INTRODUCTION
Exams (70%) Activities (30%)
• 1st Exam (10%) • Assignments & Participation (10%)
• Midterm (20%) • Presentation (10%)
• Final (40%) • Report (10%)
Secret
Grammar
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
Tenses
Unit 1 aims to review what you already know. It has examples of the:
Present Simple Does she live in Barcelona?
Present Continuous They’re sitting outside.
Past Simple He didn’t study Biology.
Past Continuous We were waiting for hours!
Present Perfect I’ve finished my homework.
Passive voice Rice is grown in China.
Guernica was painted by Picasso.
She’s been promoted!
All these forms are covered again in later units.
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
1 There are three classes of verbs in English.
Auxiliary verbs are used to form tenses and to show forms such as
questions and negatives.
do be have
Do you like English food?
We are going to the theatre tomorrow.
Modal auxiliary verbs ‘help’ other verbs, but they have their own
meaning.
must can should might will would
We must get a new car. (must expresses obligation)
He can sing very well. (can expresses ability)
Full verbs are all the other verbs in the language, for example, go,
drink, watch, like, etc.
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
2 Do, be, and have can be used as full verbs with their own meanings.
She does a lot of exercise.
We were in Thailand last year.
He has a wonderful new job.
3 There are two forms of have in the present.
have as a full verb have + got
I don’t have a bike. I haven’t got a bike.
He has a new laptop. He’s got a new laptop.
Do you have any money? Have you got any money?
Write the questions.
Tara/have a brother? Does Tara have a brother?
Has Tara got a brother?
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
do
We use do, does, and did to make questions and negatives in the Present
Simple and Past Simple (except with be / have got).
What time does the train leave?
I don’t like flying.
Where did she go on holiday?
We didn’t see them.
Make questions and negatives using the correct form of do.
1 Pam / not live / in Rome / now. Pam doesn’t live in Rome now.
2 What time / he / leave / last night? What time did he leave last night?
3 She / not have to work / yesterday. She didn’t have to work yesterday.
4 Let’s drive there – you / have / a car? Do you have a car?
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
be
1 Be + verb + -ing is used to make continuous verb forms which
describe activities in progress and temporary activities.
I’m playing golf. (Present Continuous)
He was taking a test. (Past Continuous)
We’ve been skiing for a week. (Present Perfect Continuous)
2 Be + past participle is used to form the passive.
Butter is made from milk. (Present Simple passive)
I was woken up by a car alarm. (Past Simple passive)
I’ve been invited to two interviews. (Present Perfect passive)
This room needs to be cleaned. (Passive infinitive)
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
Have + past participle is used to make perfect verb forms.
I’ve met two US presidents. (Present Perfect)
He was happy because he had won the race. (Past Perfect)
I’d like to have been a doctor. (Perfect infinitive)
Make the sentences.
1 She/study/right now (continuous) She’s studying right now.
2 My bike/steal/yesterday (passive) My bike was stolen yesterday.
3 I/see/the film twice (perfect) I’ve seen the film twice.
1.2 Negatives and auxiliary verbs
1 To make a negative, add -n’t to the auxiliary verb. If there is no
auxiliary verb, use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Positive Negative
She’s smiling. She isn’t smiling.
They were laughing. They weren’t laughing.
I’ve been to Poland. I haven’t been to Poland.
He speaks Russian. He doesn’t speak Russian.
We ate lunch. We didn’t eat lunch.
He’s trying. He’s not trying./He isn’t trying.
I’ve had dinner. I’ve not had dinner./I haven’t had dinner.
It is possible to contract the auxiliaries be and have and use the
uncontracted not.
1.3 Questions and auxiliary verbs
1 To make a question, invert the subject and the auxiliary verb. If
there is not auxiliary verb, use do/does/did.
Statement Question
He’s reading Moby Dick. What is he reading?
You were at home. Where were you?
She wants lemonade. What does she want?
They like shopping. Do they like shopping?
You bought a magazine. What did you buy?
Who did you have lunch with?
Who took my calculator?
There is usually no do/does/did in subject questions.
1.4 Auxiliary verbs and short answers
1 Short answers are very common in spoken English. If you just say
Yes or No it can sound a bit rude.
Question Short answer
Are you enjoying the play? Yes, I am.
Has he met the boss yet? No, he hasn’t.
To make a short answer, repeat the auxiliary verb.
Do they live near the beach? Yes, they do.
Did you go to the library? No, I didn’t.
In the Present and Past Simple, use do/does/did.
Do you like cheese? Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Have you been to Beijing? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
Assignment
Workbook
