Diploma Programme

Mathematics: analysis and

approaches formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.3

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

Contents

Prior learning
SL and HL 2 Topic 1: Number and algebra

SL and HL 3 HL only 4 Topic 2: Functions

SL and HL 5 HL only 5 Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry

SL and HL 6 HL only 7 Topic 4: Statistics and probability

SL and HL 9 HL only 10 Topic 5: Calculus

SL and HL 11 HL only 12

Prior learning – SL and HL

Area of a parallelogram
A bh = , where b is the base, h is the height

Area of a triangle 1
()
A bh = , where b is the base, h is the height
Area of a trapezoid
2

Area of a circle 1
()

Circumference of a A a bh = + , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height 2

circle Volume of a 2
A r = π , where r is the radius
cuboid

C r = π2 , where r is the radius

Volume of a cylinder

Volume of a prism V lwh = , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Area of the curved surface

of a cylinder
2
V rh = π , where r is the radius, h is the height
Distance between two
points 1 1 (, ) x y and 2 2 (, ) x y

Coordinates of the midpoint V Ah = , where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height

of a line segment with
endpoints 1 1 (, ) x y and 2 2 (,
)xy A rh = π2 , where r is the radius, h is the height

22

12 12 d xx yy = − +− ( )( )

xxyy + + 
 
 121 2 ,
22

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL and HL

SL The nth term of an
1.2 1 =+− ( 1) n uu n d
arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of

an arithmetic sequence nn
S u n d S uu = +− = +

(2 ( 1) ; ( ) 1 1 ) 2 2 n n n

SL The nth term of a −

1.3 geometric sequence n u ur =
n
1
1
The sum of n terms of
a finite geometric
sequence nn
ur u r S
rr
−−==
− − , r ≠1
11 ( 1) (1 )
n
11

SL Compound interest kn

1.4 r FV PV
k
 = ⋅+  , where FV is the future value,

1
100
PV is the present value, n is the number of years,
k is the number of compounding periods per year,
r% is the nominal annual rate of interest

SL Exponents and logarithms

1.5 log xa ab x b =⇔= , where aba >> ≠ 0, 0, 1

SL Exponents and logarithms

1.7 log log log a aa xy x y = +
x
xy
log log log a aa
y= −
log log m
aa xm x =

x
log log
logb
x
a=
a
b

SL The sum of an ,1 u
1 Sr
1
1.8 infinite geometric
sequence
 ∞=<
r −

SL n n n nr r n () C C
1.9 Binomial theorem n∈ nn
ab a ab ab b 1 1

−−
+ = + ++ ++  
r

nn
!C
!( )!

r =
rn r −

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 3

Topic 1: Number and algebra – HL only

AHL Combinations
1.10 nn
!C
!( )!
Permutations =
r
rn r −

Extension of
binomial theorem,
nn
n∈ !P
( )!

r =
nr −

 − 
  += + + + 

()() 1
2

n
n bbnn
ab a n
aa
1 ...
2!

AHL Complex numbers

1.12 zab = + i

AHL Modulus-argument θ
1.13 (polar) and exponential
i
z r(cos isin ) e cis r r = + == θθ θ
(Euler) form

AHL De Moivre’s theorem θ

1.14 [ ] i (cos isin ) (cos isin ) e cis n n nn n r r n nr rn θθ θ θ θ + = +
==

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 4

Topic 2: Functions – SL and HL
SL Equations of a straight
2.1 y mx c = + ; ax by d + += 0 ; y y mx x −= − 1 1 ( )

line Gradient formula yym

xx
−=
−
21

21

SL Axis of symmetry of ( ) b f x ax bx c x
2.6 the graph of a
2
2 a = + +⇒ axis of symmetry is
quadratic
function
=−

SL Solutions of a 2

2.7 quadratic equation −± −

Discriminant b b ac
ax bx c x a
40,0
2 2
+ += ⇒ = ≠
a
2
∆= − b ac 4

SL Exponential and
2.9 logarithmic functions
ln
e x xa a = ; log log a x x

a a xa = = where ax a , 0, 1 > ≠

Topic 2: Functions – HL only

AHL Sum and product of
2.12 the roots of −
polynomial − ; product is ( ) 0 1 n
equations of the
form n r −
= a
∑ a
Sum is n 1
ax a
0 a
r
n
r
n
=
0

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL and HL

SL Distance between 2 22

3.1 two points 1 11 (, ,) 12 1 2 12 d xx yy zz = − +− +− ( )( )( )

xyz and 2 22 (, ,) xyz

Coordinates of the
midpoint of a line
segment with endpoints 1 x xy yz z
11 (, ,) xyz and 2 22 (, ,) xyz +++ 
 
Volume of a right-pyramid 1 2 1 21 2 ,,
222

Volume of a right cone

1
Area of the curved V Ah = , where A is the area of the base, h is the height
surface of a cone
3

Volume of a sphere 12
V rh = π , where r is the radius, h is the height
Surface area of a sphere 3

A rl = π , where r is the radius, l is the slant height

43
V r = π , where r is the radius
3

2
A r = 4π , where r is the radius

SL Sine rule abc

3.2
ABC = =
sin sin sin
Cosine rule
222
abc C
ab
Area of a triangle
+−
=

2 22
c a b ab C =+− 2 cos ;
cos
2

1
sin
A ab C =
2

SL Length of an arc
3.4 l r = θ , where r is the radius, θ is the angle measured in radians

Area of a sector 12
A r = θ , where r is the radius,θ is the angle measured in 2
radians
 Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 6

SL
3.5 Identity for tanθ tan θθ
cos θ=
sin

SL Pythagorean identity
3.6
22
cos sin 1 θ θ + =

Double angle identities

sin 2 2sin cos θ θθ =

22 2 2
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin θ θθ θ θ = − = −=−

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – HL only

AHL Reciprocal 1
3.9 trigonometric identities sec
cos
θ
θ=

Pythagorean identities 1
cosec
sin
θ
θ=

22
1 tan sec
+=

θθ
22
1 cot cosec
+=

θθ

AHL Compound angle identities

3.10 sin ( ) sin cos cos sin AB A B A B ±= ±

cos( ) cos cos sin sin AB A B A B ± = 

tan tan tan ( )

1 tan tan
Double angle identity ABAB
AB
for tan
±
±=

 2tan tan 2 θθ =
1 tan θ −
2

AHL Magnitude of a vector v

3.12
 = 

1
222

123 v = ++ vvv , where

v
v
2

v
3

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 7

AHL Scalar product w

3.13 v
 = 


 = 

Angle between two
vectors 1
1

w
w
v,
v
11 2 2 3 3 v w⋅= + + vw vw vw , where
2
2

w
v
3
3

vw v w ⋅ = cosθ , where θ is the angle between v and w

++
= vw vw vw
11 2 2 3 3
cosθ
vw

AHL Vector equation of a line ra b = + λ

3.14

Parametric form of
the equation of a line 00 0 x x ly y mz z n =+ =+ =+ λλ λ , ,

Cartesian equations of
a line 0 00 xx yy zz
−−−
==
l mn

AHL Vector product v

 3.16 w
− ⋅= − 
 −
vw vw
Area of a parallelogram  = 


 = 

1
1
23 32

w
w
v,
v
v w , where
vw vw
31 13
2
2

vw vw
w
v
12 21
3
3

vw vw ⋅ = sinθ , where θ is the angle between v and w

A = ⋅v w where v and w form two adjacent sides of a

parallelogram

AHL Vector equation of a plane

3.17 r a b+ c = + λ ∝
Equation of a plane
(using the normal vector)
rn an ⋅=⋅
Cartesian equation of
a plane
ax by cz d ++=

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 8

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL and HL

SL Interquartile range
4.2 31 IQR = − Q Q

SL Mean, x , of a set of data k

4.3
∑
fx
ii
k

=
∑
nf
=
=
 x
n
i
1
, where
i
1
i
=

SL Probability of an event ( ) P( )
4.5 ()
nAA
nU=
A Complementary

events P( ) P( ) 1 A A + = ′

SL Combined events
4.6 P( ) P( ) P( ) P( ) AB A B AB ∪= + − ∩
Mutually exclusive
P( ) P( ) P( ) AB A B ∪= +
events Conditional
P( ) P( )
P( )
probability
ABAB ∩
B =
Independent events

P( ) P( )P( ) AB A B ∩ =

SL Expected value of a
==
4.7 discrete random variable X
E( ) P( ) X x Xx ∑
SL Binomial distribution
4.8 X np ~B( , ) E( ) X np =

Mean
Var ( ) (1 ) X np p = −
Variance

SL Standardized normal
4.12 variable z∝
−
=
x
σ

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 9

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – HL only

AHL Bayes’ theorem P( ) P( | ) P( | )
4.13 P( ) P( | ) P( ) P( | )

B AB B A =
B AB B AB + ′ ′
 P( )P( | ) P( | ) B AB B A
P( )P( | ) P( )P( | ) P( )P( | ) B AB B

=
AB B AB ++

ii
i
1 12 23 3

AHL kk

4.14 Variance 2 σ
∑∑
( )2 2

Standard deviation σ −

∝
f x fx
Linear transformation of iiii
a single random variable 2211

==−
==
Expected value of a σ∝
continuous random ii
variable X nn

Variance k

Variance of a
∑
discrete random
variable X ( )2
fx
Variance of a
continuous random ∝
variable X
−
ii
=
σ

=
1
i
n

()
aX b a X b
+= +
E E( )

()2
+=
Var Var ( )
aX b a X
 ==
E( ) X xf x x ∝ ( )d
∞
−∞ ∫

∝
[ ]2 2 2 Var ( ) E ( ) E( ) E( ) XX X X = −= −   

Var ( ) ( ) P( ) P( ) X x Xx x Xx = − == =− ∝∝
2 22
∑∑

2 22 ∞∞
Var ( ) ( ) ( )d ( )d X x fx x xfx x ∝ ∝

=− = −
−∞ −∞ ∫∫

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 10

Topic 5: Calculus – SL and HL

SL Derivative of n x −
5.3
1
() () n n f x x f x nx =⇒ = ′

SL Integral of n x +
5.5 n
1
x
n x x Cn
Area between a curve y

fx = ( ) and the x-axis, +∫

where f x() 0 > = + ≠−
d ,1
1
n

A yx =
d ba ∫
SL Derivative of sin x
5.6 fx x f x x ( ) sin ( ) cos =⇒ = ′

Derivative of cos x
fx x f x x ( ) cos ( ) sin = ⇒ =− ′
Derivative of ex

() e () e x x fx f x =⇒ = ′
Derivative of ln x
1 fx x f x ( ) ln ( )
x
Chain rule
=⇒ = ′

Product rule
d dd ( )
y gu = ( ), where ddd
y yu u fx
x ux
Quotient rule
= ⇒ =⋅

y vu
y uv u v
d dd
=⇒ = +
ddd
xxx

dd
uv
vu
uyxxy
vx v−
d
dd
=⇒ =
2
d

SL Acceleration 2

5.9 dd
vs
Distance travelled a
tt==
from 1t to 2t
2
dd
Displacement from
1t to 2t
= vt t
()d tt ∫
distance 2
1

= vt t
( )d tt ∫
displacement 2
1

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 11

 SL Standard integrals 1
5.10 d ln x xC
=+
x ∫

sin d cos xx x C =− +
∫

cos d sin xx x C = +
∫

xC=+
ed e x x ∫
SL Area of region
5.11 enclosed by a curve =
and x-axis d ba A yx ∫

Topic 5: Calculus – HL only

AHL Derivative of f x( ) from
5.12 y fx h fx y fx f x →
first principles xh +−
d ( ) () ( ) ( ) lim
dh
′
= ⇒= = 
0

AHL Standard derivatives

5.15
2
fx x f x x ( ) tan ( ) sec =⇒ = ′
tan x

sec x fx x f x x x ( ) sec ( ) sec tan =⇒ = ′

cosec x
fx x f x x x ( ) cosec ( ) cosec cot = ⇒ =− ′
cot x
2
fx x f x x ( ) cot ( ) cosec = ⇒ =− ′
x
a

( ) ( ) (ln ) x x fx a f x a a =⇒ = ′
loga x

1 ( ) log ( ) a fx x f x
ln xa
arcsin x
= ⇒= ′

arccos x
1 ( ) arcsin ( )
1
′
arctan x = ⇒= −
fx x f x
x
 2

1 ( ) arccos ( )
1
′
= ⇒ =− −
fx x f x
x
2

1 ( ) arctan ( ) fx x f x
1 x

= ⇒= ′ +
2

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 12

AHL Standard integrals 1d

5.15 ln
=+
∫
xx
ax a C
a
11 x
d arctan x C
=
 +

+ ∫
22
ax a a

1 x
d arcsin , x C xa
 = +< 
− ∫

axa
22

AHL Integration by parts dd

5.16 dd
vu
=− =−
xx ∫ ∫ or u v uv v u d d ∫∫
u x uv v x
dd

AHL Area of region

5.17 enclosed by a curve A xy =
and y-axis d ba ∫

Volume of revolution b
b
about the x or y-axes
 V yx =
a ∫ or 2
πd

V xy =
a ∫
2
πd

AHL Euler’s method

5.18 1 (, ) n n nn y y h fx y + = + ⋅ ; n n 1 x xh + = + , where h is a
constant (step length)

Integrating factor for

y Pxy Qx ′ + = () () e Px x ∫
( )d

AHL Maclaurin series 2

5.19 ( ) (0) (0) (0) x

2! f x f xf f =+ + + ′ ′′ 
Maclaurin series for
2
special functions
x x
e 1 ...
=+ + + x
2!

23
xx
ln (1 ) ...
23
+ =− + − x x

35
xx
x x =− + −
sin ...
3! 5!

24
xx
cos 1 ...
x =− + −
2! 4!

35
xx
x x =− + −
arctan ...
35

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet 13