Probability: Experimental (or empirical)probabilities of events are based on the results of actual experiment. Suppose, we tossed a coin 1000 times in which the frequencies of the outcomes are as follows. Head: 460. Tail: 540 ‘Then, experimental (or empirical) probabilities of head is EO”, 0.48 and that of geuing tail is PAX = 0.54. Since, these probabilities are based on the result of an actual experiment, so they are called experimental or empirical probabilities. We also noted that as the number of tosses of the coin increases, the experimental probabilities of getting @ head (or tail) came closer and closer wo the number +, which is theoretical probability of getting a head or getting a tail. Experiment and its Outcomes: An operation which can produce some well defined result(s) is known as experiment and its results are knows as outcomes, Random Experiment: An experiment is a random experiment when repeated under similar conditions, do not produce the same result ée., outcome vary every time but the outcome in a trial is one of the group of possible outcomes of the experiment. For example, when a die is rolled, outeome is not fixed, that may be any one out of six possible outcomes 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6. So itis random experiment. Similarly, drawing a card from a well shulfled deck of playing cards, tossing a coin etc. are random experiment. Equally Likely Outcomes If an outcome of an experiment is as likely to occur as the other, then such outcome is called equally likely. For example: Outcomes head and tail of experiment “wssing a fair coin” are equally likely. Similarly geuing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of experiment “throwing a fair die” are equally likely. Event: A collection of one or more outcome(s) out of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called its event. For example: Ifa fair die is thrown, then all possible outeomes are 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6. Getting 1, getting even number 2, 4, 6 getting odd number 1, 3, 5 are events. Events may be represented as £, = geuing | = {1} Ez = getting even number = {2, 4, 6} Es = getting odd number = {1, 8, 5}a Qa Event having single outcome is known as elementary event while event obtained by combining two or more outcomes is called compound event. For example: £ is elementary event and Ey, £3 are compound event. Sample Space: A collection of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is known as “sample space”. It is represented by “S". For example: For experiment “throwing a fair die”; sample space is given by S = {1,2, 5, 4,5, 6}. Occurrence of an Event: An event E associated to a random experiment is said to occur ifany one of its outcome is the result of the experiment. For example: Suppose “throwing a fair die is experiment and “getting 6” is event E. If we throw adie and get 6" then we say ‘E” has occurred otherwise E has not occurred. Favourable Outcomes: An outcome of an experiment is said to be favourable to an event ‘E’, if its ‘occurrence implies the occurrence of event ‘E". For example: If “throwing a fair die” is experiment and £ = getting even number = {2, 4, 6) is event, then 2, 4, 6 are favourable outcomes. ‘Theoretical Probabilities or Probability: The theoretical probability (or classical probability) of an event £, written as P(E) is defined as Number of outcomes favourable to E Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment where outcomes of the experiment are equally likely. + rea, where »(£) is the number of favourable outcomes and n(S) is the number outcomes given in ‘sample space’. PE)= For example, suppose “throwing a fair die” is an experiment and E “getting odd number” is event then $= (1,2,3,4,5,6} and £ = {1,3,5} Gand n(E) = 8 n&)_3_1 (5) PE) = nS) 6 2 Note: Theoretical probability is generally treated as * Probability”. Impossible Event: The event which is impossible to occur is called “Impossible event". The probability of impossible event is zero because n(£) = 0. n€) _o Pimpossible evend) = 05) = yy = ‘Sure Events The event which is sure is called “sure event". The probability of * Sure event" is 1, because in this case n(E) = n(S) P(sure event) = ae = ae Complementary Event: An event F is said to complementary of event E iff PE) + PEF) = P (sure event) = 1 > P(E) = 1- PE). Complementary event E is represented by E or E'.Example: For an experiment “throwing a fair die”, suppose £ is event “getting number less than ‘equal to 4” and F the event “getting number greater than 4” i, E= (12,34) F= (5,6) Now, re=4 § and Pip) = 2 zt Bt 8 peyr@=sthade ‘Therefore, £ and F are complementary event of each other. also called event “not B. Important Facts/Tips: (® The sum of the probability of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1 Jomplementary event of event ‘E? is Example: Por experiment “ tossing a fair coin” E, (getting head) and £» (getting tail) are wo elementary events. PE) PES PE)+PE,) (From the definition of the probability of event E ie., P(E), we see that number n(£) may be zero {in the case of impossible event) or less than equal to the denominator n(S). Therefore, 0< P(E) £1 (ii) If F is “not £” or complementary event of £, then PE)=1-P@) (jv) Probability of sample space of an event ie., P(S) is 1. n(S) nS) (@) All experiments do not necessarily have equally likely outcomes. For example: suppose experiment is as follows: “Toss a coin, if you get head again toss a coin and if you get tail then throw a die’ All possible outcomes are HH, HT, Tl, T2, T3, T4, TS, T6. They are not equally likely. (i) A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards. It contains: PS |¥ Hlestt(I3cands) @ Diamond (13cards) —@ Spade(I3cards) ob Clubs (13 cards) _ Each suits have —S ‘King (one) Queen (one) _Jack(one) Aceon) number cards 210 10(vit) King, queen and jack cards are called face card. Total number of face cards are 12. (viii) “Not E” is some times treated as “complement of E”. (ix) The probability of any event should be written in simplest form, lice 0 (®) Throwing and throwing two dice (of different colour) simultaneously are treated asthe same experiment and sample space in both cases are same. Similar fact is also applicable for coin. 1. IfP @) = 0.05, what is the probabi Sol. As we know that, PE) +P (not £) = P (not) = 1 =P (E) = 1-0.05 = 0.95 2. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out (@ an orange flavoured candy? (ii) a lemon flavoured candy? Sol. (@) As the bag contains only lemon flavoured candies. So, the event related to the experiment of taking out an orange flavoured candy is an impossible event. So, its probability is 0. (i) As the bag contains only lemon flavoured candies. So, the event related to the experiment of taking out lemon flavoured candies is sure event. So, its probability is 1. 3. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one. Sol. Here, total number of pens = 182 + 12 = 144 Total number of elementary outcomes = 144 y of ‘not E* ? Now, favourable number of elementary events = 152 Probability that a pen taken out is good one = G2 = Th 4. Adie thrown once. Find the probability of getting: @ a prime number. i) a number Iying between 2 and 6. (iii) an odd number. [CBSE 2019¢80/1/2)) Sol. We have, the total number of possible outcomes associated with the random experiment of throwing a die is 6 (22. 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6). () Let E denotes the event of getting a prime number, So, favourable number of outcomes = 3 (Le, 2,3 1 2) = 55 (ii) Let £ be the event of getting a number lying between 2 and 6. Favourable number of elementary events (outcomes) = 3 (e., 3, 4,5) Pi) = Bed, P(E) = 6 2 (ii) Let £ be the event of getting an odd number. Favourable number of elementary events = 3 (i¢., 1, 3, 5) . pey= 2-4 25. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random. (@) What is the probability that the card is the queen ? (i) Tf the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is (@) an ace? (b) a queen? Sol. Here, the total number of passible outcomes = 5. ( Since, there is only one queen. Favourable number of elementary events = 1 Probability of geting the card of queen = (i) Now, the total number of possible outcomes = 4. © Since, there is only one ace Favourable number of elementary events = 1 .. Probability of getting an ace card = . © Since, there is no queen (as queen is put aside). Favourable number of elementary events Probability of getting a queen = © = 0. 4 6. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting: (@ aking of red colour (i) a face card. (iii) a red face card. (iv) the jack of hearts. (0) aspade. (ei) the queen of diamonds. Sol. Here, total number of possible outcomes = 52 (@ As we know that there are uo suits of red cards, i.e, diamond and heart and each suit contains one king Favourable number of outcomes = 2 24 Probability of geuting a king of red colour = =5= 95 (@ As we know that kings, queens and jacks are called face cards ie., there are 12 face cards. Favourable number of elementary events = 12 A883. 52 13 (ii) As we know there are two suits of red cards, i¢., diamond and heart and each suit contains 3 face cards. Favourable number of elementary events = 2 3 = 6 Probability of getting a face card = Probabil ening ecard ws Sree Probability of geting red face card = 8 = (i) Since, there is only one jack of hearts. Favourable number of elementary events = | Probability of getting the jack of heart = Probability of geting the jack of heart = (@) Since, there are 13 cards of spade Favourable number of elementary events = 13 Protabtiyangeiingwapates Jel, 4 (vi) Since, there is only one queen of diamonds. Favourable number of outcomes (elementary events) = 1 Probability of getting a queen of diamonds = 35.7. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing, at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Fig. 14.1), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at: (i) 8? (ii) an odd number? (iii) a number greater than 2? fii ameeebeertioni? “IN Sol. Here, total number of elementary events (possible outcomes) (® We have only one 8" on the spining plant, Fig. 144 Favourable number of outcomes = 1 Hence, the probability that arrow points at 8 = (@ We have four odd points (:e,1, 3,5 and 7) Favourable number of outcomes = 4 Hence, probability that arrow points at an odd number = = (ii) We have 6 numbers greater than 2, ie, 3,4, 8,6, 7 and 8. Therefore, favourable number of outcomes = 6 Probability that arrow points ata number greater than 2 = &= 3, (Go) We have 8 numbers less than 9, i, 1, 2,3, 8. Favourable number of outcomes = 8 Hence, probability that arrow points ata number less than 9 = $= 8. Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at the beginning of a football game? Sol. The experiment “tossing a coin” have equally likely outcomes head and tail. So, the result ofa coin toss is completely unpredictable Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random. from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish. What is the probability that the fish taken, cout is a male fish? Sol. Let § be sample space and E, getting male fish, be event corresponding to given experiment. From equation ‘n($) = 5 + 8 = 13 (number of fishy ‘n(E) = 5 (number of male fish) a2 5 P@)=7@ “13 10. A piggy bank contains hundred 50 P coins, fifty 71 coins, twenty 22 coins and ten %5 coins. If itis equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin ( will be a 50 P coin? (i) will not be a%5 coin? Sol. Let S be the sample space of corresponding experiment. Here, (5) = Total number of coins = 100 + 50 +20 + 10 = 180 (@ Lev be the event of falling a coin of 50 P Here, n(£) = Number of 50 P coins = 100 p(y = 748) _ 100 _ 5, PE (5) "180 9 Gi) Let E be the event that falling coin is not a %5 coin Here, n(£) = Number of coins except @5 coin = 100 + 50 4.20 yey = M2) 17017 ag) 180 1811. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday? [Competency Based Question) Sol. Let E be the event of having the same birthday. Therefore, F is the event of not having the same birthday. te, P(E) = 0.992 Given) Now, we have PE) + P(E) = 1 = PE) = 1-P(E) = 10.992 = 0.008. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. A bag contains 3 red, 5 black and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. The probability that the ball drawn is not black, is [CBSE 2020 (30/4/1)) os oF oF 5 2. If P(A) denotes the probability of an event 4, then [NCERT Exemplar) (@ Pay <0 Pa)> 1 ©0sPA)s1 @-1ePa)s1 ‘Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event? [NCERT Exemplar] @t wor om or 4, Kirti has a box containing four cards labelled 4, B, C and D. She randomly picks a card from the box, records the label on the card and put it back in the box. She repeats this experiment 80 times and records her observation in the table shown below. Card A in Card B 16 Card 2 Gard D 28 ‘Which of the following shows the empirical probability and theoretical probability of picking Card C the next time? : 2 B e 5 (@ Empirical probability = (&) Empirical probability = ‘Theoretical probability = ‘Theoretical probability = + (© Empirical probability = @ Empirical probability = 3 ‘Theoretical probability = 4 Theoretical probability = + 5. Romy is blindfolded and asked to pick one ball from each of the jars.8 10. i. 12. 13. 14. 18. 16. ‘The chance of Romy picking a red ball is sam: [CBSE Question Bank] (@) jars 2 and 3 () jars 1 and 3 (© jars and 2 (d) All the three jars, If the probability of an event is p, the probability of its complementary event will be : (NCERT Exemplar] @ p=t © 1-p O15 wp A card is selected from a deck of 52 cards. The probability of being a red face card is [NCERT Exemplar] 3 3 2 1 © oe Oa Op OF If a card is drawn from a deck of cards, what is the probability of a card drawn to be a red or a black card and what can we say about that event? (@) Oand itis a sure event. (® Land itis. sure event. (©) Oand ivis an impossible event. (@ Land itis an impossible event. ‘To win a prize in a game, you need to first choose one of the 4 doors, 1, 2, 8, 4 and then need to choose one of the three boxes 4, B, C and then need to choose between two colours red and green. How many of the possible outcomes of this game include selecting box A and red colour? @) 2 4 8 @ 12 A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. The event F is that card is not an ace of hearts, The number of outcomes favourable to F is [NGERT Exemplar] @4 (13 oss (@) 51 A girl calculates that the probability of her winning the first prize in a lottery is 0.08. IF 6,000 tickets are sold, how many tickets has she bought? INERT Exemplar] @ 40 () 240 (6) 480 (@) 750 The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is @7 () 14 2 (d) 28 A bag contains three green marbles, four blue marbles and two orange marbles. If a marble is picked at random, then the probability that it is not an orange marble is a) z ) z © 2 (d) none of these Ifa number x is chosen from the numbers 1, 2, 3 and a number y is selected from the numbers 1,4, 9. Then P(ay < 9) is 3 4 1 5 as o> Og M5 A box has 10 equal size cards, Of the 10 cards, 4 are blue, 3 are green, 2 are yellow and 1 is red, Ifa card is randomly drawn from the box, which is the colour that the card is most likely to have? (@) red (®) green (© blue (@) yellow Look at the numbers shown below. @ | -0.5 | | Gi) | 0.00001 | | iy @)| 1 || @ | 1.00001] | @y | 99%‘Which of the above numbers represent probabilities of events? (@) only @ and (ii) (©) only Gi), (ii), () and (@) [CBSE Question Bank] ©) only @, (@, Gt) and () @ only Gi), Gi, v) and (i) V7. ‘Twoidentical fair dice have numbers 1 to 6 written on their faces. Both are tossed simultaneously. ‘What is the probability that the product of the numbers that turn up is 12? [CBSE Question Bank] o 1 5B. i @ 36 oy O% 5 18 Shown below is a board divided into 6 identical sectors, with a pointer that can be spun on it. Fig. 143 ‘When the pointer is spun, it spins for some time and comes to a stop on a sector. The chances of it stopping on any sector are equal. Arif wants to colour some sectors green. How many sectors should he colour green so that the probability of the pointer stopping on a green sector [Competency Based Question] we os w4 Answers L@ 2 © 3. (d) 4. i) 5B. (ce) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (6) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. © 12. (b) 13. (@) 14. (@) 15. (©) 16. (d) 17.) 18. () Each of the following questions are of | mark. 1 Sol. 2. Sol. Sol. Adie is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prime number? [CBSE 2020(80/2/1)) ‘When a die is thrown once total number of possible outcomes = 6 ‘We have prime numbers on a die = (2, 3, 5} =. Number of favourable outcomes = 3 3.1 62 Find the probability of getting a black queen when a card is drawn at random from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021] Probability of getting a prime = 1 + a 6 7 Marking Scheme CBSE Sample Paper 2021) Probability of getting a black queen = => ‘The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.85. What is the probability that it will not rain tomorrow? [CBSE 2020 (30/3/1)] Given probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.885 i. Probability that it will not rain tomorrow P= 0.85 =P = 0.854. Acard is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting neither a red card nor a queen. [CBSE (AN) 2016 (30/2)] Sol. 4 7 So fd Total aad ord 6 quum= 2% —Laphiaiclity. ca rush st eave ean — ata 12 6} a aH 4é 13 (Topper’s Answer 2016) 5. 20 tickets, on which numbers 1 to 20 are written, are mixed thoroughly and then a ticket is drawn at random out of them. Find the probability that the number on the drawn ticket is a multiple of 3 or 7. [CBSE (F) 2016} Sol. n(S) = 20, multiples of 3 or 7, A: (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 7, 14}, n(4) = 8 Required probability = 3h or 5 6. A number is chosen at random from the numbers —8,-2,~1,0,1.2,3. What will be the probability that square of this number is less than or equal to I ? [CBSE Delhi 2017) Sol. Favourable outcomes are-1, 0,1 = 3 Total outcomes = 7 Required probability = 7 7. Cards marked with number 3, 4, 5, 50 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the selected card bears a perfect square number. [CBSE Dethi 2016} Sol. Possible outcomes are 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49,i¢.,6. P (perfect square number) = fror 8. ‘Thro dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top is 137 [CBSE 2020 (30/4/1)] Sol. When two dice are thrown simultaneously, the maximum sum of the numbers on both the dice is 12, ie, 6 on each die. -. Probability of getting sum 13 on both dice Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. 1. Gards numbered 7 to 40 were put in a box. Poonam selects a card at random. What is the probability that Poonam selects a card which is a multiple of 7? [CBSE 2019 (30/3/1)] Sol. Total number of possible outcomes = 54 ” Favourable number of outcomes is (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35) = 5 1 < 5 P(nultiple of 7) = % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (80/3/1)]2. Acchild has a die whose six faces show the letters as shown below: 4] (2) [c] >) -z)[4 ‘The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A (ii) D?_ (CBSE 2020 (80/2/1) Sol. When a die is thrown once. The total number of possible outcomes = 6 (@ There are two faces which show a letter 4. No. of favourable outcomes = 2 2 «+ Probability of getting a leuer A = == (@) There is only one face showing D. No. of favourable outcomes = 1 -. Probability of getting a letter D 3. ‘Two dice are thrown at the same time and the product of numbers appearing on them is noted. Find the probability that the product is a prime number. (NCERT Exemplar] Sol. Product of the number on the dice is prime number, ie, 2,3, 5. ‘The possible ways are (1, 2), (2,1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (5, Us (1,5). So, number of favourable ways = 6 Requited probability = i= q 4, Rahim tosses two different coins simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at least one ‘ail. [CBSE Delhi 2014) Sol. The sample space is (HH, HT, TH, TT} ‘Total number of outcomes = 4 Favourable outcomes for getting at least one tail is (HE TH, TT). Number of favourable outcomes = 3 Number of favourable outcomes _ Total number of outcomes 4 5. Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays and 58 Mondays. Sol. We know that a leap year has 866 days. a Probability of getting at least one tail = So in 366 days, there are 52 weeks and 2 days. Now two days may be ( Sunday and Monday (ii) Monday and Tuesday (ii) Tuesday and Wednesday (@) Wednesday and Thursday (®) Thursday and Friday (i) Friday and Saturday (oii) Saturday and Sunday Now in total 7 possibilities, Sunday and Monday both come together is only one time Fieve Required probability = 7 6. Tree Plantation Drive A Group Housing Society has 600 members, who have their houses in the campus and decided to hold a tree plantation drive on the occasion of new year. Each household was given thechoice of planting a sampling of its choice. The number of different types of samplings planted. (i) Neem - 125 (ii) Peepal - 165 (iii) Creepers - 50 (j) Feuit plants - 150 (@) Flowering plants - 110 ‘On the opening ceremony, one of the plants is selected randomly for a prize. After reading the above passage, answer the following questions, ‘What is the probability that the selected plant is (@ a fruit plant or a flowering plant? (ii) either a Neem plant or a Peepal plant? [Competency Based Question, CBSE 2020(30/4/1)] Sol. Total number of trees planted = 600 +. No. of total possible outcomes = 600 (® The probability that the selected plant is a fruit plant or a flowering plant = 1504110 _ 260 _ 13, 600 «G00 30 Xu (i Probability that selected plant is either a Neem plant ora Peepal plant = 727776. 7. An integer is chosen at random between I and 100. Find the probability that it is + (@ divisible by 8. (if) not divisible by 8. [CBSE 2018 (30/1)] Sol. WY Likguet, te loo. (between) =) totals 9% posible arctromes- D) divisiole by 8 12 pamper (RIC 24, 82,0, 4845, 64,72, 40, FE) jmp Poobabiliay> Favongble outrorme 12 & Teel odfame a Gi) nob etivisible by Seo Qi-12~ 8 number || > Prebabilfy> Favemable oceme 86 a = “Het coctome. = opper’s Answer 2018} Each of the following questions are of 3 marks. 1, Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end: Diwali Fair A game in a booth at a Diwali Fair involves using a spinner first. Then, if the spinner stops on an even number, the player is allowed to pick a marble from a bag. The spinner and the marbles in the bag are represented in Fig, 14.4. Prizes are given, when a black marble is picked. Shweta plays the game once. Fig. 144(@) What is the probability that she will be allowed to pick a marble from the bag? (di) Suppose she is allowed to pick a marble from the bag, what is the probability of getting a prize, when it is given that the bag contains 20 balls out of which 6 are black? [Competency Based Question] [CBSE 2020 (30/5/1)] (@ Iis clear that if the spinner stops on an even number, then she will be allowed to pick a marble. Sol. -. Probability that she will be allowed to pick a marble from the bag is equal to probability that spinner stops on an even number. Required probability = % (i) Now, Probability of getting a prize = probability of getting a black marble ef. 3 * 30 “10 2. A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag. [CBSE (AN) 2017 (30/1)) \n.| Lel there be x black. balls. and 15 voile batts. | ola) balls -nesd= 15 4% 0 Carawing plack ball = 9x PC drawing vhtte bo), “a cs + 3% 15 Sol. Feaay cere) OO a © Beis »cwsdy = OS® I x = as \ as There ove 4° blak balls in the ba: i (a, Begs [Topper’s Answer 2017) 3. ‘Two different dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the numbers obtained (@ have a sum less than 7 (fi) have a product less than 16 (iii) is a doublet of odd numbers [CBSE Dethi 2017} Sol. Total number of outcomes = 36 (@ Favourable outcomes are (1, 1,) (1.2) (1, 3) (1,9) (5) 2 DZD) 24) ,2 3,3) 4, 1) 4,2) G, Ite, 15. P@om lesvitian#)= Boe & Gi Favourable outcomes are (1, 1) (1,2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 0 (2,2) 2, 3) 2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6) (3, 1) (8, 2) (8, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (, 1), 2), 3) (6, 1) 6, 2) be., 25,

. 8 A bag contains 5 red, 8 white and 7 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the drawn ball (@ red or white. (i) not black. (iii) neither white nor black. Sol. Total number of balls = 5 + 8 +7 = 20 548 _ 13 © P (red or white ball) = 258 = TE s 718 (@ P (wot black ball) = 1 ~P (black ball) = 1- = (it) P (neither white nor black ball) = P (red ball) = & a 4 Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. 1. Apoory throws two dice once and computes the product of the numbers appearing on the dice. Peehu throws one die and squares the number that appears on it. Who has the better chance of getting the number 86? Why? INGERT Exemplar, Competency Based Question] Sol. Apoory throws two dice once. So, total number of outcomes, n(S) = 36. Number of outcomes for getting product 36, m(E,) = 1[6 * 6)] nE) 1 n(S) 36 . Probability for Apoory getting the number 36 = Also, Peehu throw one die. So, total number of outcomes n(S) = 6 Number of outcomes for getting square ofa number as 36. n(Ey) = 1 (6 = 36) mE) 1 2S) 6 Hence, Peehu has better chance of getting the number 36. * Probability for Peehu getting the number 36 ibs, 38 2. In Fig. 14.5, shown a disc on which a player spins an arrow twice. The function 5 is formed, where ‘a’ is the number of sector on which arrow stops on the first spin and ‘bis the number of the sector in which the arrow stops on second spin. On each spin, each sector has equal chance of selection by the arrow. Find the probability that the fraction . > L. [CBSE (F) 2016] Sol. For a/b > 1, when a = 1, bcan not take any value, 2,b can take | value, can take 2 values, (A a = 4,b can take 8 values, a = 5, bean take 4 values, Vs Xe) a= 6,b can take 5 values. fem 155 Fans PC ajb > 1) = AEA LB ory ‘Total possible outcomes3. Anumber xis selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Another number y is selected at random from the numbers 1, 4, 9 and 16, Find the probability that product of x and y is less than 16. [CBSE 2016 (30/2)} so. (2.3) za, wom - _ 1 Latal pessilits, oulesne= 1.21% 4B 14 941 4 34 ve |1¢ 27/36 40] 6%) _product tus than 16 | 4,8, 1259 = 7ti= B | Jotad cast _._| Gay + Pl st x 4, A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 49. A card is drawn from the bag at random, after mixing the cards thoroughly. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is: ( anodd number. (fi) a multiple of 5. (iii) a perfect square. (io) an even prime number. [CBSE Delhi 2014} Sol. Total number of cards = 49 ‘Total number of outcomes = 49 ( Odd number Favourable outcomes : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 28, 25, 27, 29, 31, 93, 35, 37, 99, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49 ie, 25 No. of favourable outcomes _ 25 Probability (E =3 ch Total number of outcomes 49 (i) A mukiple of 5 Favourable outcomes : 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 80, 35, 40, 4512, 9 No. of favourable outcomes Probability (E = me Total number of outcomes 49 (iii) A perfect square Favourable outcomes : 1, 4,9, 16, 25, 36, 49 ie; 7 No. of favourable outcome: Probability (E) = "tpfalnambencKoutcomes 227 (i) Aneven prime number Favourable outcome : 2i¢., 1 No. of favourable outcomes _ 1 Probability (£) * “Total number of outcomes — 495. The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black and green marbles is {. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jars +. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar. [CBSE 2019(80/2/1)) Sol. P(blue marble) = a P(black marble) = + u . P(green marble) = L(g 4)= a0 Let total number of marbles be x [GRSE Marking Scheme 2019(80/2/1)] Each of the following questions are of 4 marks. 1. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (2). ‘On a weekend Rani was playing cards with her family. The deck has 52 cards. If her brother drew one card. [CBSE Question Bank] (@ The probability of getting a king of red colour is 1 1 L 1 os oF ox oy i) The probability of getting a face card is oe or OF os 26 is is 13 (iii) The probability of getting a jack of hearts is 1 1 3 @) 35 Os © sy (ie) The probability of getting a red face card is 3 1 1 1 os Om Os oF (©) The probability of getting a spade is 1 1 1 1 @ 36 Oi Os OFSol. (#) Total no. of possible outcomes = 52 2 and no. of favourable outcomes P(getting a king of red colour) = +: Option (a) is correct, (i) We have, number of face card = 12 P(getting a face card) = a a Option (d) is correct. (ii) There is only one jack of hearts. P(getting a jack of hearts) +: Option (6) is correct. () No. of red face card = P(getting a red face card) = 35 = 95 2. Option (@) is correct, (@) No. of spade cards = 13 P(getting a spade card) = 35° +. Option (d) is correct. 2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) t0 (2). Rahul and Ravi planned to play Business (board game) in which they were supposed to use two dice, [CBSE Question Bank] BE es Fig. 147 ( Ravi got first chance to roll the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice as 87 (@) se ® ey oO * (aoSol. 3. (ii) Rahul got next chance. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice as 13? @1 oF% Om wo (if) Now it was Ravi’s turn. He rolled the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice less than or equal to 127 5 1 @t Oe Oig @o (ie) Rahul got next chance. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice equal to 7? 5 5 1 we OW OF wo (0) Now it was Ravi’s turn. He rolled the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice greater than 8? 5 1 5 @1 O36 Ow O is (@ When two dice are rolled once, we have Total number of possible outcomes = 36 and favourable outcomes = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4,4), (5, 3), (6, 2) No. of favourable outcome: Required probability = Option (b) is correct. (@ Favourable outcomes for getting sum 13 No. of favourable event = 0 Required probability = 2 = 0 Option (d) is correct (a) No. of favourable outcomes of getting sum less than or equal to 12 = 36 Required probability = $5 Option (@) is correct. () Favourable outcomes for Rahul {G.4), 4, 3), (1, 6), (6, DG 2), 2, 5)} No. of favourable outcome: Required probability = i= % Option (¢) is correct. (») Favourable outcomes = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (4 5). 5. 4), (5, 5), (6,4), (4 6). 6, 6), (6, 5), (6. 6)} No. of favourable outcomes = 10 10 LS 36 18 Required probability Option (d) is correct. Two friends are travelling in a bus. They were feeling bored, so they started playing a game with a pair of dice that one of them had. Each of them started rolling the pair of dice one by one, stating one condition before rolling. If the person gets the numbers according to the condition stated by him, he wins and get a score. Fig. 148Based on the above information, answer the following questions. (i) @) First friend says, “a doublet”. What is the probability of his winning? (@) Second friend says, “sum less than 9”, What is the probability of his winning? (ii) (@) First one says, “6 will come up either time.” What is the probability of his winning? (®) Second one says, “sum is an even number”. What is the probability of his losing? Sol. (i) (@) Number of doublets are {(1, 1), 2, 2), (3.3), 4 4), (3, 5), (6, 6)} i, 6. “eal poet renee = 6 rpe-e-t (6) Possible cases of sum less than 9 are {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (2, 1), @, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3). (3, 4), (3, 5) (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), 4, 4) (5, 1), G, 2), 6, 3) (6.1), 6, 2) ie, 26 ‘ = 28, 8 + P@)= 35 = 1g (@) @ Possible cases when 6 will come up either time are (C1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6). (4, 6), (3, 6), (8, 1), (6, 2), (6, 8), (6, 4). (6, 5), (6, BY} He., HI Number of favourable outcomes = 1. an + PO) = 36° (8) Possible cases for which sum is an even number are {, 1), (3), (1, 5), @ 2), (2; 4), 2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 3), B, 5), 4 2), Gs 4), 4, 6), ©, 1), 5,3), 5), (6. 2). (6,4), (6, 6)} 42, 18. 1 18 PE 36-3 Probability of his losing is 1— & Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each] 1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions. (® The probability of getting exactly one head in tossing a pair of coins is 1 1 @o wl OF ws (i) A spinner is shown below. Fig. 149Some of the events are listed below, when the spinner is spinned. Event 4: The spinner lands on a multiple of 11. Event B: The spinner lands on a number less than 11. Event C: The spinner lands on a number more than 10. Which of the following statement is true about the three events? (a) Probability of Event 4 is 1, so is a sure event while the probabilities of Events B and Care 0, so they are impossible events. ©) Probability of Event B is 1, so B is a sure event while the probabilities of Events A and Care 0, so they are impossible events. (©) Probability of Event 4 is 1, so A is an impossible event while the probabilities of Events Band C are 0, so they are sure events. (@ Probability of Event B is 1, so B is an impossible event while the probabilities of Events A and Care 0, s0 they are sure events (ii) A dic is thrown once, the probability of getting a prime number is @ 2 oy oF ws (@) When four coins are tossed simultaneously, which of the following represents the sample space? [Competency Based Question] @|__ HHH HHT HATH HTH THHH HHT TTHH MrT THTT THT rrr Trt [sana HHT HATH Tan THHA TAHT HTH HITT TATT THT Tr ‘Tr © HHHH HHHT HHTH HTHH THNH MTT uTHT MrT THHT THTH TTHH MrT THTT THT Tra ‘TrrT @ [Hann HHT HATH HTHH THA HTT THT HTTH HTH THT TAH MrT TATT THT TIT Trt (®) OF 50 students in a class, 16 prefer cricket, 8 prefer football, 8 prefer basketball and rest of the students prefer either tennis or hockey. There are twice as many students who prefer tennis as the number of students who prefer hockey. A student is randomly selected from the class. Which statement is correct? (@ The probability of selecting a student who prefer hockey is more than that of selecting a student who prefer football (®) The probability of selecting a student who prefer tennis is more than that of selecting a student who prefer football. (©) The probability of selecting a student who prefer hockey is more than that of selecting a student who prefer tennis. (@) The probability of selecting student who prefer basketball is more than that of selecting a student who prefer cricket1 Very Short Answer Questions: [1 mark each] 2. Ina single throw of a die, what is the probability of getting a prime number? 3. A number is chosen from the numbers 1 t0 50, What is the probability that the selected number is multiple of 5? 4. The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.085. What is the number of bad eggs in the lot? 5. Anumber x is chosen at random from the numbers that |x|-< 2? 6. A bag contains 3 black marbles, 5 red marbles and 6 white marbles. If a marble is picked at random, then what is the probability that it is not a white marble? 1, 0, 1, 2, 8. What is the probability 7. Avni and Arushi draws one ball each from a bag containing 2 red and 3 green balls. Avni draws a red ball first which is not put back. What is the probability that Arushi who draws next also gets ared ball? 8. Aletter of English alphabet is chosen at random, What is the probability that it is a letter of the word ‘MATHEMATI 9. A bag contains 3 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the drawn ball is not red? [CBSE Delhi 2017 (C)} © Short Answer Questions-I: [2 marks each] 10. Two different dice are tossed together. Find the probability: (@ of getting a doublet (i) of getting a sum 10, of the numbers on the two dice. (CBSE 2018 (30/1)] 11, The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black and green marbles is £. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jaris 1. Ifthe jar contains 22 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar. [Competency Based Question) 12. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting () a composite number, (i) a prime number. [CBSE 2019 (80/3/1)] 18. Cards numbered 7 to 40 were put in a box. Poonam selects a card at random. What is the probability that Poonam selects a card which is a multiple of 5? 14, A’bag contains 15 balls, out of which some are whitg and the others are black. Ifthe probability of drawing a black ball at random from the bag is =, then find how many white balls are there in the bag. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)} 15. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing a card which is neither a spade nor a king. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)] 16. Three different coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting exactly one head. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/3)} 17. Adie is thrown once. Find the probability of getting () an even number (ji) an odd number. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/3)) 18. A pair of dice is thrown once. Find the probability of geuing (@) even number on each die (i) a total of 9. [CBSE 2019 (C) (30/1/1)), 19. A bag contains some balls of which x are white, 2v are black and 3x are red. A ball is selected at random. What is the probability that it is @) not red? (ii) white? [CBSE 2019 (C) (30/1/1))20, 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. A bag contains 6 white balls numbered 1 wo 6 and 4 red balls numbered 7 to 10. Find the probability of getting a (@) red ball with even number on it. (®) an odd number ball. Acard is drawn at random from a well-shutlled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting a red face card. ‘Two coins are tossed simultancously. What is the probability of getting at least one head? What is the probability of geuing atmost one tail when wo coins are tossed simultaneously? A letier of English alphabet is chosen at random. Determine the probability that the letter is a consonant. If probability of success is 63%, what is the probability of failure? There are 30 cards of same size in a bag on which the numbers { to 30 are written. One card is taken out of the bag at random, Find the probability that the number on the selected card is not divisible by 3. In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, find the probability of gewing a doublet of even numbers. A number is selected at random from first 50 natural numbers. Find the probability that it is a multiple of 3 and 4 Two different dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of numbers appearing on the two dice is 10. [CBSE (F) 2014) ‘Two different dice are wssed together. Find the probability: ( that the number on each die is even. (that the sum of numbers appearing on the two dice is 5, [CBSE (AD 2014] = Short Answer Questions-II: [3 marks each] Bi. 32. 33. 35. 36. ‘Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting the sum [NCERT Exemplar] @9 GL (di) a prime number. ‘Two dice are thrown at the same time, Determine the probability that the difference of the numbers on the two dice is; INCERT Exemplar] @0 2 ‘Two different dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the product of the numbers appeared is less than 18, [CBSE (F) 2017) A die has its six faces marked 0, 1, 1, 1,6, 6. Two such dice are thrown together and the total score is recorded, INERT Exemplar] (@ How many different scores are possible? (i) Whatis the probability of getting 2 total of 7? A bag contains white, black and red balls only. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. The getting a red ball, Ifthe bag contains 20 black balls, then find the total number of balls in the bag, A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that: (® 3 will not come up either time? Gi) 3 will come up at least once?37, A bag contains 8 red, 7 orange and 9 green balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the drawn ball is: ( orange or green. i) not orange. (i) neither green nor red. 38. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card. drawn is neither a black card nora king. 39. Alll the jacks, queens and Kings are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well shuffled. Then one card is drawn at random. Ifan ace is given a value I, find the probability that the card has a value: 5 (i) less than 5. (iii) greater than 5. 40. A bag contains cards which are numbered from 2 to 90. A card is drawn at random from the bag, Find the probability that it bears: ( asingle digit number. (i) a number which is a perfect square. AL, A carton of 24 bulbs contain 6 defective bulbs. One bulb is drawn at random, What is the probability that the bulb is not defective? L'the bulb selected is defective and it is not replaced and a second bulb is selected at random from the rest, what is the probability that the second bulb is defective? INCERT Exemplar] 42, A child’s game has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red, and 10 squares of which 6 are blue and rest are red. One piece is lost at random, Find the probability that it is a: INGERT Fxemplar] @ triangle (i) square. (ii) square of blue colour. (v) triangle of red colour. 43, Box a contains 25 slips of which 19 are marked @1 and other are marked %5 each. Box b contains 50 slips of which 45 are marked 81 each and others are marked 815 each. Slips of both the boxes are poured into a third box and reshutlled. A slip is drawn at random, What is the probability that it is marked other than @17 [NGERT Exemplar] 44, Alovof60 bulbs contain 12 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot, What is the probability that this bulb is defective? Suppose the bulb drawn in first attempt is defective and is not replaced. Now, one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective? [Competency Based Question] = Long Answer Questions: [5 marks each] 45. The King, Queen and Jack of clubs are removed from a pack of 52 cards and then the remaining cards are well shuffled. A card is selected from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting a card [CBSE 2018 (C) 30/1] ( of spade (i) of black king (ai) of dub (i) of jacks 46, The probability of selecting a green marble at random from a jar that contains only green, white al ens ie eS acaba aes or NaN jar is 4. tf this jar contains 10 yellow marbles, what is the total number of marbles in the jar? 347. Red queens and black jacks are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. A card is drawn at random from the remaining cards, after reshuflling them. Find the probability that the drawn card is: ( aking. (ii) a face card. (@) of red colour. () aqueen. [CBSE (AD 2014) 48, Cards numbered 1 to 30 are put in a bag. A card is drawn at random from this bag. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is: () not divisible by 3. (#) a prime number greater than 7. (ii) nota perfect square number, [CBSE (F) 2014] Answers LO® ® (ii) ©) © © ® at 4.14 4 9. 2 10 Of oe 11. 40 marbles wot wy 1 Lt Numberof white al 5 me wd moe |S gz wh WO WE 2@F wt ae 22.3 23.3 25. 37% 26, 2 an. 2s. 2 we sot wt sod wo wo st wi as. 2 a6 «ay 602 we a0F wR ww EZ 32.05 w? wt woe we AL. P (not detective) = 2, P @nd bulb defective) = & 5 5 u 25 an 4 @ Ras 3 1 10 3 2 sot wo w2 wh sv 2 5 OR OF WE WE 202 @E weSelf-Assessmen' Time allowed: | hour Max, marks: 40 SECTION A 1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. @x1=3) ( A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 white balls and 7 black balls. What is the probability that a ball drawn from the bag at random will be neither red nor black? 1 1 7 8 @s oF; Om of (i When a dic is thrown, the probability of getting an even number less than 4 is 1 1 1 @z oo OF Cs (i) Which of the following can be the probability of an event? (a) -0.04 1.004 of @s 2. Solve the following questions. @x1=2) () In a game, a number is chosen at random from the set 1, 2, 3, ..28, 29, 30. What is the probability that the number chosen is a product of exactly two different prime numbers? (i) The probability of getting a bad egg from a lot of 500 eggs is 0.028. What is the number of bad eggs? SECTION B Solve the following questions. @x2=8) 3, Find the probability that a number selected from the numbers 1 to 25 is not a prime number when each of the given numbers is equally likely to be selected. 4, Two diflerent dice are rolled simultaneously. appearing on the two dice is 10. \d the probability that the sum of numbers 5. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting: () same number on both dice. (@) different numbers on both dice. 6. Acoin is ssed 2 times. List the possible outcomes. Find the probability of geuting: (@ atleast one head (i) atmost one head. 1 Solve the following questions. (x3 =12) 7. The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 cards. The remaining cards are mixed together and then a card is drawn at random from it. Find the probability of geuing (a face card (i) a card of heart (ii) a card of clubs () a queen of 8. Abag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag. ond.9. A box contains 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20. A card is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is (@ divisible by 2 or 8 (i) a prime number. 10. Ina game, the entry fee is &5. The game consists of tossing a coin 3 times. [fone or two heads show, Sweta gets her entry fee back. If she shows 8 heads, she receives double the entry fees. Otherwise, she will lose. After tossing a coin three times, find the probability that she: () loses the entry fee. (ii) gets double entry fee. (Gi) just gets her entry fee. 1 Solve the following questions. (8x5 = 15) 11. A.box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. [fone disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears () a wo-digit number, (é) a number divisible by 5. [CBSE (F) 2017] 12. Cards, on which numbers 1, 2, 3, .....1 100 are written (one number on one card and no ‘number is repeated) are put in a bag and are mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at random from. the bag. Find the probability that card taken out has () an even number (i) a number which is a multiple of 13 (ii) a perfect square number (@) a prime number less than 20 13, A dice is rolled twice. Find the probability that: (@ 5 will not come up either time. (i) 5 will come up exactly one time. [CBSE (F) 2014] Answers 1. @®) @) @ Gi) 205 wi 3 sO we Par 3 10 1 6. (HH, HT, THT} > Gi) p oF wh wy 3 2 3 8.45 O08 we wot we GE 2 Log OF BOF Of Hy ME no® we