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Space Observatory,Research and Learning Center, Bhanga, Faridpur

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 DISSERTATION ON

SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING

CENTER
BHANGA, FARIDPUR

MUSHABBIR MUTTAKI
Registration No. 2015345011
5th year 2nd Semester
Department of Architecture
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
March 2021
 DISSERTATION ON

SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING

CENTER
BHANGA, FARIDPUR

The Dissertation is submitted to the

Department of architecture in a partial gratification of exigency for the degree of
Bachelor of Architecture (B, Arch.) in the school of Applied Science & Technology,
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet.

Submitted By:

MUSHABBIR MUTTAKI
Registration No. 2015345011

Supervisor: Ar. Iftekhar Rahman

Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, SUST

Department of Architecture
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
March 2021
The study on “SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING CENTER,
BHANGA, FARIDPUR” contained in this dissertation can not be texted, copied, printed, or
submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification unless otherwise reference it or
permission by the author.

©
The copyright of this dissertation remains with MUSHABBIR MUTTAKI (Reg. No:
2015345011) and Department of Architecture, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology,
Sylhet, Bangladesh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At first all my gratitude towards the almighty for giving me the strength to find completion to my
thesis project through this pandemic situation. Thereafter, All my heartfelt love and respect for my
parents Md. Abdul Kafi Miah & Dil Sakia Ahmed; my younger brother Ragib Anjum Enan
for their perpetual love and support.

I’m incredibly grateful to my respected thesis supervisor Ar. Iftekhar Rahman for his prolonged
encouragement, guidance, and support from the beginning of the project. It wouldn’t be possible
to reach a successful completion without the constructive criticism and mental support he has given
throughout the project.
I want to extend my sincere thanks to all the honorable teachers at Department of Architecture,
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology(SUST), especially the members of the Thesis
Committee, Dr. Mustafizur Rahman, Ar. Kawshik Saha, Ar. Mohammad Shamsul Arefin,
Ar. Hossain Mohammad Nahyan for their suggestions and guidance during the project.
My special gratitude to Ar. Ziaul Islam for managing time to review my thesis process and design
and help me with his precious suggestions and guidance.

I am grateful to SPARRSO, Bangladesh, for their support with raw data and logistics, particularly
Md. Mahdi Hassan for his support with experiments and surveys.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my respected seniors Ar. Sayed Golam Rabbani, Ar.
Md Obaidul Haque, Ar. Mahinul Haque, Ar. Yasir Afiat Rafi, Ar. Rafi Ahmad for their
unwavering support, love, and insightful suggestions.
My project would not have been possible without the support from my beloved juniors, who
consistently supported me throughout the project. I am forever grateful to Adila Zaman, Abdullah
Al Mahmud, Md. Mamunur Rahman, Abdullah Al Taieb, and especially I want to appreciate
Md. Rifatul Islam Pranto for all the efforts and sacrifices he made to help me in my academic
journey. I wish them all the luck for their future.

I want to sincerely thank all my fellow studio mates, especially Abdullah Al Habib Nabil, Pantha
Sharma, Badhan Paul, for all the support and fun we had last year during the project. I want to
express my most sincere appreciation to Samia Binte Azhar, who provided me with
encouragement and patience throughout the whole time.
ABSTRACT

Bangladesh, as a country, is fortunate to possess a massively significant geographical point in the

shape of an intersection of key latitude and longitude lines; the only one that is usable is located
inland. The initiative was designed to commemorate this one-of-a-kind geographical feature.
Although astronomical observation is one of humanity's oldest pursuits, we were first hesitant as
a country to pursue it. However, we are on the verge of a quantum leap in science and technology
with this endeavor.
There are several technical constraints associated with observation at lower elevations.
Additionally, the modern era's rising light pollution poses an enormous obstacle to deep sky
observation. However, because this is a first-of-its-kind initiative, developing guidelines and
maintaining it will be a significant undertaking. While there are several possibilities, the project's
objective is to establish a link between humans and astronomical objects. The architecture must
address this primordial link while also paying homage to the site's distinctive characteristics, while
also exploring and respecting regional norms. The goal is to develop a deeply embedded project
that is unique to the place. Then, by developing adequate maintenance guidelines, assure its
functioning and lifespan.
Keywords: astronomical observatory, deep sky observation, light pollution, origin study,
longevity, planning guideline.
Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... ix
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATION ......................................................................................................... ix
1 Introduction....................................................................................................2
1.1. Project Background ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2. Project and Site............................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Project Scope and Significance ..................................................................................... 3
1.4. Project Goal and Objective ........................................................................................... 4
2 Literature Review ..........................................................................................6
2.1. Astronomy & Practices ................................................................................................. 6
2.2. Cardinal Axis ................................................................................................................. 9
2.3. An Overview on Ground Observation Centers ........................................................... 11
2.4. Concept of Longevity and Maintenance..................................................................... 13
2.5. Guidelines for Astronomical Observation Centers ..................................................... 16
3 Research Method & Analysis .....................................................................19
3.1. Research Design.......................................................................................................... 19
3.2. Field Survey and Data Collection ................................................................................ 20
3.3. Analysis of Survey Data & Research Findings ............................................................. 21
3.4. Analysis of Case Studies and Research Findings......................................................... 34
4 Design Process ..............................................................................................37
4.1. Site Analysis ................................................................................................................ 37
4.2. Program Formulation ................................................................................................. 40
4.3. Design Phases ............................................................................................................. 45
5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................62
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 63
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................ 67
ANTI-PLAGIARISM DECLARATION FOR B ARCH THESIS DISSERTATION ....................... 70
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Emerging Future of Astronomy.................................................................................... 8

Figure 2. 2 Cardinal Axis, Longitude & Latitude Lines(Author) ................................................... 9
Figure 2. 3 Latitude and Longitude Lines(Author) ......................................................................... 9
Figure 2. 4 Cardinal Intersection Points(Author) ......................................................................... 10
Figure 2. 5 Effects of Intersection Point(Author) ......................................................................... 10
Figure 2. 6 Functions of Observation Center through time(Prepared by Author) ........................ 12
Figure 2. 7 Light pollution: a general diagram ............................................................................. 13
Figure 2. 8 Light pollution in Bangladesh (a)Realtime (b)GIS .................................................... 14
Figure 2. 9 Unobstructed Horizon ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2. 10 Bortle Scale for night sky measurement(Falchi & Bará, 2020) ............................... 15
Figure 2. 11 Planning Guideline for Observation Center ............................................................. 16
Figure 2. 12 Architectural guideline to avoid light leakage.......................................................... 17
Figure 2. 13 Open floor lab Schematic (a)Section; (b)Plan layout ............................................... 17
Figure 2. 14 Indicator Placement for site preservation (a)schematic,(b)map ............................... 22

Figure 3. 1 Research and Design Framework ............................................................................... 20

Figure 3. 2 Night Sky Survey Plan ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 3 (a) Great Square Constellation; (b) Position Simulation in Sky Safari; (c) Site
photograps ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 4 Sprawl in Surrounding Landuse(author) .................................................................... 23
Figure 3. 5 (a) Vanga Express way ............................................................................................... 23
Figure 3. 6 (b) Asian Highway Connectivity ............................................................................... 23
Figure 3. 7(c) Major cities Connection ......................................................................................... 23
Figure 3. 8 KPI & Security Guidelines ......................................................................................... 25
Figure 3. 9 Re-emargence of ancient Indian Astronomy .............................................................. 28
Figure 3. 10 Observatory Sectional Detail .................................................................................... 30
Figure 3. 11 Material Used in Observatory Tower ....................................................................... 30

Figure 4. 1 Site Location (Google earth) ...................................................................................... 37

Figure 4. 2 Site & Surrounding ..................................................................................................... 38
Figure 4. 3 Site Photographs ......................................................................................................... 38
Figure 4. 4 (a) Cartesian Exposure; (b) Elliptical Exposure ......................................................... 39
Figure 4. 5 (a) Sun-path Diagram; (b) Temperature and Rainfall data ......................................... 39
Figure 4. 6 Concept Diagram 1 ..................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4. 7 Concept Diagram 2 ..................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4. 8 Concept Diagram 3 ..................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4. 9 Major motif :Archeoastronomy .................................................................................. 46
Figure 4. 10 Minor Motifs: Archeoastronomy .............................................................................. 46
Figure 4. 11 Functional Linkage ................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4. 12 Zoning...................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4. 13 Form Generation Step by Step ................................................................................. 48
Figure 4. 14 Masterplan ................................................................................................................ 49
Figure 4. 15 Lanscape Arrangement Motif ................................................................................... 50
Figure 4. 16 Museum Plan -3' ....................................................................................................... 51
Figure 4. 17 Gallery 01 Plan ......................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4. 18 Gallery 02, 03 Plan -15’ ........................................................................................... 52
Figure 4. 19 Gallery 04 Plan -3’ ................................................................................................... 53
Figure 4. 20 Gallery 05, 06 Plan -3' .............................................................................................. 53
Figure 4. 21 Gallery 05, 06 Plan -15' ............................................................................................ 54
Figure 4. 22 Gallery 07 Plan -3' .................................................................................................... 54
Figure 4. 23 Amenities Zone Plan -3' ........................................................................................... 54
Figure 4. 24 Research center Plan................................................................................................. 55
Figure 4. 25Museum Sections....................................................................................................... 57
LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1 Observatory and Adjacent facilities ............................................................................. 40

Table 4. 2 Research Center and Adjacent Functions .................................................................... 41
Table 4. 3 Tousrism facilities........................................................................................................ 42
Table 4. 4 Accommodation facilities ............................................................................................ 43
Table 4. 5 Administration facilities .............................................................................................. 43
Table 4. 6 Miscellenous facilities ................................................................................................. 44

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATION

A.D.- Anno Domini, (Since the birth of Jesus Christ.)

am- Ante meridian (before noon)
Amabashya- The night of new moon.
B. C.- Before Christ
BANSDOC- Bangladesh National Scientific & Technological Documentation Centre
BCAS- Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies
Bedh- Perforation.
BELA- Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association
BRAC- i) Building Resources Across Communities
ii) Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee
iii) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
Danda- Unit of time, which is equal to 24 minutes.
Dasha- Planetary influence.
Duani- Last two stars in the south sky.
e.g.- Exempli gratia (for example)
etc.- Etceteras
FGD- Focus Group Discussion
IARD- Integrated Action Research and Development
i.e.- id est (that is)
Jotirbid- Astronomer.
Jotishi- Astrologer.
Jyotisha Vedanga- The first Vedic text to mention astronomical data, records events going
back as far as 4000 BCE, although many archaeo-astronomers believe that this text may
include observations from as early as 11 000 BCE.
Kaalpurush- The Orion.
Ketu- the descending node.
Kodale Megh- Axe Spade cloud.
Krishnapaksha- Dark fortnight.
Muhurta- 1/15 part of day or night time.
N.A.S.A.- National Aeronautics Space Aothority
N. B.- Nota Bena
NGO- Non Goverbment Organization
pm- Post meridian (after noon)
Pravaha- a celestial wind that moves the planets (according to Hinduism)
Prohor- Quarter of whole day.
ShuklaPaksha- Bright fortnight.
Shuk Tara- The Venus.
Shuvo- Good or fortune.
Surya- The sun.
Thikuji- A brief horoscope.
Tulshi- A kind of herb plant
Vaishya- Third occupational group in accordance to caste system.
Varnas- Caste system.
Vitabari- Ancetor’s residence, closekin share a common yard with separate household.
Viz.- Videlicet (namely)
Zoagini- A particular conjunction of stars.
 SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING CENTER,VANGA, FARIDPUR

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
1.2 Project and Site
1.3 Project Scope and Significance
1.4 Project Goal and Objective

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1 Introduction

1.1. Project Background

As Human our species share the same innate desire to look up at the sky and wonder around the
universe. Space observation is one of the oldest fascinations of our human race. As a nation we
are on the verge of a new scintillating step towards the field. This project is first of its kind for our
country. Space observation center is nothing new in international context, but the remarkable
geographical coincidence of the site had made the importance of the project huge on national scale.
A proper research facility can nurture the local talents and give them a platform to live upto their
talent. Along with that the potential of tourism is massive with the expressway development (AHC-
1), the project will stand as an example of unique mixture of tourism and research. The local
surrounding will get a huge socio-economic boost because of the project’s idiosyncratic character.

Since around the turn of the millennium, Bangladesh has seen a growing interest in astronomy an
d astrophysics but still lacks a proper structure and process to promote the subject (Hearnshaw et
al., 2008). There has been a rise in practicing astronomers and astrophysicists, but they weren’t
provided with sufficient support in logistics and infrastructure. Bangladesh lacks a deep sky
observatory capable of monitoring and doing the research they desire on a continual basis.
Numerous scientists and enthusiasts choose to conduct research and practice overseas(Ahmed,
2008).
Pollution levels have increased significantly over the last decade; in 2007, there was only 7.1
percent light pollution, but that figure has soared to a staggering 25.4 percent by 2020. As a
byproduct of this recent surge, the threshold for a light pollution-protected site has been steadily
decreasing(Howlader, 2020).
Moreover, because this is a first-of-its-kind endeavour, defining standards and sustaining them will
be a substantial undertaking. While there are various alternatives, the project's purpose is to build
a link between people and celestial objects. The building must address this basic relationship while
also paying honour to the site's specific traits, while also researching and respecting regional
conventions.

1.2. Project and Site

The site is located in Bhangardia, Bhanga, Faridpur, Bangladesh. 39km from Faridpur main
district. The ‘Asian Highway corridor-1’ will set to be country’s first expressway that connects
Dhaka with Faridpur through Bhanga via padma bridge which states the immense potential of the
site considering road network and connection. But the true potential of the site actually is a great
geographical coincidence. The globe is marked with lattitude and longitude lines; the major seven
lines intercept at 12 points on the whole globe. Ten of the points are in water and seas. One of the
other two located in the desert of Sahara without any habitation nearby but the other one
interception is this project’s site. 23°26'12.3 N 90°00'00.0 E is the location of the site which
coincidentally holds a massive significance geographically. This project will celebrate the unique

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geographical fact along with the goal to set up the stepping stone in space science and astronomical
observation field.(Borne, 2009; Lynch & Edgerton, 1987)

Figure 1. 1 Site Location

1.3. Project Scope and Significance

This project offers a challenge of creating national and in some ways an global landmark on front,
a pioneer of it's kind in space observation and research; tourism adds more to the factor. Which
offers designer and researcher to explore the unique relation between different users and their
different experiences on the project.

Plus the technical part of an observatory in this climate and context, creating the sweet spot
between functionality & rationality of the whole project from an architect point of view require a

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fair amount of study and research on the topic. The evolution of process of observatories will be a
factor as this project will investigate the narrative of a 21st century observation center.

1.4. Project Goal and Objective

• To create a global icon that behold the site’s geographical significance.

• To establish a guideline which is centered on establishing a system capable of ensuring the
infrastructure's lifetime and the degree of service given by the facility.
• To pay homage to the historical astrological traditions of the region and create and
architecture that is deep rooted in this regional practice.
• Formulate a fuction and taxonomy that supports all the stakeholders to create knowledge
with harmony.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Astronomy and Practices

2.2 Cardinal Axis
2.3 An Overview on Ground Observation Centers
2.4 Concept of Longevity and Maintenance
2.5 Guideline for Astronomical Observation Centers

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2 Literature Review

A Space observation center defines as the center for deep sky observation, usually different type
of observatories and data laboratories are found there(Hearnshaw et al., 2008). There seems to be
an increase in the number of practicing astronomers and astrophysicists, but they have not been
supplied with enough logistical and infrastructure assistance. Then there are dedicated space
research centers.
Nowadays, older observatories serve as sole research centers because their observation lifetimes
have expired and their primary observations have been replaced by distant observatories or a
network of remote observatories. As a result, the revival of independent research centers is not
very popular; rather, scientists and astronomers frequently repurpose former observation centers
as standalone research centers(Borne, 2009; Shu, 2013). Astonomy practice has recently exploded
in popularity. This initiative can assure involvement and interaction among scientists and
astronomers.

2.1. Astronomy & Practices

Astronomy is said to be the scientific study of everything in the cosmos that exists outside of the
Earth's atmosphere. This includes visible-to-the-unaided-eye objects such as the Sun, the Moon,
the planets, and the stars. Additionally, it includes things visible only through telescopes or other
devices, such as distant galaxies and infinitesimal particles(Rachman, 2018a).And again a subfield
of astronomy & space science that utilizes physical and chemical principles to get a better
understanding of the universe and our place within it is astrophysics. The field is concerned with
the birth, life, and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects(Dreyer,
1953; Rachman, 2018a).
2.1.1. Timeline of Astronomical Practices

The trends and practices of Astronomy is being developed from an ancient age. The astronomical
observations are one of the oldest streams of study which included the practical use of agriculture,
social beliefs, origin study and later became part of the modern scientific movement(T. et al., 1932;
Washington et al., n.d.,1986).

2.1.1.1. Archeoastronomy Ancient India

In India, the first reference to the astronomy is found in Rig Veda, dating from 2000 B.C.. In those
times, the astronomy was interwoven with astrology.(Aubin, 2003) Many temples of the Sun were
built in India for a double purpose, religious and astronomical, a very famous one is the temple
from Konark. Noticeable is the fact that ancient Indian astronomers believed in a heliocentric
theory of planetary motion.(Dumitrache, 2014) The temple from Nabagraha refers to the nine

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planets of the solar system. There are nine lingas inside the Nabagraha Temple that represent the
nine planets or ‘grahas’. This temple was a place designated to the astronomy and astrology
study.(Cook, 2018; Mohan, 2016)

2.1.1.2. Modern Astronomy

Astronomical observatories were constructed throughout

the Middle Ages to let astronomers make exact
measurements of the locations of stars and planets in the
night sky. As a result, Nasir-ul-din Al Tusi, a Persian
astronomer, established an observatory at Maraga in the
year A.D. 1295. Ulugh Beg constructed a magnificent
observatory at Samarkand in 1425, where astronomers
could study the positions of the stars(Todorovic & Žitnik,
2019). This observatory was constructed on top of a steep
hill. The equipment for observing the Moon, the Sun, and
the stars were kept in the main chamber for easy access.
The construction of this structure was unprecedented at the
time. A goniometer, which was used to measure angles,
was one of the most essential instruments.(Waumans,
2013) The sextant, which was orientated on the meridian
plane, was the primary navigational device. The
astronomers operating at the Samarkand Observatory
compiled a star list that was extremely accurate.(Dumitrache, 2014; Wolfschmidt, 2015)
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Maharajah of Jaipur constructed numerous observatories
in five different locations of India, all of which were modeled after Ulugh Beg's observatory in the
Persian Gulf. For observing the Sun, massive sundials were constructed.(Ghosh, 2020)
Galileo Galilei utilized a refractor (a set of lenses) for the first time in astronomical observations
in 1609 in Venice, where he was working.(Ed & Kitchin, 2002) In this setup, Galileo was working
with a restricted magnification (up to 30 times) and a small field of vision. These contemporary
astronomical instruments were introduced by Galileo, who is regarded the father of astronomy,
and the buildings that housed them were redesigned to accommodate their expanded functions as
a result of his work.(Šprajc, 2018; Wolfschmidt, 2009)
Metallic buildings and new materials have supplanted the traditional ones in our current era of
technological advancement. The astronomy domes have taken on a variety of shapes, ranging from
oval to square, and the structures have gotten increasingly complex as a result of the equipment
that have been integrated into them, which may seem like genuine plants in some cases.(Leslie
Sage, 2004; Leverington, 2016)

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2.1.2. Existing Practice in Bangladesh

Since the country's independence in 1971, there has been no official instruction in astronomy in
Bangladesh. Because to Halley's Comet's passage across the sky in 1986, at least two organizations
were born, both of which have the word "astronomy" in their titles and mottos. Since then, there
has been a relatively constant flow of activities, including the establishment of a mini-planetarium,
night sky observations, the acquisition of telescopes, the organization of workshops and seminars,
poster presentations, video sessions, and other events organized by a core group of 'amateur
astronomers.' There are three primary groups that carry out telescopic observations and amateur
astronomy activities, and the majority of the responsibility has been placed on their
shoulders.(Ahmed, 2008) The International Year of Astronomy (IYA) 2009 had a significant
influence on astronomy outreach activities across the world. An additional factor contributing to
the impact was the occurrence of a total solar eclipse visible from Bangladesh on July 22, 2009.
Unfortunately, throughout the course of the next years, the influence became less significant.
However, by 2010, outreach initiatives had been reduced to sporadic telescopic observations,
workshops on astronomy or telescope construction (of which there are very few), passing seminars
by visiting professors, and astronomical olympiads, among other activities.(Ahmed, 2008;
Monjur-Ul-Haider, 2018) Outreach efforts are the only way that astronomy awareness in
Bangladesh can progress any further. According to this report, the organizations active in
astronomy outreach initiatives in Bangladesh have progressed through the years.(Farseem, 2018)

2.1.3. Contemporary Astronomy: An Emerging Sector

To properly deal with, and harvest the most scientific return from, present and future massive sky
surveys, facilities, and data-producing programs, astronomy will require its own information
science professionals. As a result, we urge that a significant new field,
which we term Astroinformatics, be established, recognized, and
supported in its formal form. It is a collection of naturally related
specialties that includes data organization, data description, astronomical
classification taxonomies (taxonomies for classifying stars),
astronomical concept ontologies (ontologies for categorizing stars), data
mining (machine learning), visualization (ontologies for representing
objects in space), and astrostatistics. Given its newfound prominence, we
believe that astronomy now requires the inclusion of Astroinformatics as
a legitimate sub-discipline in agency funding plans, university
departments, research programs, graduate training, and undergraduate
teaching. It is past time for Astroinformatics to be recognized as a critical Figure 2. 1 Emerging Future
of Astronomy
approach in astronomical study, and the time has come.

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2.2. Cardinal Axis

Cardinal axis defined the imaginary lines created because of the earth’s natural rotation. These
axis is the basis of earth’s navigation system, seasonal and temperature change.(Melsheimer,
2006).

Figure 2. 2 Cardinal Axis, Longitude & Latitude Lines(Author)

2.2.1. Earth’s Rotation

An imaginary line crossing north pole and south pole is called the rotational axis of earth. This
line currently has a 23°26′11.1″ tilt from it’s orbital plane. Orbital axis refers to the line
perpendicular to the orbital plan(Laskar & Robutel, 1993).
2.2.2. Latitude and Longitude Lines
Latitude

Figure 2. 3 Latitude and Longitude Lines(Author)

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2.2.3. Cardinal Cross Rarity and Significance

2.2.3.1. Rarity

The three main latitude lines and four main longitude lines intersects in total twelve point along
the whole earth. Only two of the twelve points are in landmass, other ten points are currently
under water(Iqbal, 2018; Sune Ericson, 2003). The

Figure 2. 4 Cardinal Intersection Points(Author)

2.2.3.2. Significance and Effects

The Intersection points' share a

major phenomena that is
recognized as being unique to
the sites'. One day of
Every year, the sun's position
remains perpendicular only to
the cross points. Because of the
sun's relative position to those
points, this creates a brief time
frame during which no shadow
is cast. Different intersecting
locations experience this
phenomena at different
times(Rosario, 1998; Donnell,
2001). Figure 2. 5 Effects of Intersection Point(Author)

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2.3. An Overview on Ground Observation Centers

2.3.1. Ground Observation Center

Ground observation is the most ancient yet the most popular way of observing deep sky. After
the introduction of space telescopes like Hubble Telescope, James Webb Telescope. The deep
sky observation had a massive boost. But still the ground observatories are much cheaper and
focused alternative to a space-based telescope. Thus, the tenure of ground-based observatories
will have a boost among the scientific and enthusiast communities. (Jorg Matthais Determann,
2018; Melsheimer, 2006)

2.3.2. Parts of an Observation Center

Modern Ground Observation Centers consists of some basic functions to accommodate.

(1) Primary observation tower,
Consists of the main observatory tower, observation deck, observer’s lodgings, telescope
room and so on. Main observation is performed here. The type of telescopes define the type
of use of the tower. Advancement in automation now create two different Strems of
observation in the telescopes. One is automated photometry other is direct observation.
(Rachman, 2018b)
(2) Secondary observation facility,
Secondary observation generally consists of many small telescopes and used mainly for
public education and tourism purpose. Historically secondary observation made night
tourism and amateur Astro-photography popular among general masses in Europe.
(Rachman, 2018b; Rosenberg, 2020)
(3) Public education facility,
Planetarium, Tourism centers are the popular functions to accommodate the general public
and tourists to gather knowledge and get attracted toward astronomy.
(4)Research Center and accessories.
Research centers are the vital part of astronomical observation centers, now a days a popular
trend is the use of separate research center. Most of the previous observation center are
currently acting as data center or research center; they are often connected with a network of
remote observatories to get their data for derivation and analysis.(del Mar et al., 2009;
Zhang et al., 2015)

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Following Figure 2.6 is showing the function of a observation center through time.

Figure 2. 6 Functions of Observation Center through time(Prepared by Author)

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2.4. Concept of Longevity and Maintenance

Observatories are responsive to several constraints and require delicate monitoring over their entire
life cycle. Historically, a ground-based observatory has had a significantly longer life span than
other types of public facilities. To ensure that usage continues to fulfil its primary purpose, several
essential guidelines must be ascertained and maintained.

2.4.1. Light Pollution

2.4.1.1. What is Light Pollution

It is widely accepted that there are

three forms of light pollution: sky
glow, which has primarily
contributed to the
internationalization of professional
astronomy; glare, and light
trespass, which have the greatest
detrimental effect on amateur and
professional
astronomers.(Narisada &
Schreuder, 2004; Quantrill, 2016)
However, "light pollution" does
not have a legal or official
meaning.(Heilig, 2010) In the
Figure 2. 7 Light pollution: a general diagram
United Kingdom, the Government
guidance Lighting in the Countryside Towards Good Practice (1997), a joint publication of the
Countryside Commission and the Department of the Environment, defined light pollution as a
"very broad term that refers to the effect of excessive lighting caused by poorly designed lighting
schemes and excessive light levels." (Narisada & Schreuder, 2004; Pun & So, 2012; Thancharoen
et al., 2008)

2.4.1.2. Light pollution in Bangladesh

Rapid urbanization and population increase in Bangladesh have resulted in light pollution because
of unregulated usage of artificial lighting. To accommodate increased demand, natural land cover
is being replaced by impermeable surfaces(Howlader, 2020).

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It's a big challenge to do astronomical explorations in this polluted sky. Dark sky zones must be
established in order to observe and gather data from deep sky distant objects in a continuous
manner(Bhaumik, 2016; Laskar & Robutel, 1993).

Figure 2. 8 Light pollution in Bangladesh (a)Realtime (b)GIS

2.4.2. Altitude Constrain

Observatory is responsive to the height of observation. The surrounding can effect the observation
quality if the sites altitude is low. For overcome the constrain the observation is required to do
from a certain height to maintain an unobstructed horizon(Patris, 2010; Tritton, 1997).
An observatory site should have a fairly
unobstructed horizon, as much freedom
from cloud as possible, good foundations
for the instruments, and a very steady
atmosphere. To understand the necessity
of a steady atmosphere, look at some
distant outdoor object through a window
on a hot summer day(Liu et al., 2003).
Figure 2. 9 Unobstructed Horizon

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2.4.3. Night Sky Quality

Bortle Scale

The Bortle Scale is a nine-level numeric measure of the night sky’s brightness in a particular
location(Wainscoat, 2015; Yongheng, 2015). It quantifies the astronomical visibility of celestial
objects and the interference caused by light pollution. The scale ranges from Class 1, the darkest
skies available on Earth, to Class 9, daylight-like inner city skies.(Jhonson, 2003; Myers et al.,
2016)
The Great Square is the celestial object to measure the scale(Zhang et al., 2015).Total 9 star
visibility means the site is excellent for observation and categorizes in the 1(excellent Dark-Sky).
Then the less visibility mean the less pristine site.(Wenjing et al., 2012) If only one or no star of
the constellation is visible that means the light pollution of the surrounding is very bad and the site
is not suitable for observation; is a 9(Inner city Sky)(Liu et al., 2003; Tritton, 1997).

Figure 2. 10 Bortle Scale for night sky measurement(Falchi & Bará, 2020)

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2.5. Guidelines for Astronomical Observation Centers

2.5.1. Planning Guideline

Figure 2. 11 Planning Guideline for Observation Center

2.5.1.1. Site threshold

Site threshold defines the area under the policies and repercussions will be taken on. The area that
will be under the project authorities jurisdiction(Rachman, 2018b).

2.5.1.2. Indicator Selection

Blue light sensitive natural Indicators will be introduced to maintain night sky glow at below the
suitable point. Several place of the site threshold will be examined and scrutinized with the
indicator species. terrestris Linnaeus (honey bee), Lasiurus cinereus(horay bat), Firefly are the
most common indicators responsive to short wavelength light emission(Eisenbeis & Hänel, 2009;
Zhang et al., 2015).

2.5.1.3. Area Policies

The selected zone get some height restriction on infrastructure, restriction on aviation cone
collision during observation, landuse restriction(Sefako, 2015). The total zone is separated into
primary and secondary areas to maintain exclusivity and area rules.(Union, 2021)
2.5.1.4. KPI Policies

Key point Installation has a separate planning guideline for special structures security and
exclusivity.(Lima et al., 2016)

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2.5.2. Architectural Guideline

2.5.2.1. Light Leakage

The on-site implementation of the form and masses need to follow some basic guidelines to avoid
light leakage. Indirect lighting with one or two level of buffer is the most appropriate way to deal
with light leakage in site. Planned vegetation with canopy can significantly reduce the
leakage(Nuer, 2018; Product, 1998).

Figure 2. 12 Architectural guideline to avoid light leakage

2.5.2.2. Open Floor Lab

Astronomical research is very dynamic in nature. What seems relevant today will become
irrelevant in no time. For that the astronomical research lab layout need a flexible approach of
designing. Open floor labs allows the scientist to setup and conduct any type of research they want;
after their specific researches the labs can be dismantled and repurpose for any kind of new
research. One common service for the open floor can open many possibilities and layouts required
at any time.

Figure 2. 13 Open floor lab Schematic (a)Section; (b)Plan layout

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD & ANALYSIS
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Field Survey and Data Collection
3.3 Analysis of Survey and Research Findings
3.4 Analysis of Case Studies and Research Findings

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3 Research Method & Analysis

3.1. Research Design

The research design is the overall strategy developed to combine the many aspects of the study in
a logical and coherent manner, assuring that it will effectively solve the research topic; it is the
blueprint for data collection, measurement, and analysis. It is critical to note that the sort of design
chosen is dictated by the study topic, not the other way around. A research problem is a particular
issue, difficulty, contradiction, or knowledge gap that a study seeks to answer. We could seek for
actual difficulties that contribute to change or theoretical questions that contribute to knowledge
expansion.

From an outline of the project's background, goals, and literature reviews, the following research
issues have been identified for the project:
● Absence of any sort of Deep Sky Observation Facility.
● No policy to effectively manage future light pollution for the observation site.
● Lower altitude, Humid environment.
● One of its kind landmark creations.

In relation to these research problems, core research questions are identified and used to guide the
field survey, data gathering, and analytic processes, which are detailed in the next section.
● What should be the narrative of a space observation center in our context?
● What is the chronicle of a 2021’s space observatory and research center on their evolution &
…...development?
● How to sustain a deep sky observation site in midst of massive development?
● How will a space observatory be designed in a humid-lower altitude environment?

It will take major intervention in zonal policies, institutional/regulatory change, operational

development, and infrastructure in order to fully address the difficulties listed above and achieve
the long-term aim. A primary concept defining how to approach the development of an observation
center is focused on creating a system to achieve longevity for the infrastructure and the level of
service provided by the facility in question. These have been outlined in the following section and
were put into practice during the design development process.

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Figure 3. 1 Research and Design Framework

3.2. Field Survey and Data Collection

It is necessary to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the project site and surrounding
area in order to foster the design process and policy making that will be required for the project.
The findings of the literature review and the background of the project lead to the identification of
many critical inquiry points for the field survey and data collection.
The following are the topics that have been explored during the field survey and data collection.
Assess Site Parameter
• Night Sky Assessment (Observation, Photographic Survey)
• Land Use & Mobility (Survey, Interview, Desktop Data, GIS)
• SWOT Analysis
• KPI & Security
Observation Center Origin & Development
• History and Timeline (Literature)
• Archeoastronomy (Literature)
Design Trends & Requirements
• Observatory Designing Trends & Requirements (Case Study, Literature)
• Research Center Designing Trends & Requirements (Case Study, Literature)
• Space Museum Design Trends & Requirements (Case Study, Literature)

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3.3. Analysis of Survey Data & Research Findings

3.3.1. Night Sky Assessment

Night Sky assessment is the most basic requirement to assess feasibility

of an observation center, it also helps determining the longevity and
maintenance planning for the observatory. For the investigation
photographic survey was conducted. For the survey four distinctive steps
are maintained to get an exclusive result based on the site’s exclusive
survey points. The Step details are following:

- Bortle scale as a measurement criteria

- Dates and Survey points were Fixed
- ‘Sky Safari’ Simulator used to know the
angle of the indicator constellation Figure 3. 2 Night Sky
Survey Plan
- Final Result with marging the Images

Figure 3. 3 (a) Great Square Constellation; (b) Position Simulation in Sky Safari; (c) Site photograps

The sky is at level 3 on the Bortle scale, which is called "Rural Sky." This outcome will serve as
the foundation for the development of further zonal and maintenance plans, which will be
necessary to maintain the long-term viability of the observation process. The policies will set the
maintenance goal, which will be to maintain and improve the night sky level while delaying the
time and processes of degradation.

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3.3.2. Site Preservation Policy

The site threshold is divided into two areas; primary protection area, 5km radious; Secondary
protection area, 20km radious. Figure 2.14 shows the schematic for the indicator breeding and
placement zones.Data from these schatterd zones will dictate the maintainance process.

Figure 2. 14 Indicator Placement for site preservation (a)schematic,(b)map

The basic policies of the protection areas:

Primary Protection Area
• No structures above 20’
• No aviation cone collision
• No Industries and Network towers
• Use special lamp shades
Secondary Protection Area
• No structure above 40’
• No smoke generating Industries
• No airport, Air strips
• Use special lamp shades
• Network towers under 40’ limit

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3.3.3. Land Use & Mobility

The site surrounding land-use defines the site’s present character. Here the project site is situated
4.55km inside of the vanga-faridpur highway. Currently the surrounding of the site has agriculture-
based homesteads, the residence of the surroundings are also based on agriculture and farming.
So, the change in the surrounding land use and demography is slow. The following figure shows
the sprawls of last twenty-one years. That shows that surrounding zones aren’t developed yet, and
the development can be regulated with zonal policies for the special structure to maintain the
primary observatory’s observation longevity.

Figure 3. 4 Sprawl in Surrounding Landuse(author)

3.3.4. SWOT Analysis

The site has many opportunities as country’s first expressway and Padma bridge can bring about
an increased connectivity in the coming year that the site never dealt with. With increased
connectivity there lies a huge risk of increased light pollution and air pollution that will hamper

Figure 3. 5 (a) Vanga Express way Figure 3. 6 (b) Asian Highway Connectivity Figure 3. 7(c) Major cities Connection

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the primary focus of the project. So the need of regulatory approach to the site and surroundings
is required to control the unplanned growth and development of infastructure.The following chart
has shown all the positives and negatives of the site and surroundings. The potentials and threats
are the starting point of finding a design solution. The design solution ultimately need to address
these point and try to mitigate them.

Table 3. 1 SWOT Analysis Chart

3.3.5. KPI & Security

KPI means the key point installations. To maintain and secure any special installation government
generally introduces some basic guidelines for the surrounding area’s infrastructure development
and impose some restrictions. This is observation center project is the first of its kind in the country
so the regulations and guidelines are not yet planned. But there are some international standards
and guidelines for this type of observatory and space research center based projects. Those
guidelines can be used in our context and site to develop the project’s regulation for security.

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Analyzing the guidelines the following figure shows a basic guideline for the site’s KPI and
Security.

Figure 3. 8 KPI & Security Guidelines

3.3.6. Evolution of Ground Based Observation Center

This segment analyzes the changes in observation center through the ages. Here author tried to
investigate the functional differences of an observation center with concurrent practices and
approach of the timelines. Understanding these issues help to establish the functional need and
programs of an observation center for twenty first century.

3.3.6.1. Modern Astronomy (Islamic Era)

- Islamic era of observation marks the use of modern observatories. From the figure 3.9 the
schematic shows these types of observatories were placed in a ‘thought school’ or placed within
an enclosed environment. That allowed only the interested experts to do their research.

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- The observatories were not very developed, yet there were no previous research done with such
observatories; so the observation still not powerful enough produced large amount of new
knowledge and derivations.
-There were no intention to introduce any public functions as the premises were dedicated to
researchers and scholars only; So no public functions were found in the programs.

3.3.6.2. Europe 1600s

-Europe’s mid age observatories marked the first massive scientific expedition in the continent
after the dark age. There was still a grave need of public education that proves the point for figure
3.9 schematic, where more and more public oriented accessories functions were introduced to
educate and create an enthusiast group of people.
-The observatories were powerful than before but the lack of engagement in general society, there
weren’t many people and scientists to carry out quality research and projects. That lead to less
derivation.

3.3.6.3. Europe 1800s

-In 1800s the participation in astronomy and science in Europe had a massive growth, the previous
and new observation centers were now in epitome of their objectives. More and more derivations
required more specialized spaces without any interruption.
-This led to less public functions to lessen the interruptions but focuses on derivation. So the
astronomical expeditions can be done on greater scales.

3.3.6.4. Contemporary

-Last four decades there has been a radical change in observatory design, now the scientists prefer
total isolation for observation and the observation now divide in remote stations and data centers.
The new observatories are built in remote locations and the previous observatories are used as data
centers to accommodate scientists to study and brainstorm together.

The overall timeline suggests a contemporary approach to the observation center design. But as
this will be the first observation center in the country, there is no data center. And from literature
it is shown that the astronomy practice in Bangladesh still need a public oriented approach to create
more and more participation among the general society. All this suggests following public

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functions like space museum to include with the primary functions like observatory and research
center. That will create future opportunity to connect with remote station built in future and work
as a sole data center.

Table 3. 2 Evolution of Ground Observatories

3.3.7. Archeoastronomy: Ancient India

Archeoastronomy of ancient India is the origin of sub-continents local practice of astronomy. This
segment can establish a connection between the ancient and modern practice of sub-continental
astronomy. From the literature it’s clear that the sub-continental astronomy is one of the oldest
streams of astronomy Rig Veda’s scriptures are from 2000BC, which establishes the scripture
based ancient practices. Often the ancient Indian stream of astronomy is considered the forgotten
stream, because of less exposure this stream of knowledge is not nurtured as well.
But the project is located on the sub-continent and due to the site’s significance, it has tremendous
potential to explore the relation and connection of archeoastronomy and modern astronomy. Public
education of archeoastronomy can enhance and nurture the stream of ancient believes and general
people can relate to their ancestors contribution to today’s scientific community and more than
that in a sense it can conserve a knowledge base by educating the public.

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Archeoastronomy mainly followed to different routes. One the scientific route to mainstream
astronomy other one is the ritualistic route or the Practical Route, which is the base of many
Hinduism and Buddhist practices of the region.
3.3.7.1. Pre-Sidhanta
Pre-siddhanta period was the time of Aryabhatta which dates back to 2000BC. That time the sub-
continent was practicing scripture-based astronomy to know the origin and other issues. They
created 27-star based navigation and calendar. Naksharta Jagat model of the universe or atleast an
idea of it.
3.3.7.2. Sidhanta
These scriptures were lost due to political and historical reasons, with them all these knowledge
and practice was halt and became standstill. In Siddhanta period 49 Vedic text was recoved but
there were no understanding and decryption was them. But the some of the practice that became
social norm were quiet similar to the scriptures.
3.3.7.3. Rediscovery & Re-emarge
In 1647 the scripture were decrypted by Cassini and was given a task to use the knowledge and
create any motif or machines if possible. With the help from his team of engineers the Yantras
were designed and many naked eye observation center were created in Delhi, Jaipur and in many
cities by Raja Jai Singh.
The ritualist practical route is still being used in many norms and practices. Kundli, Bastu,
Nakshatra Jogg are some of the famous norms and motif seen currently.

Figure 3. 9 Re-emargence of ancient Indian Astronomy

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3.3.8. Observatory Designing Trends & Requirements

3.3.8.1. Trends

Astronomical Observatories has different requirement based on the location and altitude of
observation. Based on previous literature altitude is a humongous factor in determining the
observation quality and observation type.
For Lower Altitude Sites, the observatories tend to design on a calculated height based on the
surrounding context. These types of observatories are used for deep sky observations and usually
costs more to build and maintain.
For Higher Altitude Sites, remote stations observatories on very high-altitude site is following this
trend as the height is already achieved by the site. More to that tower construction and material
bearing to those sites are nearly impossible and very costly. Instead of that the arbitrary functions
are scattered in the sign for easy construction and maintenance.
Telescope parks are usually used for near sky observation as this is a popular Astro-tourism tool
used in public education and telescope parks. These are not altitude responsive rather context
responsive.

Table 3. 3 Observatory Designing Trends

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3.3.8.2. Requirements

Observatories has a
long list of require-
ments to achieve.
Observatories are res-
ponsive to height and
temperature of obs-
ervation site; the
temperature and service
segment will be
addressed in this
segment. In lower
humid environment the
observatory need some
special maintenance.
Part C1, C2 & C3 are
three basic service
shafts that serves differ-
ent functions overall.
C1 is the main service
Figure 3. 10 Observatory Sectional Detail
shaft which redirects
the kryo-coolent liquid into the sealed cooler chamber(B), and C3 is used to dispose the used liquid
and debris from the B chamber. C3 is also used for cleaning the X and base of the telescope. C2 is
used as core for human and regular services.A is the automated shell shaft for the telescope,
historically the A is the direct replacement of dome shell. S is the outer shell to contain the
temperature for more accurate observation. D are the primary photo analysis and data collection
labs.
There are some material restrictions for the observatory tower. As coolent is use to maintain a suit-
able temperature, the service cores need to avoid concrete and made of steel, zinc coated steel.

Figure 3. 11 Material Used in Observatory Tower

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3.3.9. Research Center Designing Trends & Requirements

Trends in astronomical Research

Recent advancements in the design of research facilities have laid great emphasis on responsive
design principles. These design concepts consider both current and future requirements. This
model is being developed in response to several critical demands.
• To begin, the research facility should have a "social structure" that promotes contact
among researchers and so facilitates team-based research.
• Second, the research laboratory should maintain a balance of "open" and "closed"
laboratories.
• Thirdly, laboratory units must be adaptable to future developments.
• Fourthly, building services must plan for technological advancements in order to
accommodate electronic and communication technologies.
• Fifth, environmental sustainability should be prioritized,
• And lastly, the research complex should be built as a scientific park to foster
collaboration between academia and industry.

Figure 3. 12 Research Center Designing trend

Design of laboratory units depends on considerations like number of people working in the
laboratory, length of desk and equipment, time and frequency of working hours, number of desks and
writing area, requirement of air condition and day light, and level of biosafety (WATCH, 2001).

Figure 3. 13 Spatial Needs of laboratories

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3.3.10. Space Museum Designing Trends & Requirements

Numerous new museum initiatives include sculpture gardens and landscaping. (Ed & Kitchin,
2002; Saliba, 1990)As museums attract more visitors, several place a premium on shop area design
in order to maximize revenue. Restaurants, too, are playing a larger role in the museum's extended
program, frequently offering beautiful views of the museum's surrounds and serving as locations
for partying and after-hours activities.
Planetarium

Figure 3. 14 Planeterium Different Parts

Features:
- 180° projection coverage
- 11° forward pitch
- 60’ diameter
- 12’ from base to dome center
- 5’ down for viewers’ suitable optical axis
- 11 seating rows
- 11° slope for seating

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3.3.11. Case Studies

01 Greenwich Observatory
Location: Greenwich, UK
Project type: Observatory, Research, Tourism center

Figure 3. 15 Greenwich Observatory

Major Findings:
- Functional segregation in common campus.
- Outdoor tourism activity

02 Inter University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics

Location: Pune, India
Architect: Charles Correa
Project type: Institute, Research center

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Figure 3. 16 IUCAA masterplan

Major Findings:
- Recearch facility
- Motif Integration

3.4. Analysis of Case Studies and Research Findings

Site Maintenance
• Planning guideline and regulation to maintain the light pollution with the help of indicator
placement.
• The swot analysis allows to analyze the current situation of the site and surroundings,
details in section 3.3.4.
• Night Light assessment for asses the current condition of night sky and then plan the further
guidelines and procceidings.
• Land Use and Mobility will assess future regulations.
Height Constrain
• Height curation process to achieve required observation height.

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• Tower height determination.

Program Formulation
• Evolution of ground observatories, section 3.3.6 investigates the required function to
create first observatory for public engagement and will act as future data center.
• Taxonomy diagram, Figure 2.6 depicts the detail functions require in observation centers
and their timeline.
Masterplan Design
• Cardinal Axis domination.
• Treat the cardinal intersection as the main focal point, generate concept based on that.
• Functional Segregation in campus for security and functionality.
• Outdoor based activity creations.
Architectural Guidelines
Section 2.5, 2.3,3.3.8,3.3.9,3.3.10,3.3.11 dive into the details of the architectural guidelines for
each functions. The requirement of different architectural needs were tried to address in these
sections.

Figure 3. 17 Topics and Findings

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN PROCESS
4.1 Site Analysis
4.2 Program Formulation
4.3 Design Phases

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4 Design Process

4.1. Site Analysis

4.1.1. Site Location

The site is located in Bhangardia, Bhanga, Faridpur, Bangladesh. 39km from Faridpur main
district. The ‘Asian Highway corridor-1’ will set to be the country’s first expressway that connects
Dhaka with Faridpur through Bhanga via padma bridge which states the immense potential of the
site considering road network and connection.

Figure 4. 1 Site Location (Google earth)

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But the true potential of the site actually is a great geographical coincidence. It’s one of the twelve
intersection of cardinal lines; only two of the points are inland. One of the other two is located in
the desert of Sahara without any habitation nearby but the other one interception is this project’s
site.

Figure 4. 2 Site & Surrounding

The figure 4.1 shows the site is located 4.55km inside the Bhanga-Faridpur highway. Railway
station and the Bhanga expressway is the major public infastructure near the site. Figure 4.2 shows
a closer look to the site and its intersection of cardinal line. 23°26'12.3 N 90°00'00.0 E is the
location of the site which coincidentally holds a massive significance geographically.

Figure 4. 3 Site Photographs

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Figure 4.3 shows the current site condition and photographs. Site is currently underdeveloped and
the project its self is a massive expedition for the surroundings. At this instance the surrounding
are agricultural homesteads and firms, but with the enhanced road connection and network
building the locals can experience a massive change in the area.

4.1.2. Environmental Analysis

Observation on the site is dependent on the environment; air quality, haze condition, cloud density
effects visibility. The sun exposure throughout the year determine the astronomical twilight and
cartesian exposure of the site.

Figure 4. 4 (a) Cartesian Exposure; (b) Elliptical Exposure

Figure 4.4 and 4.5 shows the cartesian exposure and elliptical exposure for the site, these are the
determinants of astronomical twilight and timeframe for observation throughout the year. Here are
the following analyzed from the above figure.
• Suitable time for Observation October to April
• Research will conduct throughout the year
• Astronomical twilight need to maintained with proper guideline.

Figure 4. 5 (a) Sun-path Diagram; (b) Temperature and Rainfall data

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4.2. Program Formulation

All the programs are analyzed in two different aspects. Quantitative analysis and Qualitative
analysis. That sort the area requirement with their other requirements like privacy, lighting, visual
perception, indoor air quality, thermal comfort and so on.
4.2.1. Observatory

There are two types of observatory; Primary observatory for main observation, Secoondary
Observatory for tourism. The control and security need to be different from the other functions;
observatory requires own service and maintenance road which is not for frequent use but an
essential.
Table 4. 1 Observatory and Adjacent facilities

4.2.2. Research Center

Reseacrch Center consists of classrooms, seminar rooms, derivation space and lab spaces.

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The lab are dynamic and requirement of the labs are not fixed always. So for the labs the type is
only mentioned below in the remarks of Table 4.2.
Table 4. 2 Research Center and Adjacent Functions

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4.2.3. Tourism

Planetarium and space science museum are the main functions of tourism facility. The detail of
these facilities are shown in the Table 4.3. Planetarium and space museum requires public entry
and control otherwise it can create security issues for research center and observatory. Day and
night tourism requires different kind of control as night tourism will use a minimum light to secure
the site and surrounding environment to maintain the dark sky.

Table 4. 3 Tousrism facilities

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4.2.4. Accommodation

Accommodation facilities for scientists, engineers, staffs and guests are required. The estimation
of the functions are below.

Table 4. 4 Accommodation facilities

4.2.5. Admin

Offices, meeting rooms, security rooms are the basic admin functions which will be divided in
central admin and zonal admin for different functions.

Table 4. 5 Administration facilities

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4.2.6. Mischellenous

There are some service facilities like mechanical rooms, substations that are backbone of projects
service. And some of the common functions like café, waiting rooms, prayer space and others are
also mentioned in the below table 4.6.
Table 4. 6 Miscellenous facilities

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4.3. Design Phases

Design phases for the project is divided into following parts.

4.3.1. Concept Development

As mentioned in Chapter 3 section 3.3.7, the site’s geographical coincidence has created an
opportunity to obtain international exposure and public gathering. If the project resonate with the
regions forgotten ancient knowledge based, take pride and give a proper homage to the culture,
that will have significant impact on the present generation by educating them the history and
lineage of their ancestorial knowledge.

Figure 4. 6 Concept Diagram 1

There are many ancient civilizations who practiced and shaped astronomy through the ages.
Astronomy today is the result of all the previous knowledge streams, all of them have direct and
indirect connection with the modern and contemporary astronomy. Indian astronomy also directly
contributed yet neglected because of proper public appearance. The idea is to follow the Indian
Astronomy knowledge stream from the ancient scripture based astronomy from contemporary
astronomy. A journey to recreate how astronomy developed from an Siddhantic perspective or
Continental Perspective.

Figure 4. 7 Concept Diagram 2 Figure 4. 8 Concept Diagram 3

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4.3.2. Morif Generation: Archeoastronomy

4.3.2.1. Major motifs

Figure 4. 9 Major motif :Archeoastronomy

Axis Mundi(Aksa Mundi), is the believe where the earth is connected by several ‘Sacred
Fig’(Aswath) tree roots which are called mundis. The major cardinal lines intersect at the site
create a geographical significance. So, the point can commemorate the axis mundi to dictate its
boldness and creating a connection to the universe.
Dark Garden(Dhanus), is the believe when limit is pushed something new happens. Generally,
people don’t use their eyes rod cells which are activated in darkness. So in a dark garden the limit
can be pushed and people can experience it.
Connection(Sangrah), is the route to find salvation and peace. One of the axis towards the axis
mundi can be design as a sangrah; with a bold approach route and minimal interference the sangrah
can be designed.

4.3.2.2. Minor Motifs

Figure 4. 10 Minor Motifs: Archeoastronomy

Collision(sangharsh), is the belief every peace and reconciliation starts with a collision, later the
motif was somewhat relate to the big bang theory of Stefen Hawkings.
Hora dial(lotus petal), is the practice of sacred seating made with lotus petal. God and Goddesses
sat on the hora dial and surrounding seats were filled by their devotees.

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Waxing Crescent(Ardhachandra), depicts a phase of moon before the new moon. Ancient belief
was every massive steps in one’s life should be taken on the waxing crescent to celebrate a new
start. One gallery on our country’s achievement in astronomy can share a waxing crescent motif
to give a homage to the past beliefs.
Tera Rahasya(Curvature of earth), a way to measure the curvature of earth was investigated in Rig
Ved that later decrypted and showed it was able to do idea measurement of any site’s curvature.
The title of the scripture was called Tera Rahasya.

4.3.3. Functional Linkage & Zoning

Functional Linkage,
• Main observation and research
is isolated from any public
functions to maintain integrity
and avoid any confusion.
• Buffer by common functions
like; open observation spaces,
Café/ dining spaces ,Admin
etc.
• Public functions arranged for
day and night tours. both will
share the functions in a pre-
arranged time schedule.
Figure 4. 11 Functional Linkage

Zoning,
• Central axis for public.
• Private Entry for Research
center, observatory and dorm
for security.

Figure 4. 12 Zoning

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4.3.4. Form Generation

(a) Creation of axis

The cardinal intersection is interpreted in
architectural language. As the axis has a
geographical value the forms should
respect that.

(b) Central focus

Center is the intersection point of the
latitude and longitude line.
Figure 4. 13 Form Generation Step by Step
(c) Functional Differentiation
For security and functional difference, the functions are arranged in the whole site.

(d) Experience Variation Along Two Axis

Depressing the axis mass allows the exposure of sky to enhance the connection of human to
celestial objects. Or create the sense of infinity. And the differing the experience along two
axis allow diverse participation.

(e) Axis Domination Both in Form And Experience

The axis’s prominace will be rooted in architectural detail to create the feeling of axis along
the whole site.

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4.3.5. Masterplan Development

Figure 4. 14 Masterplan

4.3.5.1. Masterplan Considerations:

Figure 4.14 is showing the masterplan of the project. Here the main considerations are listed below:
• The main public entry directly leads to the intersection point or axis mundi.
• After arriving in the central cross the space museum entry starts. That creates a bold
expression for the cross and creates curiosity about the intersection point.
• From the intersection different entry points of different galleries and amenities starts.
• For maintain the axis boldness the research center’s front entry is design from the north
side of the site; the entry is depressed and meet at -5’ front plinth of the research mass. This
depression is also created to enhance the axis boldness.
• Research center has a back entry starting on the other axis creating a plaza, mainly for
residential researchers, engineers and staff.

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• The secondary road is connecting the observatory, dorm, research center and their service
to maintain a secure premise and avoid any security leak.
• The service of space museum and planetarium is using the service road on the south-west
side.
• The public service is also located in the south-west part of A.

4.3.5.2. Landscape Arrangement

Figure 4. 15 Lanscape Arrangement Motif

In 4.3.2. section of this chapter the motif and their background beliefs were discussed. In this
chapter the landscape placement of the motifs is shown in figure 4.15.
The major and minor motif were designed around the public zone to increase the chance of using
them and in that process educating themselves about these. The main focus of axis mundi motif
creates the sense of boldness that requires in the intersection point of the two-perpendicular axis.
Functionally and visually the point needed to become the center of the site’s attention and mass
public gatherings. All the other motifs and their placements have already been discussed in the
4.3.2 section.

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4.3.6. Plan Developments

4.3.6.1. Museum Plan

Figure 4. 16 Museum Plan -3'

The Museum is consist of 7 galleries, one amenities hall and many motif along with the gallery
spaces. The planetarium is designed in the front independent from the museum. The details of
the galleries will be discussed in the following section.
The galleries are designed as a journey from ancient Indian astronomy to contemporary modern
astronomy. The progression to scripture to machine and then the data informatics can be seen as
the journey progresses. Not all the participents can circle the full journey in one walk as general
age and attention span is different for everyone. For that There are breaks and bypasses designed
for every gallery to create and enjoyable experience for all.

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Gallery 01:‘উৎপত্তি’

Topic: Ancient Indian Astronomy Origin

Motifs:
• Sangharsh
• Sculpture Garden
• Illuminance tile
This gallery represents the ancient Indian scripture
based astronomy, its origin and practices. The
pictures of the gallery is shown i

Figure 4. 17 Gallery 01 Plan

Gallery 02:‘প্রাক আধুত্তিক’

Topic: Script Based other astronomy

Figure 4. 18 Gallery 02, 03 Plan -15’

This gallery represents scripture based other astronomy streams, like the Chinese, Mayan, Greek
and so on.

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Gallery 03:‘সেকাল’

Topic: ancient astronomy dedicated VR gallery

This is a VR representation of ancient astronomy practices, their need, use of astronomy in their
daily lives so on and forth.

Gallery 04:‘আধুত্তিক’

Topic: Arabian Astronomy

Motifs:
• Instrument Introduction
• Axis Mundi (Back)
• Illuminance tile
• Astrolobe
This gallery represents the initiation of instrument
based astronomy. The pictures of the gallery is
shown i

Figure 4. 19 Gallery 04 Plan -3’

Gallery 05:‘েমকাল’

Topic: Contemporary Gallery

Motifs:
• Axis Mundi

Figure 4. 20 Gallery 05, 06 Plan -3'

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Figure 4. 21 Gallery 05, 06 Plan -15'

Gallery 06:‘েমকাল -২’

Topic: Holographic Hall

Motifs:
• Axis Mundi
This is a Holographic gallery of contemporary astronomy practices, the stories, new ventures and
so on and so forth.

Gallery 07:‘িতু ি’

Topic: The new Pavillion

Motifs:
• Waxing Crescent
This is a gallery for the new knowledge the knowledge
based on this observation center and the country. The
scientist and astronomer of Bangladesh can proudly
present their work here.

Figure 4. 22 Gallery 07 Plan -3'

Amenities Zone

Motifs:
• Hora Dial
Amenities zone consists of a rental shop café,
washzone etc.

Figure 4. 23 Amenities Zone Plan -3'

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4.3.6.2. Research Center Plan

Figure 4. 24 Research center Plan

Design considerations:

- For maintain the axis boldness the research center’s front entry is design from the north
side of the site; the entry is depressed and meet at -5’ front plinth of the research mass.
- This depression is also created to enhance the axis boldness.
- Research center has a back entry starting on the other axis creating a plaza, mainly for
residential researchers, engineers and staff.
- The vertical wall is seoarating the public function from the research center mass; it creates
a physical and visual barrier.
- The open functions like café readind zones are in the right side of the wall, and the more
close and intimate research zones are situated in the left side of the mass.
- The back plinth is creating a 10’plaza.

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4.3.6.3. Observatory Plan

Figure 4. 25Observatory Plan

4.3.6.4. Dormatory Plan

Figure 4. 26 Dormatory Plan

Figure 4. 27 Temporary tent formation

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4.3.7. Other Details

4.3.7.1. Section Elevations

Figure 4. 28Museum Sections

Figure 4. 29 Research center South Elevation

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4.3.7.2. Illuminace simulations

Museum Mass

Figure 4. 30 Museum Illuminance Simulation

Housing Mass

Figure 4. 31 Housing Mass Illuminance Simulation

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4.3.7.3. Perspectives

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

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5 Conclusion

We were oblivious to a vast field of possibility as a country by not participating in space

observation and astronomy. This initiative has the potential to unite all scientists and hobbyists
and public.
As the project's location demands the design of a global emblem. The intention was to maintain
the site while also establishing the human-celestial relationship as a symbol. Utilize the sky to
create a backdrop, allowing the cardinal axis to be the most noticeable element in respect to the
sky.
The project was developed to pay homage to the historical astrological traditions of the
region. Ancient motifs were interpreted and incorporated to develop a profound link with
subcontinental beliefs. The attempt was to conserve this century-old knowledge as well as its
application through the project.
A fundamental notion guiding the building of an observation center is centered on establishing a
system capable of ensuring the infrastructure's lifetime and the degree of service given by the
facility. To ensure the project's durability and functionality, a planning guideline was formed in
which the surrounding catchment area is subject to various requirements that, if followed, can
result in less light pollution and a greater degree of air quality. The rules were separated into
sections on planning and architecture in order to ensure that the appropriate personnel were hired
to handle future development and upkeep.
Using a top-down strategy, the author attempted to design a space observation centre that shouts
its regional relevance, locational significance; one that would carry the scientific torch for many
decades to a new generation of scientists and enthusiasts.

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APPENDIX
(1)!
Trends in astronomical research,

Trends Objectives(References) Associated Labs

https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-1-
Planet Modeling planet-modeling 1,4,11,16,9

Origins & Evolution of https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-2-

6,12,15
Planetary Systems origins-evolution-of-planetary-systems
Exoplanet https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-3-
Characterization; Enabling exoplanet-characterization-enabling-nasa-s- 1,6,16,17
NASA’s Search for Life search-for-life
Radiative Transfer https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-4-
radiative-transfer-research 2,3,12,14
Research
Laboratory Astrophysics https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-5-
laboratory-astrophysics-and-astrochemistry 4,5,7,9,10
and Astrochemistry
Analog Research & https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-6-
Instrument Development analog-research-instrument-development 9,13,16,14,1

Astrobiology and https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-7-

astrobiology-and-detection-of-life 7,4,6,10,17
Detection of Life
Archeoastronomy; Origin https://www.nasa.gov/content/core-capability-8-
Synthesis of Ancient archeoastronomy-origin-synthesis-of -ancient -
15,1,9,12
Astronomy astronomy

List of Major stronomical Laboratories

2.5 List of Type of Research

Laboratories
2.5.1 High performance
Computing
Computing Lab
2.5.2 Radio Physics Lab Experimenting
2.5.3 IR Ramen Lab
Experimenting

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2.5.4 Sprectrometry Lab

Experimenting
2.5.5 Chemical Labs Experimenting
2.5.6 GC-MC Lab
Computing

2.5.7 HTRU Planetary

Geology Experimenting
2.5.8 Exobiology /Life
Detection Extremophile Experimenting
Laboratories
2.5.9 Environmental
Mock Chambers Assembly
2.5.10 RT thermal Lab
Experimenting
2.5.11 Integrated Planet
Computing
modeling lab
2.5.12 Remote Sensing
Computing
Simulation Lab
2.5.13 Optics Lab

2.5.14 Tof-ms,Sem,
Computing
Xenes
2.5.15 Large Database
Assembly
Room
2.5.16 Fabrication
Assembly
Assembly
2.5.17 Life Detection
and Planetary PPD Assembly
Instrument Assembly

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 SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING CENTER,VANGA, FARIDPUR

(2)

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
SYLHET, BANGLADESH.

ANTI-PLAGIARISM DECLARATION FOR B ARCH THESIS DISSERTATION

Name: MUSHABBIR MUTTAKI

Student number: 2015345011

Thesis Title: SPACE OBSERVATORY, RESEARCH AND LEARNING CENTER,

VANGA, FARIDPUR

1. I hereby declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to
present it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct way.
2. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offense because it constitutes theft.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarize in any content of the dissertation.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspect of my course, is my own
work, and where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source in the correct
way.

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Signature Date

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