CYCLE 2

2nd Semester | A.Y. 2021-2022

MODULE 5
Groups
Bernardino G. Gomez
Instructor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVCi7EX96Kk

MathM118
Abstract Algebra

Continuation on Problem on Isomorphism

Example 2.

The map ø: Z→Z define by ø(n)= n+1 for n ϵ Z is one-to-one and onto Z, give the
definition of a binary operation * on Z such that ø is an isomorphism mapping.

a) ‹Z, •› onto ‹Z, *›

b) ‹Z, *› onto ‹Z, •›

Solution:

2a) ‹Z, •› →‹Z, *›

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2b) ‹Z, *› →‹Z, •›

Groups

I. Learning Objectives

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. define a group algebraic structure;
2. determine whether an algebraic structure is a group or not;
3. give examples of structures which are groups.

II. Topic Outline

Assessment
Learning Materials Tasks
Topic
Week (with references following OER plagiarism and IPR (Requirements
policies) with schedule or
time allotment)

Week Module 5 Module 5 (Hard or Soft Copy) (PDF): 40 Assessment

7 Groups minutes approximately 7 via Google

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form or
 Concept of Suggested Web Readings: 40 minutes EDMODO
Group approximately )
 Elementary
Properties of Macs. Introduction to Group Theory (Abstract
Group Algebra) Lecture Notes and Exercises.
https://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~jim/F13YR1/
Notes.pdf

Videos:

( 11 Minutes)
Socratica (2017). Group Definition
(expanded) - Abstract Algebra.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=g7L_r6zw4-c

( 7 Minutes)

Professor Heather Pierce (2020). Elementary

Properties of Groups
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=COzTQ0l0tjA

III. Lesson Proper/ Discussion

GROUPS

Concept of Group

Definition: A group (G,*) is a set G, closed under the binary operation *, such that the
following conditions are satisfied:

G1: For all a, b, c ϵ G, we have (a*b) * c = a * (b*c)

This is associativity of *.

G2: There is an element e in G such that for all e ϵ G,

e*x = x*e = x. this is the existence of the identity element e for *.

G3: Corresponding to each a ϵ G, there is an element a’ in G such that

a*a’ = a’*a = e. This is the existence of inverse element for all
elements G.

Definition: A group G is abelian if its operation is commutative.

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Example:

1) Consider (Z,+)
a) Z is closed under +
b)

Z is associative under +.

There is 0 ϵ Z such that a + 0 = 0 + a = a, for any a ϵ Z. That is the identity element

is 0 which is in Z

For any a ϵ Z, its inverse is –a which is also in Z.

Hence, (Z,+) is a group. In particular, (Z,+) is an abelian group.

2) Consider (Z+,+)

a) Z+ is closed under +.
b) Z+ is associative under +.
c) The identity element for + is 0, but 0 ϵ Z+.

Hence, (Z+, +) is not a group.

3) Consider (Z+ ∪{0},+)

a) Z+ is closed under +.
b) Z+ is associative under +.
c) The identity element for + is 0 and 0 ϵ Z+ ∪{0}.
d) For any a ϵ Z+ , its inverse –a ϵ Z+ . That is, the inverse of 4 ϵ Z+ is -4 ϵ Z+.

Hence, (Z+ ∪ {0}, + ) is not a group.

4) Consider (Q,+) and (R,+).

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They are both group ( refer to example 1)

5) Consider ⟨ R ,• ⟩

a) R is closed under •.
b) R is associative under •.
c) There is an identity element 1 which is also a real number.
1 1
d) If a ϵ R, then its inverse is ϵ R. However, if a = 0, is not defined.
a 0

Hence, ⟨ R ,• ⟩ is not a group.

6) (R*,•) where R* is the set of nonzero real number. Since by example 5, all
conditions are verified to hold true, then (R*,•) is a group. In particular, it is an
abelian group.

ab
7) Consider (Q+,*) where * is defined by a*b = .
2

ab
a) For any a, b ϵ Q+, ϵ Q+. Hence, it is closed under *.
2

b) (a*b)*c = a*( b*c)

( )
ab
2
*c a*
bc
2

abc = abc Thus, it is associative under*.

4 4

c) Verify if the identity element exists in Q+.

a*e=e*a=a

ae
=a
2

e=2 ϵ Q+. Hence, the identity element exists in Q+ for *.

d) Verify if for a ϵ Q+ , a-1 exists in Q+ .

a*, a-1 = 2 (since e = 2)

aa
=2
2
4 4
a-1 = . Since a ϵ Q+, then ϵ Q+.
a a

Hence, (Q+, *) is a group.

It can be verified that this group is abelian.

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IV.Activities / Assessment
Activity 1

Determine whether the given set G and * define a group or not.

If not, identify the condition being violated. If it is a group, show the proof.
1. Define * on Z by a * b = ab
2. Define * on Z by a * b = a-b
3. Define * on R by a * b = ab
4. Define * on Q by a * b = ab
5. Define * on R• by a * b = ab (R• - non-zero real numbers)

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Activity 2
Determine whether the given set G and * defines a group or not. If it is a group,

determine e and find a’ for each a ϵ G.

1. G = set of positive rational numbers, where a*b= ab

2. G = set of odd integers, where a*b = a+b
3. G = Set of positive irrational numbers, where a*b = ab
4. G = Z where a * b = 2 (a +b)

V. References

Fraleigh J.B. (2002). A First Course in Abstract Algebra. Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, Inc. 6th Edition. ISBN 981-4053-06-6

Villena, R. (2008). Compilation Topic on Abstract Algebra. Philippine Normal University

(PNU). www.pnu.edu.ph

Ymas, Jr., Sergio E. 2012. Elementary Number Theory, Ymas Publishing, Inc.
Valenzuela City

Website Links used as References and as Sources of Learning Activities:

Macs. Introduction to Group Theory (Abstract Algebra) Lecture Notes and Exercises.

https://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~jim/F13YR1/Notes.pdf

Professor Heather Pierce (2020). Elementary Properties of Groups

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COzTQ0l0tjA

Socratica (2017). Group Definition (expanded) - Abstract Algebra.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7L_r6zw4-c

Disclaimer:

It is not the intention of the author/s nor the publisher of this module to have monetary
gain in using the textual information, imageries, and other references used in its production.
This module is only for the exclusive use of a bona fide student of Mabalacat City College.
In addition, this module or no part of it thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
and/or otherwise, without the prior permission of Mabalacat City College.

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INSTITUTE GENERAL GUIDELINES AND POLICIES IN OBTL – MODULAR

FORMAT

As the College currently follows Modular Distance Learning with flexible learning
scheme in its delivery of instruction, the following general guidelines and policies are set by the
Institute to be followed by the faculty-in-charge and the students of the course.

Attendance

No grading of attendance shall be done by the faculty-in-charge of the course during the modular
distance learning period.

Academic Integrity

Observance of the outmost academic integrity shall be observed by the students of the course.
Plagiarism, cheating, and other forms of academic dishonesty shall not be tolerated by the
faculty-in-charge nor the Institute.

Accomplishment of Requirements

All requirements given by the instructor/faculty-in-charge of the course to the students shall be
called/referred to/addressed as “worksheets”.

Each worksheet must be accomplished by the students until the schedule set by the
instructor/faculty-in-charge, i.e., from the current week of the module until the last day of the
following week. Final Worksheet must also be accomplished by the schedule set by the
instructor of the course.

Furthermore, for courses under the Cycle 1, all requirements must be accepted by the
instructor/faculty-in-charge of the course until the end of first cycle. For courses under Cycle 2,
the same procedure will also be followed.

Line of Communication

The course’s official line of communication shall be through the following: the official Edmodo
Class of the course; the official online group chat or closed group page of the course created by
either the faculty-in-charge or the class mayor, following the faculty-in-charge to class mayor or
the class direction of communication. Any communication outside the aforementioned platforms,
are considered unofficial. Proper protocol set by the Institute must be observed strictly.

The outmost respect and courtesy must be observed by students in communicating to their
instructor/faculty-in-charge of the course and to their classmates and vice versa. Any form of
disrespectful and discourteous way of communication shall not be tolerated by the Institute.

Grading System

The course’s grading system shall adhere to the sum computation of 60% Class Standing, i.e.,
the equivalent grade of the average score of all accomplished worksheets per module, and 40%

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Final Output, i.e., the equivalent grade of the final worksheet score given by the
instructor/faculty-in-charge of the course.

Platforms and Printed Instructional Materials (IMs)

For students under HOME status, they are required to have one official “Edmodo Student
Account” only as Edmodo is the official on-line learning platform of the College. Other on-line
platforms, may also be utilized by the instructor/faculty-in-charge of the course to the students –
adapting the flexible learning scheme.

For students under HUB status, printed modules/instructional materials will be given at their
respective Brgy. Digihubs as scheduled.

Prepared by

Bernardino G. Gomez
Instructor

Reviewed and Evaluated by

Karlo S. Tolentino LPT, MAEd.

Field of Study Head, BSed

Noted by

Conrad M. Buerkley, Ed.D.

Dean, Institute of Arts, Sciences, and Teacher Education

Approved by

Myrna C. Calma, CPA, PhD

Vice President for Academic Affairs

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