
= 84

2 5
7. ∫ 2 w −w+3
w
2
dw
1
2
1
= ∫2w −
3 −2
+3 w dw
1 w

=( 12 w −ln|u|− w3 ) 21
4

=¿
= 9 - ln(2)

π
3
8. ∫ 2 sin θ−5 cos θ dθ
0
π
=( −2 cos θ−5 sinθ ) 3
0
=¿

(
= −1−
5 √3
2
+2 )
5√3
= 1−
2

9. ∫ 4 x−6 ∛ x 2dx
0
1 2

=∫ 4 x−6 x dx 3

( )
5
18 3 1
= 2 x 2− x
5 0

[( )( )]
5 5
18 18
= 2( 0) − ( 0 ) 3 − 2(1)2− (1) 3
2
5 5
−8
=
5

10. ∫ √ t (t−2) dt
4
 0 2 1

=∫ t −2 t dt3 2

( )
5 3
2 2 4 2 0
= t − t
5 3 4
=¿
−32
=
15
−10

11. ∫ dR
25
−10
=R
25
= -10 – 25
= -35

2
12. ∫ (−2 x +2 x + 4)dx
2

−1

−2 x 3 2 2
= + x +4 x
3 −1
=¿
=9

2
13. ∫ x dx
2

( ) 20
3
x
=
3
=¿
8
=
3

1
14. ∫ 3 ¿ ¿dx
0
1
=¿
0
=¿
1 6 1
= (4 ¿ ¿ − ¿
6 6
= 682.5

15. ∫ (2 x +1)dx
2

( )
3
2x 2
= +x
3 1
 [ ]
3
2(2)
= +(2) −¿
3
16 2
= + 2− +1
3 3
= 7.67

WALLIS FORMULA

π
2
(2−1) π π ans.
1 .∫ sin x dx=
2
. =
0 2+0 2 4
π
2
2. ∫ cos 2 x dx= (2−1) . π = π ans.
0 2+ 0 2 4
π
2
(5−1)(5−3)(1) (4)(2)(1) 8 ans.
3.∫ cos y dy=
5
= =
0 5(5−2)(5−4) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) (1 ) 15
π
2
(7−1)(7−3)(7−5)(1) (6)( 4)(2)(1) 16 ans.
4. ∫ sin 2 y dy= = =
0 7 (7−2)(7−4 )(7−6) (7) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) (1 ) 35
π
2
(4−1)(4−3) π (3)(1) π 3 π ans.
5.∫ sin 4 β dβ= . = . =
0 4 (4−2) 2 ( 4 )( 2 ) 2 16
π
2
(8−1)(8−3)(8−5)(8−7) π (7)(5)(3)( 1) π 35 π ans.
6.∫ cos β dβ=
8
. = . =
0 8 (8−2)(8−4 )(8−6) 2 (8)(6) ( 4 ) ( 2 ) 2 256
π
2
( 4−1)( 4−3)(3−1)(1) (3)( 1)(2)(1) 2 ans.
7.∫ sin φ cos φ dφ=
4 3
= =
0 7 (7−2)(7−4)(7−6) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) (3)(1) 35
π
2
(2−1)(6−1)(6−3)(6−5) π (1)(5)(3)(1) π 5 π ans.
8 .∫ sin φ cos φ dφ=
2 6
. = . =
0 8 (8−2)(8−4 )( 8−6) 2 ( 8 )( 6 ) (4)(2) 2 256
π
2
(4−1)( 4−3)(5−1)(5−3) ( 3)(1)(4)(2) 8 ans.
9.∫ sin 4 x cos5 x dx= = =
0 9 (9−2)(9−4 )(9−6)(9−8) (9) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) (3)(1) 315
π
2
(4−1)(4−3)( 4−1)( 4−3) π (3)(1)( 3)(1) π 3 π ans.
10.∫ sin4 x cos 4 x dx= . = . =
0 8 (8−2)(8−4)(8−6) 2 ( 8 ) ( 6 ) (4)(2) 2 256
 π
2
(4−1)(4−3)(7−1)(7−3)(7−5)(1) (3)(1)(6)(4)(2)(1) 16 ans.
11 .∫ sin 4 y cos 7 y dy = = =
0 11(11−2)(11−4)(11−6)(11−8)(11−10) (11)(9) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) (3)(1) 1155
1

12. ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ PUT x = sinφ dx = cosφdφ

0

π
IF x = 1, sinφ=1 φ=
2

IF x = 0, sinφ=0 φ=0

THUS,
π
1
2
∫ (1−x ) 2 5 /2
dx = ∫ cos 5 φcosφdφ
0
0

π
2
= ∫ cos 6 φdφ
0

(6−1)(6−3)(6−5) π (5)(3)(1) π 5 π
= . = . = ans .
6(6−2)(6−4) 2 ( 6)(4)(2) 2 32
π
6
13. ∫ cos 8 3θdθ PUT 3θ = x 3dθ = dx
0

π π π
WHEN θ = , x¿ 3( )=
6 6 2

AND SO,
π π
6 1 2

∫ cos 83θdθ = 3 ∫ cos 8xdx

0 0

1 ( 8−1 ) ( 8−3 ) ( 8−5 ) (8−7) π

= . .
3 8 ( 8−2 )( 8−4 ) (8−6) 2

1 (7)(5)(3)(1) π 35 π
¿ . . = ans .
3 (8)(6)(4 )(2) 2 768
π
1 7 1
14. ∫ sin
5
y cos y dy
0 2 2

1 1
SOLUTION: LET y=x dy=dx
2 2
 π
IF y = π , x =
2

HENCE,
π
π
1
∫ sin 12 y cos7 2 y dy = ∫ sin 5 x cos7 2 dx
2
5

0
0

(5−1)(5−3)(7−1)(7−3)(7−5)
=2
12 ( 12−2 )( 12−4 ) (12−6)(12−8)(12−10)

( 4)(2)(6)( 4)(2) 1
=2 = ans .
12(10)(8)(6)(4)(2) 60
π
9
15. ∫ sin 2 4 y cos2 2 y dy
0

SOLUTION: LET 2 y = x 2 dy=dx

π π
IF y = , x=
9 2

THUS,
π π
4 2

∫ sin 2 4y cos 2 y dy = ∫ sin 2 2 x cos 2 dx2

2

0 0

π π
2 2
= ∫ (2 sinxcosx)2 cos 2 x dx =2∫ sin2 x cos 4 x dx
0 2 0

(2−1)( 4−1)( 4−3) π (2)(1)(3)(1) π

=2 . = .
6 ( 6−2 )( 6−4 ) 2 (6)(4 )( 2) 2

π
= ans .
16