SINUSOIDAL
STEADY-STAT
E
POWER
CALCULATIO
NS
EE210 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 2
INSTANTANEOUS POWER
Using the passive sign convention, the power at any instant of time is
Using trigonometric identity:
We will have:
Now let us use trigonometric identity
To expand the second term on the right side.. It will give us
That equation has three terms that we can denote as:
Where:
Average (Real) Power
Reactive Power
POWER FOR PURELY RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
Instantaneous Power
POWER FOR PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
Instantaneous Power
POWER FOR PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUITS
Instantaneous Power
NOTE:
Power engineers recognize this difference in the algebraic sign of
Q by saying that inductors demand (or absorb) magnetizing vars,
and capacitors furnish (or deliver) magnetizing vars.
THE POWER FACTOR
Power factor
Reactive factor
EXAMPLE
◼
THE RMS VALUE AND POWER
CALCULATIONS
Note:
The effective value of the sinusoidal signal in power calculations
is so widely used that voltage and current ratings of circuits and
equipment involved in power utilization are given in terms of rms
values.
DETERMINING AVERAGE POWER DELIVERED TO A RESISTOR
BY SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
Example:
a. A sinusoidal voltage having a maximum amplitude of 625 V is
applied to the terminals of a 50 Ω resistor. Find the average power
delivered to the resistor.
b. Repeat (a) by first finding the current in the resistor.
DETERMINING AVERAGE POWER DELIVERED TO A RESISTOR
BY SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
◼
COMPLEX POWER
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CALCULATING COMPLEX POWER
Example:
An electrical load operates at 240 V rms. The load absorbs an
average power of 8 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
a) Calculate the complex power of the load.
b) Calculate the impedance of the load.
POWER CALCULATIONS
Considering this figure representing a circuit with a pair of terminals
EXAMPLE
◼
ALTERNATE FORMS FOR COMPLEX POWER
◼
SAMPLE PROBLEM
In the circuit shown below, a load having an impedance of 39+j26 Ω is fed
from a voltage source through a line having an impedance of 1+j4Ω. The
effective, or rms, value of the source voltage is 250 V.
a) Calculate the load current IL
and voltage VL.
b) Calculate the average and
reactive power delivered to the load.
c) Calculate the average and reactive power delivered to the line.
d) Calculate the average and reactive power supplied by the source.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
CALCULATING POWER IN PARALLEL LOADS
The two loads in the circuit shown in figure below can be described as follows:
Load 1 - absorbs an average
power of 8 kW at a leading
power factor of 0.8
Load 2 - absorbs 20 kVA at a
lagging power factor of 0.6
a) Determine the power factor of the two loads in parallel.
b) Determine the apparent power required to supply the loads, the
magnitude of the current, Iv, and the average power loss in the
transmission line.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
◼
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
◼
Then, the average power
delivered to the load is:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
◼
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
DETERMINING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER WITHOUT LOAD
RESTRICTIONS
a) For the circuit shown below, determine the impedance ZL that results in
maximum average power transferred to ZL.
b) What is the maximum average power transferred to the load impedance
determined in (a)?
