01

NOTE
P H Y S I C S

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

What you already know What you will learn

• Introduction to functions • Introduction to Integration

• Differentiation • Properties of integration
• Properties of differentiation • Definite and indefinite integration

Integration

• It is the reverse operation of differentiation.

• We can find the function f(x), when the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given using
integration.
• A constant ‘C’ is added to the integrand of a function. Hence,

d
∫ f ' ( x ) dx= f (x ) + C ⇒
dx
( )
f ( x ) + C = f '( x )

Function to integrate
(Integrand)
Integral symbol ∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Variable with respect to which
function is to be integrated
{

Integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x

Integration constant (C)

• Derivative of any constant term in the original function becomes zero. Hence, adding C to the
result of integration gives the most general case.

• So the result of integration of a function is not a single function but a family of functions.

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 02

y
d
dx
( )
x 2 = 2x
If
dy
= 2x ⇒ y =∫ 2x dx =x 2 + C
dx
d
dx
(
x2+1 = 2x )
-x x
d Family of curves
dx
(
x2−2 = 2x )
-y

BOARDS
Integral Values of Some Functions

d [C] = 0 ∫ 0 dx = C
dx
d [kx] = k ∫ k dx = kx + C
dx
d [sin x] = cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d [cos x] = -sin x ∫ -sin x dx = cos x + C
dx
d [tan x] = sec2x ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + C
dx
d [sec x] = sec x tan x ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
d [cot x] = -cosec2x ∫ -cosec2x dx = cot x + C
dx
d [cosec x] = -cosec x cot x ∫ -cosec x cot x dx = cosec x + C
dx
d [In x] = 1 ∫ 1 dx = ln x + C
dx x x
d [ex] = ex ∫ ex dx = ex + C
dx

xn+1
∫ xn dx = +C n ≠ -1
n+1

∫ x-1 dx = ln x + C

NEET
Properties of Integration

The indefinite integral of constant times a function is equal to the constant times the integral of
• 
the function.
∫af(x) dx = a ∫ f(x) dx; where a is constant.
The indefinite integral of an algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to the sum of the
• 
integrals.
∫[ f(x) + g(x) ] dx = ∫f(x) dx + ∫g(x) dx

∫[af(x) + bg(x)]dx = a ∫f(x)dx + b ∫g(x)dx; where a and b are constants.

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 03

Integrate the given function. Integrate the given function.

1
𝑓(x) = x6 - 10x3 + 1 + 5 𝑓(x) = √x + √
x x

Solution Solution

I = ∫𝑓(x) 𝑑𝑥 ∫(√x+ 1 ) dx
√𝑥
= ∫x6 𝑑x - ∫10x3 𝑑x + ∫ 1 𝑑x + ∫5 𝑑x
x = ∫ √x dx + ∫ 1 dx
√x
= x - 10 x
6+1 3+1
+ ln|x| + 5x + C 1
− 1
6+1 3+1 2
= ∫x dx + ∫x dx
2

= x − 5x + ln |x| + 5x + C
7 4
1 +1 - 12 + 1
7 2 x 2
= + x +C
1 +1 - 1 +1
2 2
3
= 2 x 2 + 2√x + C
3

x3 − x 2 − 1
Integrate the following function, f ( x ) =
x  x − x −1 
3 2
I = ∫  dx
 x 
x 3
x 2
1
Solution = ∫ − −  dx
 x x x
 x 3 − x 2 −1  1
I = ∫ = ∫ x 2 dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ dx
 dx x
 x 
x 3
x 2

=
 x3
∫ −
x2 1
−  dx = − − ln ( x ) + C
3 2
 x x x
1
= ∫ x 2 dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ dx
x
x 3
x 2
How does integration work?
= − − ln ( x ) + C
3 2
y axis
100
90
80
70
If we were to find the area
60
under a curve as shown. 50
40
30
20
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x axis

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 04

We can take many rectangles to estimate The estimation gets better as the width of
the area as shown: rectangle reduces like this:
y axis
y axis
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
f(x)

60
50

f(x)
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x axis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x axis
x
Δx
Area of one rectangle = f(xi)Δx
Total area = A1 + A2 ………
= ∑A(xi) = ∑f(xi)Δx

Δx dx
∑ ∫
Area of one rectangle = f(x)dx
+
+ f(x) Total area, A(x)=∫f(x)dx
+
+
+
+
dx

Integration

∫ f ( x ) dx (Indefinite) ∫ a f ( x ) dx
b
(Definite)

Integration without limits Integration with limits

Family of curves Single Value

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 05

Definite Integration or Integration with Limits

The function is the integrand

Upper limit of integration
b x is the variable of integration
Integral sign ∫f (x) dx
Lower limit of integration a

Integral of f(x) dx from a to b

b b
∫f (x) dx = [g (x)] = g (b) - g (a)
a a

Where g (x) is the antiderivative of f (x) 2  x 2 + x +1 

i.e., g’(x) = f (x) I = ∫ 1  x 2  dx
2 1 1 
= ∫  1 + + 2  dx
1
 x x 
2  x2 + x +1 
Evaluate the integral, ∫
2
  dx 2 2 x −2 + 1
1
 x2  =x + ln x +
1 1 −2 + 1 1
2
2 2 1
Solution =x + ln x −
1 1 x 1
 
 x + x +1 
(2 − 1) + ( ln 2 − ln 1) −  12 − 1 
2
2
=
I =∫ 1  x 2  dx  
3
2 1 1 
= ∫  1 + + 2  dx = + ln 2  ln (1) = 0
1 x x  2

2 3
2 2 x −2 + 1 =
I + ln 2
=x + ln x + 2
1 1 −2 + 1 1
2
2 2 1
=x + ln x −
1 1 x 1
 
= (2 − 1) + ( ln 2 − ln 1) −  12 − 1 
 
3
ln (integral,
1) =
π/2
= Evaluate
+ ln 2 the 0 ∫cosx dx
2
-π/2
3
=
I + ln 2
2
Solution
π/2 π/2
I = ∫cosx dx = sinx
-π/2 -π/2

π
= sin
2 () ( )
- sin -
π
2
=1+1=2

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 06

3
Evaluate ∫(4x2 + 2x + 1) dx
0

Solution

3
∫(4x2 + 2x + 1) dx
0
4x3 3 2x2 3 4(3)3 2(3)2
= + + x | 3= -0+ - 0 + 3 – 0 = 36 + 9 + 3 = 48
3 2 0 3 2
0 0

Graphical interpretation of definite integration

y
y = f(x)
Area bounded by the curve and x-axis is
given by,
b
A = ∫f(x)dx
a

x
0 a b

Find the area bounded by the line y = x between x = 2 and x = 6.

Solution
y

b 6
A = ∫f(x)dx = ∫xdx y=x
a 2
6
x2 36 - 4
= = = 16 square units
2 2 2
x
0 2 4 6

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