1 4 Probability Fastracl« Revision > Experiment: An operation which can produce some » Favourable Outcomes: The outcomes which ensure the well-defined outcomes is called an experiment. occurrence of an event are called favourable outcomes of > Random Experiment: An experiment in which all possible the event. ‘outcomes are known and the exact outcome cannot be» Probability: Probability of occurrence of an event, predicted in advance, is called a random experiment, p(g) » Number of Favourable outcomes | » Outcome: A possible result of a random experiment is Total number of possible outcomes called its outcome, > P(E)+P (note) =1 » Sample Space: The collection of all possible outcomes of an or experiment i called the sample space of the experiment. > Event: The collection of all or some of the possible ‘outcomes is called an event. » Elementary Event: An event having only one outcome of the random experiment Is called an elementary event. > Occurrence of anEvent:An event Eassociatedtoarandom experiment is said to occur, if any one of the elementary events associated to the event € is an outcome. > Equally Likely Events: A given number of events are sald tobe equally likely iFnone of them is expected to occur in preference to the other. > Complementary Event: Let E be an event in a sample space, the complement of € is the collection of all ‘outcomes of the space other than the outcomes in € and itis denoted by E P(E) or P(E) = 1-P(E). 18 BOOSTER 1. Probability ofa sure or certain event is 1. 2. Probability ofan impossible event i O. 3, OsPlE)St 4, The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1 5. Ifwe want to get a result in percentage, multiply the probability volve by 100, 6. A coin has two sides—Head (H) and Tail (7) 7. Adie has six faces marked as 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 Deck of Playing Cards S2cards 26 Red 26 Black 13 Hearts 13 Diamonds 13.Clubs 13Spades . King (13) King (13), King (13) King (13), cards Queen (12) Queen (12) Queen (12) Queen (12) Jack (11) Jack (11) Jack (11) Jack (11) 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 8 a 8 a 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 s s s 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 ‘Ace (1) Ace (1) Ace (1) Ace (1) > Jacks, queens and kings are all considered face cards. Thus, there are three face cards for each suit and a total of 3» 12 Face cards in the deck® Mutt x Practice Exercise le Choice Questions YW QL. Which of the following numbers cannot be the 2 Qa. 4. Qs. 96. Qe. Q9. probability of an event? [case2023} 5 1 os 205 &. 5% et g 28 05 % A dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting a number less than 7. {BSE 2023} 5 2 bl « ao 1 6 For an event E, P(E) + P(E) = x, then the value 3 is: {CBSE2021 Torn) a2 b2 cl a4 The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 js 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is: INCERT ExeMPLAR} aq bw ca 4.28 ‘When a die is thrown, the probability of getting an even number less than 4 {case sop 2023-24) 1 1 a ae a bo c 1 z ‘Adie is thrown once. The probability of getting an odd prime number is: 1 2 1 3 [BSE 2023} d rolled once. The probability that a composite number cames up, is: [case2023} 1 2 1 as v3 eg do The probability of getting an even number or a multiple of 3 if an unbiased die Is thrown, is: ‘ d. None of these WIN wi ‘Abag contains 5 pink, 8 blue and 7 yellow bas. One ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability of getting neither ablue nor a pink ball? {case 2023} a i a a 2 Quo. qu. Qu. 13, qu. Qus. Que. Qu. Que, A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. The probability of getting a red card is: {case 2023) 1 1 1 1 2 35 B 6% *F A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of getting an ace of spade is: {c0se2023] 1 3 1 1 a aod © 35 oe A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffied deck of 52 playing cards. The probability that it is a red king, is: {ca5€ 2023} ad Bs a B 53 1 2 “36 ‘3 A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of getting a face card is: [case2023) 1 a 4 1 ad og ‘a oR ‘Acard is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. The probability that the card drawn is not an ace Is: (c0se2023] 1 9 2B i) ad a2 B 3 Acard is drawn from a well shuffled deck of cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is neither aking nora queen? (cose Sop 2021 Term} a. 1113 bo 123 126 6. 152 2 cards of hearts and 4 cards of spades are missing from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a black card from the remaining pack? [cose sap 2023-24) 22 22 a » 22 52 a6 24 24 ca a, 52 6 ‘Two fair coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most one head? [cose sop 2021 Term) a3 be Ve . Sundays is 5 Reason (R): The probability that a non-leap year Assertion (A): Two players Sania and Deepika play a tennis match. If the probability of Sania winning the match is 0.68, then the probability of Deepika winning the match is 0.32. Reason (R): The sum of the probability of two complementary events is 1. Assertion (A): Cards numbered 5 to 102 are placed in a box. If a card is selected at random from the box, then the probability that the card selected has a number which fa perfect square,is Reason (R): Probability of an event & is a number P(E) such that 0 < P(E) <1. Assertion (A): The probabil of getting a prime number, when adie is thrown once, is 2 3 Reason (R): On the faces of a die, prime numbers are 2, 3,5. [case 2023) & Fill in the Blanks Type Questions y Qa. 32. 933, 34. 935. 936. Qa. 938, 39. 40. Probability of an event cannot be (Negative/positive). ‘The outcomes which ensure the occurrence of an ‘event are called outcomes. The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is a space. te ning a ithe protably of geting snob Bis. Ifa bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls and a ball 's drawn at random from te bag, the probability of getting a black ball is @) True/False Type Questions ‘The probability of an event is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. [NcERrexencise] IF P(E) = 0.05, then the probability of not Is 0.85. The probability of getting any day in a week Is 1. The probability of getting a prime number if a die is thrown once, is 1/2. ‘Two different coins are tossed simultaneously. The 3 probability of getting atleast one headis >.a 10 (9 GeoB=2- can not be the value of probably, because probability of any event greater than equal to O and less than equal to 1 (b) Possible outcomes «1, 2.3,4.5.6 Total number of possible outcomes Favourable outcomes = numbers less than 7 =1.2.3. 45.6 Total number of favourable outcomes = 6 So. probability of getting a number less than 6 TEs! @) TR! CK P(E) + PE) Given P(E)+PLE) xl 23-3(1)?-3 21-3=-2 (b) Here. total number of eggs Probability of getting a bad eg: Now, = Number of tad eggs Total number of eggs Number of bad eggs 400 os Number of bad eggs = 0.035 x 400 = 14 (d) Possible outcomes = 1.2.3. 4.5.6 Total number of possible outcomes = 6 Favourable outcomes = even numbers less than 4. =2 Total number of favourable outcomes So. probability of getting an even number less than (0) Possible outcomes « 1, 2,3,4,56 Total number of possible outcomes = Favourable outcomes = odd prime numbers 3.5 Total number of favourable outcomes = 2 So. probability of getting an odd prime number “63 (¢) Possible outcomes « 1, 2,3, 4, 5.6 Total number of possible outcomes = 6 Favourable outcomes » Composite numbers » 4, 6 Total number of favourable outcomes = 2 So. probability of getting @ composite number 2.1 63 (€) Total number of sample outcomes = 6 and favourable outcomes = getting an even number or a multiple of 3 = (2.4, 6) or (3,6) = (2. 3.4.6) 10. ", 2 14 15, 16. Total number of favourable outcomes = 4 42 Required probability 3 1. (c) Number of favourable outcomes =7as there are 7 yellow balls because a ball getting neither a blue nor a pink Number of all possible outcomes 5 pink + 8 blue + 7 yellow = 20 7 Required probability = quired probability = 55 (d) Number of possible outcomes = 52 Total number of favourable outcomes » Number of red cards in a deck of 52 playing cards = 26 So. pebby of getin aed cad = 28 (d) Number of possible outcomes = 52 Total number of favourable outcomes = 13 spade cards in a deck of 52 playing cards, in which only ‘one ace card of spade. ai So, probablty of geting an ace of spade = (©) Number of possible outcomes = 52 Total number of favourable outcomes = There are 26 red cards in which only 2 kings of red cotour. 2 So, probabilty getting ared king ==. (b) Number of favourable outcomes No.of face cards In a deck of 52 playing cards =2 Number of all possible outcomes - 52 23 23 (4) Favourable outcomes = Number of ace cards = 4 Number of all possible outcomes = 52 44 2G =P (getting an ace card) Required probability P (getting an ace card) Required probability (2) Number of cards in a well shuffled deck = 52 ina well shuffled deck of cards, there are 4 kings and 4 queens Total numiver of possible outcomes = 52 and total number of favourable outcomes (oeither a king nor a queen) = 52-4~4 = 44 44m 23 (b) Number of cards in a well shuffled deck = 52 Ina well shuffled deck of cards, there are 13 hearts ‘and 13 spades cards. Out of these cards, 2 cards of hearts and 4 cards of spades are missing. Required probabilTotal number of possible outcomes #52=2-4 252-6 046 Now. total no. of black cards in a well shuffled deck of cards = (13 + 13) ~4 = 26 ~4 =22 Total number of favourable outcomes = 22 20 So. required probability == = {coMMONJ ERROR Mostly, students commit the error in finding total outcomes of the event. 7. (a) Possible outcomes are (HH). (HT). (TH). (TT) -Total number of possible outcomes = 4 Favourable outcomes (at most one head) are (HT), (TH) and (TT) Total numberof favourable outcomes = 3 So, (getting at most ane head) =2 18. (4) Possible outcomes = HH, HT, TH, TT Total number of possible outcomes = 4 Favourable outcomes = Atmost two heads HH.HT, TH, TT Total number of favourable outcomes « 4 So. probability of getting atmost two heads -4 19. (0) Number of favourable outcomes = 1 as only 2 Is the prime number. Number ofall possible outcomes = 25 (No. of cards) 1 Required probabiity = quired probability = 20. (¢) Total number of possible outcomes » No.of cards =100 Favourable eutcemes = Perfect cube numbers = (8.27.64) Total numberof favourable outcomes = 4 41 So. the required probability =—4 21 avired probably =s06 = 35 21. (2) Total number of outcomes = 40 Multiples of 5 from Ito 40 are (5 10,15, 20,25, 30 35, 40) So. number of favourable number of autcames = 8 Required probability -2 = 2 22. (o) TiP In English alphabets, there are 21 consonants and Sonels. Number of letters in English alphabet = 26 Number of consonants = 21 So, favourable number of cutcomes = 21 a Required probabity = 2 23. (2) Possible outcomes (English Alphabets) =(AB...¥.2} Number of possible outcomes» 26 Favourable outcomes (a letter of MATHELCS) Number of favourable autcomes = @ 8 Required probablity =3. = the word 24, (b) Total number of balls = 5+. So, the possible number of outcomes = 5+ 0 a Now. P (drawing a green ball) == no Also. P(drawing a red ball) =: 50. P(drawing a red ball) = =" ‘According to the question, n 5 a san{ea]= 0" 25. (b) Number of days in a non-leap year = 365 Number of complete weeks = 52 Number of days left =1 Probability of this day belng a Monday »Probaityof 58 Mondnys=2 {EOMMON) ERRORS + Some students confuse between ordinary year and ieop yeor * Aordinory year has 365 days. + Aleap year has 366 days. + Some students take 365 days in @ leap year and get rong answer 26. (b) Assertion (A) Total possible outcomes = 2x24 Number of favourable outcomes of getting no tall= 1 (le, (H.H)) So, Assertion (A) is true. Reason (R): Total possible outcomes » 2 Number of favourable outcomes = I {Le. H) Required probablity = 2 So, Reason (R) is true Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) 7. (0) Assertion (A): Number of daysin a leap year = 366 Number of complete weeks = 52 Number of days left = 2 Probability of these days being Sunday “ret oF 58 Sune 2 So, Assertion (A) is true. Reason (R): Number of days in a non-leap year = 365 Number of complete weeks = 52 Number of days left «128. 29. 30. 3 a2, 33 34, Probability of this day being a Sunday = Probability orsasundos = 0, Reason (R) Is false Hence, Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) Is false. (a) Assertion (A): Let € be the event ‘Sania win the match So. probability of Sania winning the match = P(E) 068 P(E) +P@)=1 Probability of Deepika winning the match =P@) =1-068-032 So. Assertion (A) Is true Reason (R):|Itis true to say that sum of probability of two complementary events is 1 Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (2) Assertion (A): So. total number of possible outcomes = 98 Let € be the event of selecting a card with square number. So. favourable outcomes to € are (2.16.25, 36, 49.64.81 100}/2..8 a4 we)= Bat ‘ 98 49 So, Assertion A) is true Reason (R): Its a true statement Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (4) Assertion (A): Possible outcomes « 1.2.3.4 5.6 “Total numberof possible outcome: Favourable outcomes = prime numbers on adie #235 Total number of a favourable outcomes = 3 3 So, probability of getting a prime number Assertion (A) is false Reason (R) It's a true statement. Hence. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) Is true. Nogative Favourable sample In tossing a die (le.1,2.3.4,5, 6) Total possible number of outcomes = 6 Favourable number of outcomes = 0 (Number 8 is not exist ina die) there are six numbers Probability of getting a number @ Total number of balls in a boy = 4 +5 = 9 balls. Number of favourable outcomes = number of a black ball = 4 The probability of getting a black ball _ Number of favourable outcomes "Total number of outcomes True 37. TR!CK PIB) + Proot Given. P(e) =005 P(E) + P(not €) = 1 > P(not €) = 1-P(E) = 1-005 =095 Hence, given statement is false. 3B. Total number of days in a week = 7 Number of favourable days in a week =7 Probability of getting any day in a week 2 1 Hence. it isa true statement. Total number of possible outcomes =6 Numer of favourable outcome of getting a prime number = 3 (Ve, 2. 3.5) The probability of getting a prime number Number of favourable outcomes Total number of possible outcome: 38, Hence. given statement is true. 40. Total number of possible outcomes = 4 Le. (11), (4.7). (T.H). (HH) Number of favourable outcomes of getting at least one head = 3 (le. (H. 1). (T.H). (H. H)) Required probability Hence. given statement is true. Case Study Based Questions y Case Study 1 In the month of May, the weather forecast department gives the prediction of weather for the month of June. The given table shows the probabilities of forecast of different days: Days | Sunny] Cloudy] Partially | Rainy cloudy Probability | 1 x J y 2 5 Based on the above information, solve the Jollowing questions: QL. The number of sunny days in June is as bo cS 4.20 Q2. Ifthe number of cloudy days in June is 5, then x = 1 1 1 1 a bs by ayaa 94. as. Te probability thatthe days nat any is B ma 6 15 1 ct d. None of these If the sum of x and y is Jothen the number of rainy days in June, is: al b2 ca a4 Find the number of partially cloudy days: a2 ba cé ae Solutions Total number of days in June = 30 ‘Number of sunny days = P(sunny day) x 30. i =1x30=15 z So. option (c) Is correct. Number of cloudy days In June = 5 1 6 So. option (b) is correct Required probability “26'S” 30 30 So, option (a) is correct. sail gall, a 5 Wehave, x+y=3— So, number of rainy days 50. option (d) Is correct Number of partially cloudy days = Plpartally cloudy days) 20-2420 -6 So. option (c) Is correct. Case Study 2 Two friends Soniya and Deepak have some saving in their piggy bank. They decided to count the total coins they both had. After “e > “ \ counting they find they A have fifty 21 coins, forty eight %2 coins, thirty six %5 coins, twenty eight 10 coins and eight 820 coins. Now, they said {0 Annu, their another friend, to choose @ coin randomly. Find the probability that the coin chosen is: Based on the given information, solve the following questions: QL. %5 coin: 0 26 8 1 * 5 a5 “as a3 Q2. 220 coin: B 4 4 ao b. EB c d. rE Q3. Nota %10 coin: ae b 38 ed aft 3 35 5 B Q4. Of denomination of atleast 710: a 36 1 6 afl pg aX 85 85 7 85 Q5. Of denomination of atmost %5: 67 36 8 2 a5 ° as “es Solutions 1. Total numberof coins = 50+ 48 +36 + 28-+8 =o Number of 25 coins = 36 268 Required probablity = 26.18 equred probably = 35, = 18 . Number of 220 coins = B Required probability =. Number of #10 coins = 28 28 pequred (oinisofe0) = 22 iequired (coin is of @10) Wo Required probability = 1 P(coin Is of €10) 28 wan fo" oes |. Total number of coins of €10 and €20 36,18. 70° a5 Total numberof cons of #1 22 and 25 250-4 48 +36 = 134 Required probability = Required probability Case Study 3 Blood group describes the type of blood a person has. It is a classification of blood on the presence of absence of inherited antigenic substances on. the surface of red blood cells. Blood types predict whether a serious reaction will occur in a blood transfusion. In a sample of 50 people, 21 had type O blood, 22 had type A, 5 had type B and rest had type AB blood group. [c#se 2023]an Q2 93. 06 od Based on the given information, solve the {following questions: ‘What is the probability that a person chosen at random had type 0 blood? What is the probability that a person chosen at random had type AB blood group? What is the probability that a person chosen at random had neither type Anor type B blood group? or What is the probability that person chosen at random had either type A or type B or type O blood group? |. Total number of possible outcomes Solutions Number of people = 50 Number of peaple had type O blood = 21 Number of people had type A blood = 22 Number of people had type B blood Number of people had type AB blood = 50-(21+22+5)=50-48=2 Total number of possible outcomes = 50 No. of favourable outcomes = No. of people had type O blood = 21. Probability that a person chosen at random had 21 type 0 blood = 2 . Total number of possible outcomes =50 No. of Favourable outcomes = No. of people had type AB blood = 2 +. Probability that a person chosen at random had 201 type AB blood = 2 = 1 vi 50” 25 50 No.of favourable eutcomes «No.of people which have nelther type A nor type 8 blood group. =50- (22+ 5)= 80-27 =23 Probabilty that a person chosen at random had 2a 0 neither type A nor type B blood group Or Total number of possible outcomes = 50 No. of favaurable outcomes = No. of people which have either type A or type B ar type O blood group. w 2245421648 Probability that person chosen at random had either type A or type B or type O blood group Case Study 4 Sunny goes to a store to purchase juice cartons for his shop. The store has 80 cartons of litchi Juice, 90 cartons of pineapple juice, 38 cartons of mango juice and 42 cartons of banana juice. If Sunny chooses a carton at random Qn Q2 Q3. Based on the above information, solve tke following questions: Find the probability that the selected carton is of pineapple juice. ‘What is the probability that selecting carton is of banana juice? Sunny buys 4 cartons of pineapple juice, 3 cartons of |itchi juice and 3 cartons of banana A customer comes to Sunny’s shop and picks a tetrapack of juice at random. Find the probability that the customer picks a banana juice, if each carton has 10 tetrapacks of juice. or If the storekeeper bought 14 more cartons of pineapple juice, then find the probability of selecting a tetrapack of pineapple juice from the store. Solutions Total possible outcomes = Total number of cartons inthe store =80+90+38+42=250 No. of favourable outcomes = No. of pineapple's cartons = 90 909 hi i ice carton) = 22-2 P\choosing a pineapple [ulce carton) = 55 = 55 No, of favaurable outcomes = No. of banana julce cartons = 42 422 350 125 Total number of cartons Sunny baught 24434310 No.of tetrapacks in Y carton = 10 No.of favourable outcomes » 3 x10 Total possible outcomes. = Total number of tetrapacks Sunny has = 10 « 10 » 100 So, P(customer picks a banana juice tetrapack) 2103. “00 “70 {choosing a banana juice carton)or Number of cartons left with storekeeper 250-10 = 240 Number of cartons he bought = 14 Total number of cartons are with storekeeper = 200+ 14 = 254 Total possible outcomes = Total number of tetrapack now =254 «10 No.of favourable outcomes No. of tetrapack of pineapple juice = (90-4414) x10 So, P(selecting a tetrapack of pineapple juice from store) _(90-4414)10_ 100 _ 50 24x10” 254" 127 Case Study 5 Vivek is very fond of collecting balls of different colours. He has a total of 25 balls in his basket out of which five balls are red in colour and eight are white, Out of the remaining balls, some are green in colour and the rest are pink. Based on the above information, solve the following questions QL. Ifthe probability of drawing a pink ball is twice the probability of drawing a green ball, then find the number of pink balls. 2. Find the probability of drawing a ball of colour other than green colour. 3. Find the probability of drawing either a green or white ball. or What is the probability that drawn ball is neither a pink nor a white ball? Solutions 1. As the total number of balls is 25 and number of red, balls + white balls is 13 Total number of green balls + pink balls 25-1 =12 Let the number of pink balls be x. ‘Then the number of green balls = 12 ~ x We know, Prabability of an event € is given by (c) « Number of outcomes favourable to€ Total Number of possible outcomes Probability of drawing a pink ball probabilty of drawing a green ball = 2—* Ils given that. P (pink bal)» 2» P(green ball) x _5,(2=x = 8 > cc } 3 xe%-2k Bee Dhox= Therefore. number of pink balls = 8 2. From part (I). number of green balls = 4 Number of balls of colour ather than green balls, 225-4221 Probability of drawing a ball of colour other than 2 green colour = 3, The number of green balls = 4 and number of white balls = 8 ‘Therefore. total number of green balls + white balls, =4+8=12 Probability of drawing either @ green or a white or The number of red balls = 5 and number of green balls » 4 Total number of red balls + green balls, 54 ho9 - Probability of drawing neither a pink ball nor a 9 white batt» 2 hs 25 Very Short Answer type Questions w QL. Ifa die is thrown once, find the probability of getting a number less than 3 and greater than 2. 10. temp) Q2. Inathrow of die, find the probability of getting an ‘odd number less than 6. Q3. A die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prime number. {c#se 2020} Q4. The probability of selecting a rotten apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18. What is the number of rotten apples in the heap? (cese2017) Q5. A box contains 90 discs, numbered from 1 to 90. I one disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears a prime number less than 23. Q6. What is the probability that a randomly taken leap year has 52 Sundays? [c@se 2020)® Short Answer type-| Questions & QL. Achild has a die whose six faces show the letters as. shown below: [case2020} Iesieslesital (alta) thrown once. What is the probability of ‘that in a leap year there will be [case2017} 53 Tuesdays. Q3. Adies thrown once. Find the probability of getting a ‘umber which, (i)is a prime number (i) lies between 2and6. INCERT EXERCISE; CBSE 2019] Q4. Two different dice are tossed together. Find the probability: () of getting a doublet. (ii) of getting a sum 10, of the numbers on the two dice. [case 2018} QS. Anintegeris chosen at random between 1 and 100. Find the probability that itis: () divisible by 8. (li) not divisible by 8. case 2018} Q6. Cards marked with numbers 5 to 50 (one number fon one card) are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card taken out is (i) a prime number less than 10, (i) a number which is a perfect square. {c85E 2019} Q7. From a well-shutfied deck of 52 playing cards, all diamond cards are removed. Now, a card is drawn from the remaining pack at random. Find the probability that the selected card is a king. [case 2023] 8. A Group Housing Society has 600 members, who have their Houses in the campus and decided to hold a tree plantation drive on the occasion of New Year. Each household was given the choice of planting a samplings of its choice. The number of different types of samplings planted were: ()) Neem-125 i) Peepal-165 (iil) Creepers-50 (iv) Fruit plants-150 (¥) Flowering plants-110 On the opening ceremony. One of the plant is selected randomly for a prize. After reading the above passage, answer the following questions. What is the probability that the selected plant i (2) A fruit plant or a flowering plant? (b) Either a Neem plant or a Peepal plant? [case 2020} ® Short Answer tupe-ti Questions y QL. A bag contains 6 red balls and 4 black balls. Aballis drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is: () red? (il) not red? [cose sop 2023-24] Q2, Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting: () atleast one head? (Ii) at most one tail? (ii) a head and a tail? [case sop 2022.23} 3. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards, each of the 52 cards being equally likely to be drawn. Find the probability that the card drawn is: ared king (ii) ‘2’ of spade (ii) ‘10° of a black suit. (c0se 2016) 4. Five cards-ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random. (i) What is the probability that the card is the queen? (li) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is: (2) an ace? (b) a queen? INcERTexencise] QS. Ina cricket match, Rohit faces 100 balls. He hits 14 fours, 3 sixes and remaining singles in his score of 140 runs. Find the probability that on playing next ball he wil ( hit a four (ii) make a single run (ii) not be able to score. Q6. A bag contains 4 red, 5 green and 8 white balls. ‘One ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability of getting: (i) a red ball or a white ball (ii) neither a red ball nor a white ball (case 2017) Q7. Red queen and black jacks are removed from a pack ‘of 52 playing cards. Acard is drawn at random from. the remaining cards, after reshuffling them. Find the probability that the drawn card is: (aking (ii) of red colour (ii) a face card (iv) aqueen. Long Answer Type Questions y Q1. A box contains 90 discs, numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random, then find the probability that it bears a multiple of 15. [cose2023) iscs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two- digits number, (i) a number divisible by 5. INCERT EXERCISE; CBSE2017) Q2. A box contains 90(Q3. Cards numbered 1 to 30 are put in a bag. A card is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is: ()) not divisible by 3. (li) a prime number greater than7 not a perfect square number. Q4. Cards marked with numbers 1 to 100 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn from this box. Find the probability that number on the card is: (case 2017) Solut Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. There's no such number lying on/a dle whichis less than 3 and greater than 2 Probability will be zero. 2. Possible outcomes =1,2.3.4,5,6 Total number of possible outcomes = 6 Favourable outcomes = 1.3.5 Total number of favourable outcomes = 3 So. probabllty of getting an odd number less than 6 ite romances All possible outcomes « 1, 2, 3.4.5.6 Total numberof possible outcomes 96 TiP ‘Lis neither prime nor composite. Now. favourable outcomes (Prime Numbers) =2.3,5 Total number of favourable outcomes = 3 So, P(getting @ prime number) _Number of favourableoutcomes |3)_ 1 Number of possibleoutcomes “6 “2 4, © Probabluty of selecting a ratten apple __ Number of rotten apples Total number of apples . 19 - Numberofrottenappies Number of ratten apples = 900 x 018 = 162 5. Total number of possible outcomes = 90 Favourable outcomes =Prime numbers less than 23 = 23,5.71131719 Total number of favourable outcomes = 8 So. the probability that it bears a prime number Less =f 4 than 23 agi = 6. A leap year has 52 Sundays and 2 other days, they may be Sunday-Monday. Monday-Tuesday Tue Wed Wed-Thur, Thur-Fri. Fri-Sat, Sat-Sun TiP Students should remember that a leap year contains Number of all possible outcomes = 7 Here, two cases out of seven have Sundays (an even number Gi) a number tess than 4 (iii) a multiple of 6 (iv) a number divisible by 3. Q5. Out of a deck of 52 playing cards, two black kings and 4 red cards (not king) are removed. A card is (a black jack. (iil) a black card (ii) ablack queen. (iv) aking. [cose 2017) 4, Sunday-Monday or Saturday-Sunday, IF these two days are known then number of Sundays would be $3, So. leave these cases from possible outcomes and get favaurable outcomes. Number of favourable outcomes =7=2=5 &. Number of favourable outcomes _5 Probebllty = Gifposslbiecuicomes 7 Short Answer Type-! Questions 1. Given that. die has six faces in which 3 faces has letter C, 2 faces has letter A and ane face has letter B. ‘And total possible outcomes &'6 ()Total favourable cases (when A comes) = 2 So. the probability of getting A __ Favourable cases “Possibleoutcomes ~6 ~3 (W)Tatat favourable cases (when C comes) = 3 So, the probability of getting C Fovourablecases | 3 1 Possible outcomes “G "7 2. Inaleap year there are 366 days We have, 366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days Thus. a leap year will have 52 Tuesdays and the remaining 2 days can be (Sun, Man) or (Mon, Tues) or (Tues. Wed) or (Wed. Thurs) oF (Thurs, Fri) or (Fri Sat) or (Sat. Sun) Total number of possible cases = Total number of favourable cases v2 Hence. required probability _Number af Favourablecases | 2 Number of possiblecases. ~ 7 {EOMMONJERR@)R Some students confuse between ordinary year and leap year ‘A ordinary year has 365 doys. © A leop year has 366 doys. Some students take 365 days in a leap year ond get a wrong answer.3. Total number oF possible outcomes = 6 (le.1.2.3.4.5.6) (i) Let & = Event of getting a prime number Then total number of favourable outcomes E23 (ie.2.3,5) Probability of getting a prime number =r(¢) Boater P(E) Er yeros (i) Let = Event of getting a number between 2 and 6. ‘Then total number of favourable outcomes €; =3 (ie, 3.4 and 5) Probability of gettinga number between 2 and 6. =P) ag =Fr05 4. Total number of possible outcomes = 6 x 6636 (i) Favourable outcomes = getting a doublet {(1 1). (2.2). (3. 3), (4. 4). (5. 5). (6. 6)} ‘Total number of Favourable outcomes s'6 So. the probably of geting a doublet (i) Favourable outcomes = (4,6). (5.5). (6.4)) Total number of favourable outcomes getting a sum 10 =3 So, the probabllty of getting a sum 10 = 5. Total number of possible outcomes = 98 (Numbers between and 100) (i) Numbers divisible by 8 are 8. 16. 24, 32.40. 48. 56, 64, 72, 80. 88 and $6. TRICK Series: 8,16, 24,.., 96 forms an AR Here, a= 8,d=16-8=8 and a, =96 0,204 (9-I)d 96 =8+(n-1)8> a= 4141-12 Number of favourable outcomes = 12 So. probablity of getting a number divisibie by 8 Rs 98 45 (i) Probability of getting a number not divisible by 8 ~ probability of getting a number divisible by 6 43 a 5-8 (-P(@) +P E)=1) 6. Total number of cards marked with 5 to 50 50-5 1=46 Total numberof outcomes «46 () Let & = Event of drawing a prime number less than 10, Number of favourable outcomes to €) =2 (le. Sand 7) Probability of drawing 2 prime number less than 10 =P) ee ay (i) Let €, = Event of drawing a perfect square ‘umber. Number of favourable outcomes to E'S (le. 9.16.25, 35.49) Probability of drawing a prime square number PE) ee 7. Total number of cards = 52 In a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, there are 13 diamond cards. Total number of cards removed = 52-13 = 39 Total number of possible outcames = Remaining cards « 5213 » 38, Number of favourable outcomes = Number of kings = (4-23 So, probability that the selected card is king as 3B 8, (2) Out of the 600 plants. there are 150 fruit plants and TIO flowering plants. 150+110 _ 260 _ 13 600° “600° 30 (®) Out of the 600 plants, there are 290 (125 + 165) plants which are either neem plants or peepal plants So, required probability = So, requlred probabiuty =-298 = 23 Short Answer Type-ll Questions 1. Total number of possible outcomes of balls = 6 +4 = 10 () There are 6 red balls. Total number of favourable autcomes = 6 total number So, probabilty thatthe ball drawnis red = 5 iy TRICK PIE) + P (not &) = 1 Probability that the ball drawn is not red I= probability that the ball drawnis red. 2. (I) Total number of outcomes =2«2=4 Number of favourable outcomes of getting at least one head = 3 Le, (H. 1), (T.H).(H.H)} P (Atleast one head) = 2 a i) Number of favourable outcomes of getting at ‘most one tail= 3 ie. (H.H). (TH). (H.1)) (At most one tail) 2 a (ii Number of favourable outcomes of getting head and a tall = 2 (e. ((H. T).(T. H)). 2,1 P (Ahead anda tall) «So3. Total number of possible outcomes 52 () Number of favourable outcomes = Number of red king =2 So, probability that the card drawn isa red king, i 52 “26 (i) Number of favourable outcomes ='2' of spade = 1 So. probability that the card drawn Is of spade pee 32 (ji) Number of favourable outcomes = 10 of a black suit=2 two suits of black cards, each contain ‘one card bearing number 10) So. probability that the card drawn is ‘10’ of 3 black suit 4 () Totalinumberof cards =5 Total number of queens = 1 Plgetting a queen) Number of favourable outcomes 4 Rumber of total possible outcomes = 5 (i) When the queen is drawn and put aside. the total number of remaining cards wil be 4. (2) Totalinumber of aces #1 = Plgetting an ace (b) As queen is already drawn. therefore, the rhumber of queens wil be 0 Plgetting a queen) = 2-0 5, Total number of outcomes ‘Total number of balls faced = 100. () Favourable outcomes = Number of balls on which as hit=14 he 50 {i) Favourable outcomes = Number of balls on which single runs taken Rohit’ score in 14 fours and 3 ses = x4+3%6 56 +18 = 74 Runs scored in singles =140-=74=166 Number of balls on which a single is taken =66 So, prébability that he will make a single run So. probability that he will hit a four (i) Favourable outcomes = Number oFbalsIAWhich he does not score =100= (4 +3 +66)=17 So. prabability that he will not be able to scare 7 “00 6. Total number of possible outcomes 423481815 (i) There are 4 red balls and 8 white bals ‘Total numiber of favourable outcomes =4 +8 = 2 0, probably of geting a red ball ora white ball » Bog (i) Probability of getting neither a red ball nor a white ball = 1- Probability of getting a red ball or a a white ball Ine = 2 7. Total number of cards = 52 Total number of cards removed «2 +204 ©. Totallnumber 6f possible outeornes = Remaining cards =52=4=48 () Number of favourable outcomes = Number of ings 4 So, BrOBAbIURY of getting a king = (il) Number of favourable outcomes = Number of remaining red colour cards = 26-2 = 24 24, So. probability of getting a red colour car 1 z (ul) Number of favourable outcomes = Number of remaining face cards =12=4=8 it oi 1 So, probability of getting aface card =-B = 1 (iv) Number oF favourable outcomes « Number of remaining queens =4-2=2 lity of getting a queen Se = So. probabilty of getting a queen |= Be {EOMMONJERROR Some students commit the eror in finding total outcomes of the event. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Given total number of discs in the box = 90 If a disc is drawn at randam then, total possible outcomes = (1.2.3,.... 90) = 80 Now, numbers multiple of 15 (15. 30, 45, 60, 75, 90) = 6 Total number of favourable outcomes of the event of bearing a number on the disc multiple of 56. So, probability that disc bears @ multiple of 15 No.of favourableoutcomes | 61 ‘No.of possiblecutcomes ~ 99 ~ 15 2. Given total number of discs in the box = 90 If a disc fs drawn at random then total possible outcomes = (1, 2,3....90)=90 () Two-digit numbers in these outcomes = (10, 11,12, ...90) = 90~10+1= 81Favourable outcomes of the event of bearing ‘a two digit number on the disc = 61 And total possible outcomes = 90 ‘Therefore, P(bearing a two digits number) __ Number of favourable outcomes Number of possible outcomes 9 30-10 (i) Numbers divisible by 5 = (5.10, 15, 20, TRICK Sequence: 5, 10, 15, ., 90 form an AP. becouse the difference between two consecutive number is 5 (constant) 0,20+(0— 1d 90=5+(0-1)5 =n-1=173 n=18 So, number of terms 1s 18. 90) =18 Favourable outcomes ofthe event of bearing a number on the disc dlvfsible by 5 = 18 ‘and total possible outcomes = 90 ‘Therefore. Ploearing a number divisible by 5) _ Number of favourable outcomes _ 18. “Number of possible outcomes 80 5 {COMMON] ERROR Some students make mistake in counting the favourable ‘outcomes of two digit numbers. They counts 10, 11, 90 25 80 rather thon 81 in precociy. ERRORS. Some students commit the following errors: # Total outcomes of event are incorec. © Favourable outcomes are incorrect. ‘© The result are not given in simplest form, eg, ‘4, Total number of possible outcomes = 100 () Favourable events = An even number (2.4.6. 100) TiP st swoon ecm rane be aoe fre ft probability and all answers must be in the simplest form. Total number of favourable outcomes = 100 100 3. Total number of possible outcomes =30 (i) Numbers divisible by 3 are 3.69, 12.15, 18, 21, 24 27.30 Number of favourable outcomes (numbers not divisible by3)=30=10=20 So. probability of getting a number not divisible eo. by3 55-4 (ii) Favourable outcomes (prime numbers greater than 7) = (01.13, 17,19, 23,29) Number of favourable outcomes = 6 So, prabability of getting a prime number ee 1 greater than? =py = t (i) Perfect squares between Ito 30 are 14,8, 16,25. So. numbers which are not perfect squares =30-5=25 Number of favourable outeom 5 So. probability of getting a non-perfect square wae .2 6 number B Number of even numbers >a 0 poet! So. the required probably «22 ‘gt probability 00 "2 (i) Fovoule outcomes =A number less than 4 > (L2and 3) Tots umbar of ovoursbe outcomes = 2 So. the required prabably ae (W)Fevourabe outcomes - A mutile of 6 = (6.12.18, 24. .... 96} TRICK Sequence 612,18, ., 96 forms on AP 0,08 (0b 96 =6+ (0-1) 6 = 15=n-1> =16 ‘Tota number of favourable outcomes =16 So. the required probability = Sy = A ()_Fevourabte outcome number divisible by 3 (3.6.9, 12,... 99), TR! CK Sequence: 3, 6,9)... 99 forms an AP = 0+ (n= Yd 99=34(n—1)3 = 3=n-1> 133 Total number of favourable outcomes = 33 32 ‘100 5, Total number of possible outcomes = 62—(2+4)=48 ()) Number of favourable outcomes (black jacks ) = 2 So, probability of getting a black jack» Ze = ly 50, the required prababllity =:(i) Number of favourable autcomes (black queens) =2 So, probability of getting a black card So, probability of getting a black queen eagle “4G 25 (iv) NURIbeF OF Favourable outcomes (kings) (iil) Number of favourable outcomes (black cards) = Total number of kings — Two black kings = Total number of black cards ~ Two black kings wise 226-2224 1 So. probability of geting king ae = x Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions a lot of QL Two dice are rolled simultaneously. The probability AOD 0.05%, then: Eee: mumitter of badieggs wr tte that they show different faces is: lot 1 i az oF True/False 1 as Q7. Aletter of English alphabets is chosen at random. & The probability that it is a vowel is = 26° Q2. Ina single throw of a pair of dice, the probability of Q8. Two dice are thrown together, the probability of getting the sum as a perfect square is: B ul getting the same number on all the dice is a . fan ot 36 36 36 a : Case Study Based Question eZ at 36 36 Q9. Rohit goes to the market to buy an aquarium for Assertion and Reason Type Questions his house. He asked the shopkeeper to put some fish in the aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out 13 Directions (Q.Nos. 3-4): in the following questions, 0 guppy fish, 18 flowerhorn fish, 12 koi fish and 11 statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option: a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (A) is false 4. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true Q3. Assertion (A): Ifa die is thrown, the probability of getting a number less than 4 and greater than 3 is. zero. angle fish from the big tank he had and put them in the aquarium that Rohit has bought. Now, he select a fish at random. e:Probablltty of an impossible evertt/is Based on the above information, solve the following questions: 4. Assertion (A): Seven face cards are removed from ‘a deck of cards and then cards are well shuffled, (If total number of male fish in the aquarium is 36, then find the probability of selecting a female fish. (ii) Find the probability of selecting a koi fish. Reason (R): King, Queen and Jack are known as face _(iii) Find the probability of selecting either angle fish or ‘cards. So, there are 12 face cards in total. guppy fish. Fill in the Blanks or Find the probability of selecting neither angle fish Then the probability of drawing a face card is 3 QS. The probability of any event associated toa randomVery Short Answer Type Questions Quo. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card isa red or club. QUL The probability of selecting a rathen apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18. What is the number of rotten apples in the heap. Short Answer Type-I Questions Qi. qus. ‘A bag contains & red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ballis three times of a red ball then, find the number of blue balls in the bag. Aletter is chosen at random from the letters of the word ‘ASSASSINATION: Find the probability that the letter chosen is a: (i) vowel, (il) consonant Short Answer Type-Il Questions qua. ‘A game of chance of spinning an arrow which ‘comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3,4,5, 6,7,8 and there are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at: 8, (ii) an odd number, qis. (ii) a number greater than 2? A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls. Aball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the probability that the ball draw (i) red (i) black or white (ii) not black Long Answer Type Question Qe. 17 cards numbered 1, 2, 17 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. One person draws a card from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card (i) odd (i) a prime {ti) divisible by 5 (Wv) divisible by 3 and 2 both.