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Study notes on Control Volume and Momentum - Control Volume EXIT
Day 4 | Fluid Dynamics | Study Notes on Fluid Dynamics
Control-Volume Analysis of Mass, Momentum and Energy is an important topic of Fluid mechanics
which deals with topics such as control mass, control volume, momentum equation, continuity
equation and Impact of Jets on planes and vanes.
Control Mass
A xed mass of a uid element in the ow- eld is identi ed and conservation equations for
properties such as momentum, energy or concentration are written.
The identi ed mass moves around in the ow- eld.
Its property corresponds to the same contents of the identi ed uid element may change from
one location to another.
Control Volume
This approach is popular and widely applied in the analysis.
An arbitrarily xed volume located at a certain place in the ow- eld is identi ed and the
conservation equations are written.
The property under consideration or analysis may change with time.
The Momentum Equation
It relates the sum of the forces to the acceleration or rate of change of momentum
From conservation of mass,
mass into face 1 = mass out of face 2
The rate at which momentum enters face 1 is
The rate at which momentum leaves face 2 is
Thus the rate at which momentum changes across the stream tube is
The Momentum equation is:
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This force acts on the uid in the direction of the ow of the uid
If the Motion is not one dimensional
We consider the forces by resolving in the directions of the co-ordinate axes.
The force in the x-direction
And the force in the y-direction:
The resultant force can be found by combining these components :
And the angle of this force: NEXT
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Application of the Momentum Equation
Force due the ow around a pipe bend
A converging pipe bend lying in the horizontal plane turning through an angle of Θ
As the uid changes direction a force will act on the bend.
This force can be very large in the case of water supply pipes. The bend must be held in place to
prevent breakage at the joints
Taking Control Volume,
In the x-direction:
In the y-direction:
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Using Bernoulli Equations here
where hf is the friction loss (this can often be ignored, hf=0)
As the pipe is in the horizontal plane, z1=z2 And with continuity, Q= u1A1 = u2A2
Knowing the pressures at each end the pressure force can be calculated,
There are no body forces in the x or y directions, so FRx = FRy = 0
The body force due to gravity is acting in the z-direction so need not be considered
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And the resultant force on the uid is given by
And the direction of application is
Impact of a Jet on a Plane
A jet hitting a at plate (a plane) at an angle of 90º
The reaction force of the plate. i.e. the force the plate will have to apply to stay in the same
position
In the x-direction:
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The system is symmetrical the forces in the y-direction cancel, so, Fy = 0
The pressures at both the inlet and the outlets to the control volume are atmospheric. The
pressure force is zero,
Fpx= Fpy= 0
As the control volume is small we can ignore the body force due to gravity, FBx= FBy= 0
Force on a curved vane
Pressures at ends are equal which is equal atmospheric pressure.
Both the cross-section and velocities (in the direction of ow) remain constant.
Total force in the x direction,
In the y-direction,
The pressure at both the inlet and the outlets to the control volume is atmospheric, Fpx=Fpy=0
No body forces in the x-direction, FBx=0
In the y-direction, the body force acting is the weight of the uid.
If V is the volume of the uid on the vane then, FBX= ρgV.
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The resultant force in the
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And the resultant force on the uid is given by
And the direction of application is
The force on the vane is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction, R= -FR.
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