Classification Of Signals
Chapter 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
1. Continuous-Time And Discrete-Time Signals
The identification is based on Horizontal: X-Axis or TIME
^ĂŵƉůŝŶŐ
Continuous-time signal x(t) Discrete-time signal x[n]
A discrete-time signal x[n] can obtained by sampling a continuous-time
signal x(t) :
ݐ ݔ ǡ ݐ ݔଵ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ݐ ݔ ,…. or
Ͳ ݔ, ͳ ݔ, ……, ݊ ݔ, ..… or
ݔ , ݔଵ , …. , ݔ , …..
ݔ αx[n] = x(ݐ Ȍ
9ݔ = samples
9sampling interval = the time interval between samples (ݔ )
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Classification Of Signals
Sampling intervals are equal (uniform sampling)
ݔ αx[n] = x(݊ܶ௦ Ȍ
Example of calculating the nth value of the sequence.
ͳ
݊ ݔൌ ݔ ൌ ൞ ʹ ݊Ͳ
Ͳ ݊൏Ͳ
or
ͳ ͳ ͳ
݊ݔ ൌ ͳǡ ǡ ǡ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǥ
ʹ Ͷ ʹ
͞Ϭ͟ďĞĨŽƌĞĂŶĚĂĨƚĞƌ
ƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚƐŝŐŶĂů
Write the sequences of discrete signal. ĂƌĞŶĞŐůĞĐƚ
ȓݔ ȔαȓǤǤǤǡͲǡͲǡͳǡʹǡʹǡͳǡͲǡͳǡͲǡʹǡͲǡͲǡǤǤǤȔ
or
ȓݔ ȔαȓͳǡʹǡʹǡͳǡͲǡͳǡͲǡʹȔ
ƌƌŽǁƐŚŽǁ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐŝŐŶĂů
2. Analog And Digital Signals
The identification is based on Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE
signal whose amplitude
can take on any value in a
continuous range
signal whose amplitude
can take only a finite
number of values (involve
binary 1 and/or 0)
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Classification Of Signals
3. Real And Complex Signals
The identification is based on Vertical and Horizontal: Y-Axis and X-Axis
or AMPLITUDE and TIME
X(t) is a complex quantity and has : Important class of signals is complex
A real and imaginary part or exponentials:
equivalently CT signals of the form ݔሺݐሻ ൌ ݁ ௦௧
A magnitude and a phase angle DT signals of the form ݊ ݔൌ ݖ
Where z and s are complex numbers.
4. Deterministic And Random Signals
The identification is based on PATTERN of the signal
The signal is fixed and can
be determined
Can be represented in
mathematic form since the
present, past and future
Deterministic Signals values can be predicted
based on the equation
A signal take random values
Cannot be put in
mathematic form
Random Signals
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Classification Of Signals
5. Periodic And Non-Periodic Signals
The identification is based on REPETITIVE of the signal
CT
DT
Non-Periodic Signal also known as Aperiodic Signal.
Differences between Periodic and Non-Periodic Signal
Periodic Signals Non-Periodic Signals
A signal which repeats itself after a A signal which does not repeat
specific interval of time itself after a specific interval of time
A signal that repeats it pattern A signal that does not repeats its
over a period pattern over a period
They can be represented by a They cannot be represented by
mathematical equation any mathematical equation
Their value can be determined at Their value cannot be determined
any point of time with certainty at any given point of
time
They are deterministic signals They are random signals
Example: sine cosine square Example: sound signals from radio,
sawtooth etc all types of noise signals
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Classification Of Signals
6. Even And Odd Signals
The identification is based on SYMMETRICAL of the signal
Even Signals Odd Signals
ݔെ ݐൌ ݔሺݐሻ
ݔെ ݐൌ െݔሺݐሻ
CT
ݔሾെ݊ሿ ൌ ݔሾ݊ሿ ݔെ݊ ൌ െݔሾ݊ሿ
DT
Double symmetrical operations:
Symmetrical at
1. First at horizontal (or vertical)
vertical axis
2. Then at vertical (or horizontal)
Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a Note:
Sum product of two signal
sum of two signals, one of which is even and ݔ ݐൈ ݔ ݐൌ ݔ ݐ
one of which is odd. That is, ݔ ݐൈ ݔ ݐൌ ݔ ݐ
ݔ ݐൈ ݔ ݐൌ ݔ ݐ
ݐ ݔൌ ݔ ݐ ݔ ݐ ݔ ݐൈ ݔ ݐൌ ݔ ݐ
ݔሾ݊ሿ ൌ ݔ ሾ݊ሿ ݔ ሾ݊ሿ
Where
ଵ
ݔ ݐൌ ଶ ሼ ݐ ݔ ݔെ ݐሽ even part of ݐ ݔ
ଵ
ݔ ݐൌ ଶ ሼ ݐ ݔെ ݔെ ݐሽ odd part of ݐ ݔ
ଵ
ݔ ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ሼݔሾ݊ሿ ݔሾെ݊ሿሽ
ଶ
even part of ݔሾ݊ሿ
ଵ
ݔ ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ଶ ሼݔሾ݊ሿ െ ݔሾെ݊ሿሽ odd part of ݔሾ݊ሿ
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TYPES OF SIGNAL
A. Continuous-Time Signals
i. Unit Step Function
ii. Unit Impulse Function
iii. Complex Exponential Signals
iv. Sinusoidal Signal
v. Arbitrary Signals
B. Discrete-Time Signals
i. Unit Step Sequence
ii. Unit Impulse Sequence
iii. Complex Exponential Signals
iv. Sinusoidal Signal
v. Arbitrary Signals
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Classification Of Signals
Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal
Unit Step Function Unit Step Sequence
The unit step function ݑሺݐሻ , also The unit step sequence ݑሾ݊ሿ,
known as the Heaviside unit
function
ͳ ݊Ͳ
ݑሾ݊ሿ ൌ ቊ
Ͳ ݊൏Ͳ
ͳ ݐͲ
ݐ ݑൌቊ
Ͳ ݐ൏Ͳ
The shifted unit step sequence
The shifted unit step function ݑሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ
ݑሺ ݐെ ݐ ሻ
ͳ ݐ ݐ ͳ ݊݇
ݑሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ ൌ ቊ
ݐ ݑെ ݐ ൌ ቊ Ͳ ݊൏݇
Ͳ ݐ൏ ݐ
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Classification Of Signals
Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal
Unit Impulse Function Unit Impulse Sequence
The unit impulse function Gሺݐሻ, also The unit impulse sequence (or unit
known as the Dirac delta function sample) Gሾ݊ሿ
Ͳ Ͳ്ݐ
ߜ ݐൌቊ ͳ ݊ൌͲ
λ ݐൌͲ ߜ ݊ ൌቊ
Ͳ ്݊Ͳ
ஶ
න ߜ ݐ݀ ݐൌ ͳ
ିஶ
The shifted unit impulse sequence
Gሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ
ͳ ݊ൌ݇
The delayed delta function Gሺ ݐȂ ݐ ሻ ߜ ݊െ݇ ൌቊ
Ͳ ്݊݇
ஶ ஶ
න ሺݐሻߜ ݐെ ݐ ݀ ݐൌ ሺݐ ሻ
ିஶ
݊ ݔൌ ߜ ݇ ݔሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ
ୀିஶ
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Classification Of Signals
Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal
Complex Exponential Signal Complex Exponential Signal
ݔሺݐሻ ൌ ݁ ఠబ ௧ ݊ ݔൌ ݁ :బ
Euler’s Formula Euler’s Formula
ݔሺݐሻ ൌ ݁ ఠబ ௧ ൌ ܿ߱ݏ ݐ ݆߱݊݅ݏ ݐ ݊ ݔൌ ݁ :బ ൌ ܿݏ: ݊ ݆݊݅ݏ: ݊
A signal x(t) is a real signal if its
value is a real number
A signal x(t) is a complex signal if
its value is a complex number.
ߙͳ
General complex signal x(t):
ݐ ݔൌ ݔଵ ݐ ݆ݔଶ ሺݐሻ
where ݔଵ ሺݐሻ and ݔଶ ሺݐሻ are real
signals and ݆ ൌ െͳ ͳߙͲ
t represents either a continuous or
a discrete variable.
Ͳ ߙ െͳ
Increasing signal
Decreasing signal ߙ ൏ െͳ
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Classification Of Signals
Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal
Sinusoidal Signal Sinusoidal Sequences Signal
ݔሺݐሻ ൌ ߱ ݏܿ ܣ ݐ ߠ ݊ ݔൌ ݏܿ ܣ: ݊ ߠ
where Also can expressed as
A = amplitude (real)
߱ = radian frequency in radian ݏܿ ܣ: ݊ ߠ ൌ ݁ ܴ݁ܣ:బ ାఏ
per seconds
ߠ = phase angle in radians
Periodic Signal
Non-Periodic
ʹߨ Signal
Fundamental period : ܶ ൌ
߱
ͳ
Fundamental frequency : ݂ ൌ
ܶ
Fundamental angular frequency : ߱ ൌ ʹߨ݂
Euler’s Formula for sinusoidal signal:
Real part:
߱ ݏܿ ܣ ݐ ߠ ൌ ݁ ܴ݁ ܣఠబ ௧ାఏ
Imaginary part:
߱ ݊݅ݏ ܣ ݐ ߠ ൌ ݁ ݉ܫ ܣఠబ ௧ାఏ
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