Introduction to Computer Systems
Organization
A Brief History of Computers
Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization
Structure vs. Function
Computer Organizations – CO 101 pjvr – 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Intro to Computer Systems Organization
▪ A Brief History of Computers
▪ Introduction to Computers
▪ Computer Organization vs. Computer Architecture
▪ Structure vs. Function
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A Brief History of Computers
1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1946-1959)
The computer systems of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic element for memory
storage and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer is a a general-
purpose computer using vacuum tubes. It weighs 30 tons, occupies
15,000 square feet of floor space, and contains more than 18,000
vacuum tubes. When operating, it consumed 140 kilowatts of power. It
is capable of 5000 additions per second.
The ENIAC.
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A Brief History of Computers
1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1946-1959)
The ENIAC.
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A Brief History of Computers
2nd GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1959-1965)
In this generation, transistors are used over vacuum tubes. Transistors are much cheaper to
manufacture, are smaller in size, and are much quicker.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL have been used.
The computer systems used batch processing and
multiprogramming operating systems.
The IBM 1620 DPS.
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A Brief History of Computers
2nd GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1959-1965)
The IBM 1620 DPS. Different types of transistors.
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A Brief History of Computers
3rd GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1965-1971)
In the second generation, integrated circuits (ICs) were used instead of transistors. . A single IC
has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors at the side of the related circuitry.
This development made computer structures smaller in size,
reliable, and efficient. In this generation far-off processing, time-
sharing, multiprogramming working device have been used.
A 3rd generation computer.
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A Brief History of Computers
4th GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1971-1980)
Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSIs) were used in this era. Around 5000 transistors and
other components can be placed on a single chip at the time; this made it feasible to have
microcomputers.
A DEC 10 computer.
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A Brief History of Computers
5th GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (19781 - present)
VLSIs transformed into Ultra Large-Scale Integrated Circuits; this has ensued the
manufacturing of microprocessor chips having ten million digital electronic elements.
This generation is primarily based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is a developing section in computer science, which translates the
means and method of creating computer systems thinks like human beings.
Moore’s Law – trend on how much transistors can be placed on a chip. As the amount of
transistors increase, there is an increase in computing power.
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Introduction to Computers
A computer:
▪ is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for
some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be
processed.
▪ is a machine that performs task/function
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Introduction to Computers
A digital computer:
▪ is a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts digitized input information.
▪ The list of instruction is called a Computer Program.
▪ The internal storage is called Computer Memory.
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Introduction to Computers
There are different types of computers:
▪ Personal Computer
▪ Found in homes, schools, and business offices
▪ The most common form of it is the Desktop Computer
▪ Portable Notebook Computers
▪ Compact version of the Personal Computers
▪ Workstations
▪ High-resolution graphics I/O capability
▪ Enterprise Systems and Servers
▪ Mainframe Computers
▪ Supercomputers
▪ Large-scale numerical calculations required in different applications.
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Introduction to Computers
There are different uses of computers:
▪ Business ex. Inventory System, Cashiering System, etc.
▪ Homes ex. Appliances (e.g. Microwave, etc.)
▪ Automobiles/Vehicles ex. Global Positioning System, etc.
▪ Entertainment ex. Games, Music, Videos, etc.
▪ Education ex. Computer Aided Instruction, etc.
▪ Scientific / Engineering ex. Seismograph, Autocad, etc.
▪ Military ex. Missiles, Radar, etc.
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Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture is a useful description of requirements and design implementation for
several parts of the computer. It offers an efficient performance of the computer. It derives
earlier the computer organization although designing a computer.
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Computer Organization
Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnection that realize
the architecture specification.
Computer organization attributes include those hardware details transparent to the
programmer:
- control signals,
- interfaces between the computer and peripherals, &
- the memory technology used.
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Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is concerned with the way hardware Computer Organization is concerned with the structure and
components are connected to form a computer system. behavior of a computer system as seen by the user.
It acts as the interface between hardware and software. It deals with the components of a connection in a system.
Computer Architecture helps us to understand the Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the units in
functionalities of a system. the system are arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view architecture in terms of instructions, Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
addressing modes and registers. architecture.
While designing a computer system architecture is
An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
considered first.
Computer Architecture deals with high-level design issues. Computer Organization deals with low-level design issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Addressing Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit design,
modes, Data types, Cache optimization) Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
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Computer Function vs. Computer Structure
▪ Structure is the technique wherein the components are interrelated.
▪ Function is the operation of every single component as a part of the structure.
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Quiz
tinyurl.com/comporgq01
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