Introduction To Computer
Programming
(CSC425)
by
PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL
Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences
UiTM MALAYSIA
2013
1
Component Of
Programming Language
Chapter 2
2
Contents
Basic Operations
Program Elements
Storage
Input and Output
Arithmetic Operations
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 3
PROGRAMMING
Basic Operations
6 types of operations :
1. Receive input
2. Produce output
3. Assign value into storage
4. Perform arithmetic and logic operation
5. Make selection
6. Repeating a set of actions
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 4
PROGRAMMING
Program’s elements
Generally a computer program has the following
elements:
1. Input section
2. Storage allocation
• Constants
• Variables
• Data Structures
• Files
3. Processing using arithmetic or logic operation and
control with either sequential, selection or and
repetition structure.
4. Output Section
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 5
PROGRAMMING
Program’s elements
int number1, number2, total;
cin >> number1 >> number2;
Arithmetic Logic
total = number1 + number2;
cout << total << endl
cin >> number1 >> number2; cout << total << endl
total = number1 + number2;
Input Processing Output
constant
Storage variable
int number1, number2, total;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 6
PROGRAMMING
Storage
One of the essential resource of a program
A location in computer memory that is allocated to the
program
Used to hold value of specific data type
Categories:
• Constants
• Variables
• Data Structure
• Files
Data Types
• Integer number
• Floating point number
• Character
Identifier is the name given to specific storage
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 7
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Example:
int number;
Data type Identifier
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 8
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Identifier naming rules:
• Must begin with a letter
• Can be followed by a letter, number or underscore (‘_’)
Examples of valid identifiers
number1
averageScore
latest_CGPA
Examples of invalid identifiers
20score
Student’sAge
average Salary
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 9
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Constant
• To hold fixed value that cannot be altered during
program execution.
• Examples:
•PI value 3.1416
•Number of days per week 7
• Constant declaration:
const keyword is used to declare a constant and it
must be initialized.
<data type> const <identifier> = value;
• Example:
float const PI = 3.1416;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 10
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Variables
• To hold value that might be altered during program execution.
• Hold value on temporary basis
• Examples:
• score
• Temperature
• Speed
• Length
• Variable declaration:
<data type> <identifier> [ = initial value];
• Example:
int number;
float score1, score2;
int score, float number;
int count = 0;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 11
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Data Structure
• An array or a pointer
• An array is a contagious memory locations that hold more
than one values of the same type.
• Hold value on temporary basis
• Examples:
• Name
• A set of students’ score
char name[20];
int score[20];
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 12
PROGRAMMING
Storage (cont.)
Basic Data Types C++ Data Types
• Integer (90, 0, -78) int or long
• Floating point (4.5,1.0,-0.67) float or double
• Character (‘A’,’a’,’*’,’1’) char
Examples
int number;
int score;
long population;
float temperature;
double accountBalance;
char gender;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 13
PROGRAMMING
Example :
#include <iostream.h>
//program to calculate area of a circle
PI 3.1416
main()
{ radius ?
//variable and constant allocation
float const PI = 3.1416;
area ?
float radius, area;
//input section
cout << “Enter a radius : ”;
cin >> radius;
area = PI * radius * radius; //processing
//output section
cout << “Area of the circle is ” << area <<
endl;
return 0;
}//end main() 14
Examples
Enter a radius : __
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 15
PROGRAMMING
Examples
Enter a radius : 8
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 16
PROGRAMMING
Examples
#include <iostream.h>
//program to calculate area of a circle PI 3.1416
main() radius 8
{
//variable and constant allocation
area 201.0624
float const PI = 3.1416;
float radius, area;
//input section
cout << “Enter a radius : ”;
cin >> radius;
area = PI * radius * radius; //processing
//output section
cout << “Area of the circle is ” << area <<
endl;
return 0;
}//end main() 17
Examples
Enter a radius : 8
Area of the circle is 201.0624
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 18
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
Input Statement
• To received input from keyboard or read input from a file.
• Using cin keyword and input stream operator (>>).
• Syntax:
cin >> <variable>;
• Example
cin >> number;
cin >> number1 >> number2;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 19
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
Example of a good input statement:
Prompt user to enter a number
cout << “Enter a score : ”;
cin >> score;
Read a number
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 20
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
Output Statement
• To display output on screen or to write output into file.
• Using cout keyword and output stream operator (<<).
• Syntax:
cout << <string|constant|variable|expression>;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 21
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
Output Statement
• Examples:
• Statements Output
cout << “Hello World”; Hello World
cout << 80; 80
cout << area; content of area
cout << 8 + 4; 12
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 22
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
Output Statement
• What is the output of the following statements?
• Statements Output
cout << “Total is ” << 8 + 2; ?
cout << “8 + 2 = ” << 8 + 2; ?
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 23
PROGRAMMING
Input and Output Statement
(cont.)
End of line (newline)
• endl keyword will force the cursor to begin at new line.
• Examples:
• Code fragment Output
cout << 14; 1416
cout << 16;
cout << 14 << endl; 14
cout << 16 << endl; 16
cout << 14 << ‘\n’; 14
cout << 16 << ‘\n’; 16
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 24
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations
FIVE basic operations:
• Addition (+) Sum of two numbers
• Subtraction (-) Different of two numbers
• Multiplication (*) Product of two numbers
• Division (/) Quotient of two numbers
• Modulo (%) Remainder of division operation
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 25
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Examples
int number1, number2;
int sum, different, product, quotient,
reminder;
number1 = 8;
number2 = 4;
sum = number1 + number2;
different = number1 - number2;
product = number1 * number2;
quotient = number1 / number2;
remainder = number1 % number2;
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 26
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Integer Division
IF two integers are divided, the result will be an integer
number. Any fraction will be truncated.
int / int int
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
float c;
c = a / b; //the new value of c is 2
cout << a / b; //2 will be displayed
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 27
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Data type conversion
To avoid the effect of integer division the data type must
be converted to float.
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2,
float c;
c = float(a) / b; //the new value of c is 2.5
c = a / float(b); //the new value of c is 2.5
//2.5 will be displayed
cout << float(a) / b;
cout << a / float(b);
c = float(a / b); //2.0 will be stored in c
cout << float (a / b); //2.0 will be displayed
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 28
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Invalid Statement!
number1 + number2 = total
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 29
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Type Conversion (Casting)
- store a value into a variable of a different type
- example : if you want to store a double value into an int
variable
- expressed using static_cast keyword as follows :
static_cast<data_type>(expression)
- example :
int n = static_cast<int>(x + 0.5)
(see Exercise 12)
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 30
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 31
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Try to run :
- Exercise 3
- Exercise 2
- Exercise 7
- Exercise 8
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 32
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Exercise 9 :
Write a program that does the following :
1. Prompts the user to input two decimal numbers
2. Find the sum, subtract and average of the two integers
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 33
PROGRAMMING
Arithmetic Operations (cont.)
Assignment #1
Try to write a program : Convert Length
Write a program that takes as input given lengths
expressed in feet and inches. The program should
then convert and out the length in centimeters.
Assume that the given lengths in feet and inches
are integers.
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 34
PROGRAMMING
Assignment Statement (cont.)
Try to run :
- Exercise 4
- Exercise 5
- Exercise 8
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 35
PROGRAMMING
Review
Declare the suitable storage to hold the following
data:
1. Number of days worked in a week
2. Student’s CGPA
3. Name of a person
4. Speed of a light
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 36
PROGRAMMING
Review
Translate the following flow chart into source code:
Begin
Read totalScore
Read count
average = total / count
Display average
End
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 37
PROGRAMMING
Review
Given the following declaration:
int a, b, c, v1, v2;
a = 8;
c = b = 3;
c = c – 1;
v1 = a / b;
v2 = a / c;
What is the final content of a, b, c, v1 and v2?
October 1, 2013 CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 38
PROGRAMMING
