Chordates – are animals with a notochord
Notochord – is a flexible rod-shaped cartilage found inside the embryo of a chordate
Vertebrates – are groups of animals that have a backbone or a spinal column
Vertebrates are divided into five:
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Cold Blooded animals – are groups of animals that cannot maintain their body temperature
Fishes – they are aquatic animals that have fins and tails which they use to swim
Jawless fishes – oldest group of fishes
Cartilaginous fishes – fishes that have cartilage as their skeleton
Bony fishes – largest group of fishes
Swim bladder – organ that gives them the ability to float
Amphibians – these are groups of animals that can stay both on land and in water
Three groups of amphibians :
Anurans, salamanders, caecilians
Salamanders – look like frogs but heir body shape resembles that of lizard
Caecilians – limbless amphibians that look like water snake or large worms
Reptiles – group of animals that have lungs to breathe dry skin in some areas or all over their body
Warm blooded animals – groups of animals that can regulate their internal body temperature
Birds – the only animals covered with feathers
Mammals – these warm blooded animals they are classify after the females mammary glands
Primates – highest order of mammals
Marsupials – these are the pouched animals that give birth to their young
Rodents – these are gnawing animals
Cetaceans – these are marine mammals
Monotremes – are egg laying mammals
Invertebrates – are animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
Poriferans or Sponges – are the simplest of all animals
Ostia – bodies contain numerous pores
Osculi – they have also one or more openings
Filter feeders – feeding only on small organisms such as plankton
Fragmentation – new organisms forms from a part of the body that is cut off
Coelenterates – radially symmetrical and soft bodied animals that have tentacles
Coelenterates show two forms :
The polyps and medusae
Polyps – are the sessile or sedentary forms
Medusae – are the swimming forms
Hydra – has a slender cylindrical body with threadlike tentacles
Platyhelminthes – commonly known as flatworms
Nematodes – also known as roundworm
Annelids – are segmented worms that have long cylindrical bodies
Echinoderms – are spiny skinned marine invertebrates
Mollusks – are soft bodied invertebrates with segmentlike divisions on their bodies
Cephalopods – are marine invertebrates that have well developed eyes and brains
Arthropods – are group of invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed limbs
Insects – are arthropods with three pairs of legs
Arachnids – are arthropods with four pairs of legs
Myriapods – consists of arthropods that have plenty of legs
Vascular plants – have tubelike structures for carrying food nutrients and water to the different parts of the plants
Xylem – tube that carries water
Non Vascular plants – do not have these tubes or vessels
Rhizoids – are tiny hair like structures that keep them in place
Sporophytes – plant spores are produced by spore bearing plants
Sporangia – organs that bear that spores at the underside of their leaves
Gametophytes -the diploid spores develop
Zygote – the egg cell can be fertilized by the sperm
Angiosperms – flower bearing plants
Gymnosperms – plants that bear seeds without flowers or naked seeds
Conifers – are cone bearing plants
These two types of cones:
Pollen cones – male cones
Seed cones – female cones
Ginkgo Biloba – are conifers that produce edible seeds and flavorings
Ecology – is the study of the interactions among organisms and their environment
Ecologists – people who specialize ecology
Ecosystem – is community of biotic component that interact with each other
Niche – This refers to the role played by an organism in the ecosystem
Producer – the organism that make their own food
Consumer – this is the role played by organisms who feed on plants and animals
Decomposer – break down or decompose decaying or dead bodies of organisms
Scavenger – the organism that feed on the dead bodies of another organisms
Tropical Rainforest – this ecosystem is composed of different kinds of plants particularly tail trees that house a lot
of organism
Emergent layer – has enormous umbrella shaped trees that take up plenty of sunlight
Canopy layer – divided into the upper and the lower canopies
Lower canopy – or the understory
Forest floor – this is the layer tropical rainforest that is completely shaded
Epiphytes – plants that grow on another plant for support
Symbiotic relationship – the long term relationship that exist between two organism
Predator – organism that kills and capture organism
Prey – weaker organism
Five relationship and interactions of organism:
Predation, mutualism, commensalism, competition, parasitism
Prey and predator – predation
Mutualism – wherein two organism benefit from each other
Commensalism – the tree is neither harmed nor does not benefit from the relationship
Competition – cases wherein two or more animals fight for the same food or trees
Coral reef – this ecosystem build from exoskeleton of coral
Fringing reef – this is commonly found near the coastline or in places where the water is shallow
Barrier reef – this is parallel with the shore but it is separated deeper
Atoll - it is a circular reef with open water at the center
Patch reef – this is a small isolated reef that usually occurs between fringing reef
Mangroves – are groups of woody seed bearing trees and shrubs that grow in salty coastline
Mangrove swamp – is an ecosystem with shrubs or trees that survive in a muddy environment
