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S.K.H. Lam Woo Memorial Secondary School
Mathematics Department
Reference in Junior Forms Geometry
Reference Book: A New Geometry For Schools, Durell
Geometric Object Definition Diagram
Parallelogram A quadrilateral which has both pairs of
A B
opposite sides parallel, is called a
parallelogram.
D C
Rhombus A parallelogram which has two adjacent
A D
sides equal is called a rhombus.
B C
Rectangle A parallelogram in which one angle is a
A D
right angle is called a rectangle.
B C
Square A rectangle which has two adjacent
A D
sides equal is called a square.
B C
Trapezium A quadrilateral which has one, and only
A B
one, pair of sides parallel is called a
trapezium.
D C
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1. Theorems for Angles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AOB is a straight line, then Adj. ∠s on st. line
a + b = 180° .
a
b
A B
O
If a + b = 180° , then AOB is a Adj. ∠s supp.
straight line.
a
b
A B
O
a + b + c + d = 360° ∠s at a pt.
a
b
c
d
a=b vert. Opp. ∠s
a b
2. Theorems for Angles and Parallel Lines
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AB // CD, then
(1) a = b corr. ∠s, AB // CD a
A B
c d
(2) b = c alt. ∠s, AB // CD b
C D
(3) b + d = 180° int. ∠s, AB // CD
(1) If a = b, then AB // CD. corr. ∠s equal
a
A B
(2) If b = c, then AB // CD. alt. ∠s equal c d
b
C D
(3) If b + d = 180° , then AB // CD. int. ∠s supp
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3. Theorems for Triangles and Polygons
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° ∠ sum of ∆ A
C
B
x = ∠A + ∠ B ext. ∠ of ∆
A
B C
If ∠B = ∠C, then
A
AB = AC. sides opp. eq. ∠s
B C
If AB = AC and AD is the axis of A
symmetry, then
(1) ∠B = ∠C base ∠s, isos. ∆
B C
(2) ∠BAD = ∠CAD D
(3) BD = DC property of isos. ∆
(4) AD ⊥ BC
If ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle, property of eq. ∆ A
i.e. AB = BC = CA, then
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
B C
If ∠ABC = 90°, then A
AB + BC = AC .
2 2 2
Pyth. Theorem
B C
If AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 , then ∠ABC converse of Pyth.
= 90°. Theorem
If AB 2 + BC 2 ≠ AC 2 , then ∠ABC (no reference / Pyth.
≠ 90°. Theorem)
Sum of all interior angles = ∠ sum of polygon
(n − 2) × 180°
Sum of all exterior angles = 360° sum of ext. ∠s of
polygon
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4. Theorems for Congruent Triangles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AB = XY , BC = YZ , SSS A X
CA = ZX , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .
B C Y Z
If AB = XY , AC = XZ , SAS A X
∠A = ∠X , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .
B C Y Z
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠C = ∠Z , ASA A X
AC = XZ , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .
B C Y Z
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠C = ∠Z , AAS A X
BC = YZ , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .
B C Y Z
If AB = XY , AC = XZ , RHS
A X
∠C = ∠Z = 90° , then
∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .
B C Y Z
If ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ , then
A X
AB = XY
BC = YZ
CA = ZX corr. sides, ≅∆s
B C Y Z
and
∠A = ∠X
corr. ∠s, ≅∆s
∠B = ∠Y .
∠C = ∠Z
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5. Theorems for Similar Triangles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠B = ∠Y , Equiangular
A X
∠C = ∠Z , then ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .
Y Z
B C
AB BC CA 3 sides prop.
If = = , then A X
XY YZ ZX
∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .
Y Z
B C
AB AC Ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠
If = and ∠A = ∠X , A X
XY XZ
then ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .
Y Z
B C
If ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ , then
A X
AB BC CA
= = and
XY YZ ZX Corr. sides, ~∆s
∠A = ∠X Y Z
∠B = ∠Y . B C
∠C = ∠Z corr. ∠s, ~∆s
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6. Theorems for Parallelogram, Rectangle, Square and Rhombus
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ABCD is a parallelogram, then
A B
(1) AB = DC and AD = BC opp. sides of // gram
(2) ∠DAB = ∠DCB and O
∠ABC = ∠ADC opp. ∠s of // gram
(3) AO = OC and BO = OD diag. of // gram
D C
If AB = DC and AD = BC , then opp. sides equal
A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C
If ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D , then opp. ∠s equal
A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C
If AB = DC and AB // DC, then 2 sides equal and //
A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C
If AO = OC and BO = OD , then diag. bisect each other
A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.
O
D C
If ABCD is a rectangle, then
A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
parallelogram K
(2) ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90° property of rectangle
(3) KA = KB = KC = KD
B C
(4) BD = AC
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Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ABCD is a rhombus, then
A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
parallelogram K
(2) AB = BC = CD = DA
(3) ∠AKD = 90°
B C
(4) ∠KAB = ∠KAD = ∠KCB property of rhombus
=∠KCD
(5) ∠KBA = ∠KBC = ∠KDA
=∠KDC
If ABCD is a square, then
A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
rectangle and rhombus K
(2) AB = BC = CD = DA property of square
(3) ∠AKD = 90°
B C
(4) ∠KAB = ∠KAD = L = 45°
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7. Other Theorems
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AD = DB and AE = EC , then mid-pt. theorem A
1
DE = BC and DE // BC .
2
D E
B C
If AD = DB and DE // BC, then intercept theorem A
AE = EC .
D E
B C
If AD // BE // CF and AB = BC , intercept theorem
then DE = EF . A D
B E
C F
If AD // BE // CF , then equal ratios theorem
AB DE A D
= . B E
BC EF
C F
AD AE converse of equal ratios A
If = , then DE // BC
DB EC theorem
D E
B C
END
