CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
The best foundations architectural structures bridges roads block
walls, fences, and poles are made of concrete, a commonly utilized
building material. A ton of CO2 is released into the environment during
the manufacturing of one ton of Portland cement. CO2 makes up roughly
65% of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming. A total of 1.35
billion tons per year, or 7% of all greenhouse gas emissions to the earth's
atmosphere, are estimated to be contributed by regular Portland concrete
(OPC) production to ozone-depleting material discharges. The cement
industry, however, uses a lot of energy.

1.2 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING:

A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also referred to as a Net Zero-Energy
(NZE) building, is a structure with net zero energy consumption, which
means that the building's annual energy consumption is equal to the
amount of renewable energy generated on the property, or in other
definitions, by renewable energy sources off the property, using
technology like heat pumps, highly efficient windows and insulation, and
solar panels.
The intention is for these structures to operate with a lower overall
greenhouse gas contribution to the climate than comparable non-ZNE
structures. They do occasionally utilize non-renewable energy and emit
greenhouse gases, but they also occasionally cut energy use and
greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere by the same percentage. The desire
to have a smaller environmental impact motivates the development of
zero-energy structures, and their proliferation is motivated by tax
incentives and energy cost savings that make zero-energy structures
economically viable.
A comprehensive awareness of this idea and its different applications is
necessary for a varied understanding of clean energy and renewables
because terminology tends to vary between nations, organizations, cities,
towns, and publications. The term "Net Zero Energy" is most frequently
used by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the European Union

1
 (EU), with the word "zero net" being mostly used in the USA. Nearly
Zero Energy Building (nZEB) is a comparable idea that has been
accepted and put into practice by the European Union and other
concurring nations, with the objective of having all new buildings in the
area meet nZEB requirements by 2020.

1.3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:

The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building's energy
consumption usually occur during the design process. To achieve
efficient energy use, zero energy design departs significantly from
conventional construction practice. Successful zero energy building
designers typically combine time tested passive solar or artificial/fake
conditioning, principles that work with the on-site assets. Sunlight and
solar heat, prevailing breezes, and the cool of the earth below a building,
can provide day lighting and stable indoor temperatures with minimum
mechanical means. ZEBs are normally optimized to use passive solar heat
gain and shading, combined with thermal mass to stabilize diurnal
temperature variations throughout the day, and in most climates are super
insulated .All the technologies needed to create zero energy buildings are
available off-the-shelf today.

1.4 GREEN BUILDING VERSUS NET-ZERO ENERGY

BUILDING:
The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use
resources more efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the
environment. Zero energy buildings achieve one key green-building goal
of completely or rather very significantly reducing energy use and
greenhouse gas emissions for the life of the building. Zero energy
buildings may or may not be considered "green" in all areas, such as
reducing waste, using recycled building materials, etc. However, zero
energy, or net-zero buildings do tend to have a much lower ecological
impact over the life of the building compared with other "green"
buildings that require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable
and meet the needs of occupants. Because of the design challenges and
sensitivity to a site that are required to efficiently meet the energy needs
of a building and occupants with renewable energy (solar, wind,
geothermal, etc.), designers must apply holistic design principles, and

2
 take advantage of the free naturally occurring assets available, such as
passive solar orientation, natural ventilation, day lighting, thermal mass,
and night time cooling.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF GREEN BUILDINGS:

 To develop buildings which use the natural resources to the minimal at
the time of construction as well as operation
 Maximizes the use of efficient construction materials and practices
 To ensure minimum negative impact on the environment by the
construction and operation of a building.
 To preserve the external environment to the building location; to
improve the internal area for the residents of the building; and also
preserve the areas which are not close to the building.
 Reduction in the amount of energy that is consumed in lighting, air
conditioning and other building operations.
 Green Buildings emphasize more on natural lighting and concepts of
temperature control and efficient design to further reduce the carbon
footprint as well as reduce cost of operation.
 The target is to be able to achieve zero water table negative impact from
the green building.
 Hygiene and proper conditions inside the building also help in boosting
human productivity.

1.6 GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS:

Green building materials can be defined as materials with overall
superior Performance in terms of specified criteria. The following criteria
are commonly used:
• Locally produced and sourced materials
• Transport costs and environmental impact
• Occupant needs and health considerations
• Financial viability
• Waste and pollution generated in the manufacturing process
• Energy required in the manufacturing process
• Use of renewable resources
• Toxic emissions generated by the product
• Maintenance cost

3
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. LITERATURE STUDIES BASED ON DESIGN OF

ZREO ENERGY GREEN RESIDENTAL BUILDING USING
SWEET HOME 3D:
Over the decade carbon emission gas has increased to solve that we using zero
energy building by studying various case studies know about zero energy
building and green building.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW:

1) Liping Wang, et al (2009)
Possible solutions for zero energy building design in UK are discussed in this
paper. Simulation software (Energy Plus and TRNSYS 16) are employed in this
study, where Energy Plus simulations are applied to enable facade design
studies considering building materials, window sizes and orientations and
TRNSYS is used for the investigation of the feasibility of zero energy houses
with renewable electricity, solar hot water system and energy efficient heating
systems under Cardiff weather conditions. Various design methods are
compared and optimal design strategies for typical homes and energy systems
are provided.

2) A.M.S. Kashkooli (2013)

This paper is directed at clarifying the notion of net energy positive design with
particular focus on what constitutes appropriate boundaries, baseline conditions
and associated timeframes. Over the past decade, numerous building projects
have been presented as ―net zero‖ energy or carbon ―neutral.‖ Such claims have
been made through using a variety of different approaches – onsite renewable
energy technologies, carbon sequestration, purchasing green energy credits, etc.
Efforts have subsequently been directed at formulating clear definitions of net
zero and carbon neutral and these have provided some degree of clarity and
theoretical framing of these notions. The emerging notion of ―net positive

4
energy‖ which, rather than simply being considered an extension of net-zero
energy, raises a host of new theoretical and practical issues.

3) Ion Visa, et al (2013)

Developing Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NyZEB) represents a path toward
sustainable communities and is required by international regulations, starting
with 2018. Combined measures for reducing the energy demand and increasing
the share of renewable energy systems in buildings are very much investigated
for different types of buildings. One specific case is represented by the
buildings where – as result of the green energy policies – renewables are
already installed, but the NyZEB status is not reached yet. These buildings are
main candidates in getting this status as the initial investment required is
significantly lower.

4) A.J. Marszal, et al (2010)

The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international
attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design
of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building
codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent
definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. This paper
focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the
various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents
and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to
facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy
calculation methodology.

5) Saravan Devraj, et al (2018)

It is reported that 30 to 40% of all of the primary energy used worldwide is used
in buildings. This high energy use may directly or indirectly affects the
environment. Also it causes climatic changes, degrades the environment and
increases the air pollution. Hence it is necessary to reduce the energy
consumption in the building and necessary steps to be taken to make the
buildings more environmentally sustainable. In recent years, zero energy
building concepts is developed to overcome this problem. The zero energy
building uses natural energy sources to meet the energy requirements of the
building. In this work, the authors have carried out a study to analyze the

5
performance of a zero energy building and found that it is possible to have such
building in India.

6) P. Tortellini, et al (2006)
This study shows the design impacts of the definition used for ZEB and the
large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility rate
structures and their impact on the zero energy scenarios. The way the zero
energy goals is defined affects the choices designers make to achieve this goal
and whether they can claim success. The ZEB definition can emphasize
demand-side or supply strategies and whether fuel switching and conversion
accounting are appropriate to meet a ZEB goal. Four well-documented
definitions—net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy costs,
and net-zero energy emissions—are studied; pluses and minuses of each are
discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for
which extensive energy data are available.

7) M. Kapsalaki, et al (2012)
A methodology for assisting the choice of economically efficient NZEB
solutions from the early design stage is now available. Its use in practice may be
of great relevance as the results showed that the differences between an
economically efficient and economically inefficient NZEB can be over three
times both in terms of initial and life cycle cost.

8) Georgios Tsalikis, et al (2015)

Solar energy systems are currently the most widely installed renewable energy
systems in the building sector in an effort to reduce the energy consumption of
buildings. This paper investigates solar potential regarding photovoltaic and
solar thermal utilization in typical residential buildings in order to identify their
impact towards nearly Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB). Different options
regarding the installed capacity of photovoltaic and solar combo systems in
various locations and climatic conditions are evaluated from a technical as well
as from an economic point of view. The results indicate that in all cases,
photovoltaic are able to cover the annual electricity demand of a residential
building with a payback period of less than 7 years. In the case of solar combi
systems, payback period ranges between 5.5 and 6.5 years when compared with
a conventional fuel oil heating boiler and 9 years when compared with a natural
gas boiler, providing at least 50% of the total heating demand of the buildings.
6
In total, solar energy systems are able to cover at least 76% of the primary
energy demand of residential buildings proving that they are a viable solution
towards NZEB.

9) D. Kolokotsa a, et al (2011)
Aim of the present paper is to present a review on the technological
developments in each of the essential ingredients that may support the future
integration of successful NZEB/PEB, i.e. accurate simulation models, sensors
and actuators and last but not least the building optimization and control. The
integration of the user is an integral part in the dynamic behaviour of the
system, and this role has to be taken into account. Future prospects and research
trends are discussed.

10) Robert, A., et al (2012)

This paper investigates the use of the downscaling method known as
―morphing‖, proposed by Belcher et al. (2005), to generate weather data files.
The impact of using these weather files on the energy performance of an actual
NZEB is then assessed. Morphing is applied to typical ―horizon years‖
representative of future climate and also on a month-by-month and year-by-year
basis using raw data from a selected GCM. A 50-year series of hourly weather
data is obtained and analysed for two different locations, Montréal (QC) and
Massena (NY). The data are then used to simulate the performance of a NetZero
energy home as it was designed using historical data. The results show that the
building misses the net-zero energy targets for most years. The year-to-year
variability of the total energy use is relatively small but the impact on the
energy excess or shortage in relation to the net-zero targets is significant.

2.2. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW:

Strategies were studied, verified, evaluated, retested and assessed. There could
also be interactions amongst strategies, which mean that a notion studied in one
stage might impact another notion endeavoured under a dissimilar stage. Also,
strategies might neutralize each other or be useless.

 Concentrated on costless strategies because they produce natural

resources, like daylight, or include strategies that improve the
performance of the systems and envelope.
7
 Concentrated on strategies with energy efficiency which decreases energy
consumption.
 Studied systems which produce renewable energy to power the building.
 Concentrated on operations of building, a key step in attaining Net Zero
Energy Building. This is the point where educational outreach and policy
turn into a fundamental part of keeping the behaviour of low energy
consumption.

8
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1. GENERAL
The following steps were adopted in order to achieve the objective of this
study of energy efficiency of the designed building Create sustainable category
definitions and background study for sustainable construction through literature
surveys and study of materials through data collection Evaluation of object of
the research.

3.2. METHODOLOGY:

COLLECTION OF CO2 EMISSION DATA

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

DATA COLLECTION

DESIGN IN THE AUTOCAD , SWEET HOME 3D

ANALYSIS IN STAAD.PRO

CONCLUSIONS

FIG. 3.1. PROPOSE METHODOLOGY

9
 CHAPTER 4
LOAD CALCULATION

4.1 GENERAL
In this chapter is calculation of slabs, beams, and columns with certain load
combination like dead load and live load is taken from the IS875 part-2, the
load distribution from slabs to the beam depends upon the type of slab used.

4.2 SLAB
A slab is a flat planner, structural element with small thickness supporting
mainly transverse load and transferring them into supports primarily by bending
in one or two directions.

4.2.1CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS
Slabs are classified based on the length breadth ratio. They are one way and two
way slab.

4.2.1.1ONE WAY SLAB

One way slabs are the slabs spanning in one direction. In one way slab, the
length is more than twice the breadth. Here the main reinforcement runs along
shorter span direction only.

4.2.1.2TWO WAY SLAB

Two way slabs are the slabs spanning in two directions. In two way slabs, the
length is less than twice the breadth. Here the main reinforcement runs in both
directions.

4.2.1 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

GIVENDATA

Clear Size = 3 m*6 m

Fck = 20 N/mm²

FY = 415 N/mm²
10
Wall Thickness = 230 mm

Ly/lx=1.5<2. Hence it is two-way slab

SOLUTION
1. APPROXIMATE SIZE OF THE SECTIONS
Effective Depth (d) = Span/ 10
=6000/ 10
=600 mm
d = 600 mm
Over All Depth (D) = d + 50
=600 + 50
D =650 mm
2. EFFECTIVE SPAN
i) Effective Depth + Span = 0.145+6
=6.145 m

ii) Width of Support + Span = 0.23+6

=6.23 m

Whichever is less

Effective span = 6.145 m

3. LOAD CALCULATION
Self-Weight of Slab= D*γ

=0.650*25

=16.25kN/m

Floor Finish=1kN/m

11
Live Load

=2 kN/m

Weathering Course

=1 kN/m

Total Load (W)

=20.25 kN/m

Factored load=1.5*20.25

Wu=30.375 kN/m

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEARFORCE moment in x-direction, Mx

moment in y-direction, M

As per clause IS 456; 2000, page no:91

5. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Mu =0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy/b d fck)

(-ve) moment in X direction Ast =350 mm2

(+ve) moment in X direction Ast =216 mm2

(-ve) moment in Y direction Ast =270 mm2 (+ve) moment in Y direction Ast
=165 mm2

6. SPACING
For positive moments in X direction

Spacing=1000 ast / (Ast)

=300 mm

Let us provide 10 mm ϕ bar @360 mmc/c

For negative moment in X direction

αx(negative) =0.076

αx(positive) =0.045

12
αy(negative) =0.060

αy(positive) =0.035

Spacing= (1000 ast)/( Ast)

=230 mm

Let us provide 10mm ϕ bar @230mm c/c

For positive moments in Y direction

Spacing=1000 ast / (Ast)

=300 mm

Let us provide 10 mm ϕ bar @470 mmc/c

For negative moments in Y direction

Spacing=1000 ast / (Ast)

=290 mm

Let us provide 10 mm ϕ bar @300 mmc/c

7. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION Use IS 456:2000 - page no.38

(l/d) max= (l/d) Basic * kt * kc * kf
fs =0.58*fy*(Ast)/( Ast)
fs =247.78 N/mm2
% Ast =0.44%
Kt=1.4
(l/d)Max =68.6 > (L/D) basic
Hence safe

13
4.3 BEAMS
Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system of
external loads such as walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. The cross-
sectional dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability
requirement. The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of
reinforcements and the depth is selected to control deflection within safe
permissible limits. The reinforcements in beams are designed for flexure and
shear forces along the length of the beam based on structural analysis. The
designed beam is checked for the limit state of serviceability and safety against
collapse.

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS
i. Singly Reinforced beam

i. Doubly reinforced beam

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

If the reinforcement is only in tension zone is called singly reinforced beam

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

If the reinforcement is both at tension & compression zone is called doubly
reinforced beam

4.3.1 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

GIVEN DATA:

Assume Beam Dimension = 230 mm *300 mm

fck= 20 N/mm²

fy= 415 N/mm²

SOLUTION
1. APPROXIMATE SIZE OF SECTION EFFECTIVE DEPTH
(d) = Span/10

=3000/10

14
d = 300 mm

Over All Depth (D) = d + 50

=300 + 50

D =350 mm

2. EFFECTIVE SPAN
i) Effective Depth + Span = 0.3+3.00

=3.3 m

ii) Width of Support + Span = 0.23+3.00

=3.23 m

Which our is less

Effective span = 3.3 m

3. LOAD CALCULATION
Self-Weight of Slab=B*D*γ

=0.23*0.35*25

=2.0125 kN/m

Imposed load =17.32kN/m

Total Load (W) =19.91 kN/m

Factored load =1.5*19.91

Wu =29.86 kN/m

4. BENDING MOMENT
Mu = (Wu*l²)/8

= (29.86*3²)/8

Mu = 33.59 kN.m

5. SHEAR FORCE

15
Vu= (Wu*l)/2

= (29.86*3)/2

Vu= 44.79 kN.m

6. LIMITING MOMENT RESISTANCE ADOPT M20

CONCRETE
Mu limit= 0.138*fck*bd²

= 0.138*20*230*300

= 190.44 kN.m

Mu < Mu limit

Hence the section in under reinforcement .For the condition, we have to design
the section of Singly Reinforced Beam.

7. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Mu=0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy/bd fck)

Ast =423.46 mm² ≈ 430 mm²

Spacing
S = (1000 ast)/Ast

= (1000*(π/4)*16²)/430

S =467.58 mm ≈ 470 mm

Ast (Pro) = (1000*Ast)/S

Ast (Pro) = 915 mm²

No of Bars = Ast/ast

= 430/((π/4)16²)

= 2.13 nos ≈ 3 nos

Let provide Diameter 16mm HYSD Bars in 3nos

16
8. CHECK FOR SHEAR
τv = Vu /bd

= (57.48*10³)/230*400

τv =0.62 N/mm²

%Ast = 100 Ast (pro)/bd

=100*915/230*400

= 0.99%

M20 concrete is used

Τc = 0.65 N/mm³

τV < τc. Hence it is Safe in Shear

Vs= Vu – τV bd

= 57.48*10³ - (0.62*230*400)

Vs= 14.7 kN

Sv= (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Sv

= (0.87*415*(π/4)*8²*400)/14.7*10³

Sv= 493.83 mm ≈ 500 mm

Let provide Diameter of 8mm two legged stirrups @ 500mm c/c

9. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

Use IS 456:2000 - page no.3

(l/d) max=(l/d)Basic * kt * kc * kf

fs=0.58*fy*(Ast) req/(Ast)pro

fs=105.22 N/mm2

%Ast =0.99%

Kt=1.4

17
(l/d) max=14> (L/D) basic

Hence safe

4.4 COLUMN
Column is a vertical compression member with an effective length greater
than three times the least lateral dimension.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMN

Based on type of loading

i. Column with biaxial eccentric loading

ii. Column with uniaxial eccentric loading

iii. Column with axial loading

Based on slenderness ratio

i. Short column
When the ratio of effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension
is less than 12, it is termed as ―Short column”.

ii. Long column

A column is the one whose ratio of effective length to its least lateral
dimension is not less than 12, then it is termed as ―Long or Slender column”.

4.4.1 DESIGN OF SQUARE COLUMN

GIVEN

Size of Column = 230mm*230mm

Axial Load = 153.39 kN/m

=153.39X1.5

=230.08 kN/m

Length = 3 m

18
SOLUTION
1. EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMN (l.eff):
(From IS 456:2000 Table 28, P.No 24)

Effective Length = 0.65*3

Effective Length = 1.95 m

SLENDERNESS RATIO (λ)

X Direction:

λx = L eff /D

= 2.5/0.55

= 4.55< 12

λx = L eff /D

= 2.5/0.47

= 5.32< 12

The Column is Short Column

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Pu= 0.4fck Ag + (0.67 fy – fck) Asc

230.08x10³= 0.4*20*230*230 + (0.67*415-20) Asc

Asc= 746.07 mm²

By using 16mm diameter bar,

Number of Bars(n) = Asc /(π/4)*d²

= 746.07/201.06

= 3.71 ≈ 4

n= 4nos

19
Provide 4 bars of 16mm diameter distribution 2nos on each face (Asc = 746.07
mm²)

LATERAL TIES
Tie diameter, Øt <{1/4*16 =4 mm

Provide 8mm ties

Tie Spacing, St > {16*16 =256 mm

Provide Spacing of 300 mm

{48*8 = 384 mm

Adopt 300 mm

Provide 8 mm diameter of ties at 300 mm centres.

4.5 DESIGN OF LINTEL

GIVEN DATA
Clear span = 900 mm

fck = 20 kN/m²

fy = 415 kN/m²

Wall thickness = 230 mm

H = 1.2 m

SOLUTION
1 APPROXIMATE SIZE OF THE SECTION
d = D-15-10/2

b = 230 mm

= L/10-L/20 D = 100 mm

2 EFFECTIVE SPAN
L = Clear span + wall thickness

20
=1130 mm

L = clear span+ effective depth

= 980 mm

Whichever is less

L = 980 mm

3 LOADS
Self-weight of lintel = 0.56 KN/m

Design load = 0.85 KN/m

h = 0.85 m

H = 1.2-0.1

= 1.1 m

So, consider masonry load only

W = 1/2*bh*unit wt masonry

= 2.04 kN/m

Wd = 3.06 kN/m

4 TOTAL DESIGN MOMENTS

M1 = Wd*L²/8

=101472.2 kN.m

M2 = W*L/6

=0.56 kN.m

M =101472.82 kN.m

5 CHECK THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH

a. = √Mu*b/Qu

d = 12.63 mm < 80 mm => Safe

21
6 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Ast min = 0.85/fy * bd

= 37.68 mm²

Ast max = 0.04 ∗ 23000

= 920 mm2

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy/b d fck)

Ast req =3.53 mm2

Ast = 37.69 mm2

10 mm diameter of rods = Ast / ast

Ast = 78.5 mm2

Ast/ast = 0.48

We have two corners so minimum reinforcement 2 rods 2 – 10#

Hanger bar = 2 - 8#

7. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vu = Wd*L/2 + W/2
= 415.7 kN

Normal shear stress,( τvu ) = 0.023

< τc min= 0.28 N/mm2 < K τc min = 0.36 N/mm2< τc max/2 = 1.4 N/mm2

Provide minimum of SV2, SV3,SV4

Provide 2 legged 6 mm #

Hanger bar = 2 - 8#

SV1415.7 kN

SV1= 510 mm

SV2= 0.75*d

SV3= 60 mm
22
SV4= 300 mm

Two legged 6#@ 60 mm c/c

8 CHECKS FOR STIFFNESS

FS= 0.58*fy*Astreq/ Astpro

Fs= 57.78 N/mm2

% Ast= 100*Astpro/bd

% Ast= 0.85

d= 900/20*2

d = 22.5 mm < 80 mm

Hence it is safe

4.6 FOUNDATION
Reinforced concrete footings are designed to resist the design factored
moments and shear force due to the imposed loads. The area of footing should
be such that the bearing pressure developed at the base of the footing does not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
i. Shallow foundation - A foundation is shallow if its depth is equal to or less
than its width.

ii. Isolated footing

Iii.Combined footing

Iv.Strap or cantilever footing

V.Mat foundation

vi. Deep foundation - A foundation is deep if its depth is greater than the width..

i. Pile foundation

ii. Well foundation

23
The types of foundation provided are
i. Isolated rectangular footing

ii. Combined footing

4.6.2 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING

1 GIVEN DATA
Column Size = 230*300 mm (Assume)

Factored Load = 118.25 kN

SBC = 440 kN/m2

fck = 25 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

2 SIZE OF FOOTING
Proportion the footing area in the same proportion as the sides of the column

Adopt rectangular size 2.5 m * 2 m

Factored soil pressure at base is computed as 38

Pu = 60.308< (1.5x440)

Load from column =118.25 kN

Self-wt. of footing (10%) =11.82 kN

Total factored load Wu =603.08 kN

Footing Area = 1 m2

Proportion the footing area in the same proportion as the sides of the column

(3x)*(2.3x) = 1 m2

x2 = 0.66

X = 0.816

Short side of footing = 3*0.816 = 2.5 m

24
Long side of footing = 2.3*0.816= 2 m

Adopt rectangular size 2.5 m * 2 m

Factored soil pressure at base is computed as 38

Pu = 60.308< (1.5x440)

= 660 kN/m2

Hence the footing area is adequate since the soil pressure developed at the base
is less than the factored bearing of the soil

3 FACTORED BENDING MOMENT

Cantilever Projection –Shorter side= 0.5(4-0.60) = 1.7 m

Cantilever Projection –Longer side= 0.5(2.5-0.450) = 1.025 m

B.M @ Shorter side= 0.5(502.33*1.72) = 725.82 kN.m

B.M @ Longer Side= 0.5(502.3*1.0252) = 263.86 kN.m

DEPTH OF FOOTING
From moment consideration

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2d

= (Mu / 0.138 fckbd) (1/2)

Vu =502.3(1.7-d)

Assume shear strength of c=0.36 N/mm2 for M25 concrete with nominal % of
Ast =

Pt = 0.25

τc = =Vu/ bd

0.36 = =502.3(1.7-d)/1000*d

862.3 d = 853910

D = 3499 mm adopt 3500 mm

5 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Mu= 0.87fckAstd[1-(Astfy/fckbd)]
25
Ast=2102.6 mm2

Shorter direction

263.86x106

= 0.87*415*Ast*3500[1-(Ast*415/25*1000*3500)]

Ast=746.78 mm2

6 SPACING
S = [(π/4)(202)/(2102.6)] *1000 S = 149.41 adopt 150 mm

Provide 20 mm dia bar @150 mm c/c

Shorter direction

= [(π/4)(162)/(746.78)] *1000

269.23 adopt 270 mm

Provide 16mm dia bar @270 mm c/c Ratio of longer to shorter side

β = 4/2. = 1.6

(25/(2.6)(2*746.2)

1435 mm2

Minimum Reinforcement= (0.0012*1000*600)

= 1440>1435 mm2

Hence Provide 16mm dia bar@ 150mm c/c (Ast=1508mm2)

7 CHECKS FOR SHEAR

Vu= 351.6 kN

(25/(2.6)(2*746.2)

=1435 mm2

(100*Ast)/bd

= 0.212

26
k c= 1*0.36 N/mm2

τv= Vu/bd

= 0.35

V<kc

Hence safe against shear

8 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL
Load = 5525.3 kN

Provide 20 mm ϕ bars @ 145 mm c/c & 16 mm ϕ bars @ 150 mm c/c

Ast = 2102.6 mm2

27
 CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING STAAD. PRO
5.1 GENERAL
Reinforced concrete building frames are statically in determinate structures
and their rigorous analysis for vertical and horizontal loads involves lengthy
computations. There are several methods of analysis such has moment
distribution, kani’s rotation contribution method and matrix method. The
classical method like moment distribution and kani’s rotation contribution are
suitable for small frames but involved lengthy computations when used for
solving multi storeyed and multi bay frames. The most commonly used method
for analysis of vertical load comprising of dead and live loads are the substitute
frame method.

5.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF STAAD.Pro ANALYSIS OF

A STRUCTURE
5.2.1 MODEL CREATION
1. According to plan marking the nodes in STAAD.Pro wizard.

2. Connecting all node points using ―connect beam point to point command‖

3. Using transitional repeat command to create required number of storey.

4. Using Geometry command, assign the dimension to the selected column and
beams.

5. Click on whole structure icon and view the created model. The model
Created using

28
STAAD.Pro is as shown in figure

Figure 5.1 Model Structure

29
5.2.2 LOAD AND DEFINITIONS
Load definitions are in STAAD Pro. Where the Dead load, Live load with
combination of loads can be given for analysis & the structure and check
whether the structure will pass are not.

5.3. DEAD LOAD

Dead load contains the following

i. Wall load

ii. Parapet load

iii. Slab load

iv. Water tank load

v. Beam

vi. Column

FIGURE 5.2 DEAD LOAD ACTING ON A STRUCTURE

30
5.4 Live load
Live load is based on the type of building. It depends on the utility of
the building

FIGURE 5.3 LIVE LOAD ACTING ON A GROUND FLOOR

31
 CHAPTER 6
AUTOCAD
6.1 GENERAL:
AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D computer-aided design software application for
desktop, web, and mobile developed by Autodesk. It was first released in
December 1982 for the CP/M and IBM PC platforms as a desktop app running
on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers .

6.2 AUTOCAD

FIGURE 6.1 AUTOCAD

32
 CHAPTER 7
SWEET HOME 3D

7.1 GENERAL:
Sweet Home 3D is a free architectural design software that helps users create
a 2D plan of a house, with a 3D preview, and decorate exterior and interior
views, including ability to place furniture and home appliances. In Sweet Home
3D, furniture can be imported and arranged to create a virtual environment.

7.2 SWEET HOME 3D DESIGN

FIGURE 7.1 SWEET HOME 3D DESIGNS

33
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
8.1 CONCLUSION
An attempt is made to plan and design a new residential building by limit
state method. The analysis is done using Staad.pro and design is done manually
as per IS 456-2000, SP 16, IS 875-1987 and IS 1893-2002 design specifications.
The main advantage of using the STAAD.Pro, AUTOCAD & SWEET HOME
3Dis that reduces time than the manual analysis. A complete architectural
planning such as floor plan, elevation, perspective view and cross sectional
details have been prepared and enclosed. In the view of our project, the analysis
and designing have been done with great care and with strict adherence to rule.
The case study discloses that Indira Paryavarn Bhawan first govt. building in
the country to achieve the landmark of netzero energy building which has an
annual energy consumption of 14.21 Lakh kWh met with equivalent annual
energy generation of 14.3 lakh kWh from Solar BIPV installed on-site and one
of the very few full-fledged multifunctional office buildings in the world to do
so on a tight urban site. Being the highest green-rated building in the country,
the project serves as a shining example of high performing government
buildings. This building will play the role model of sustainability and will guide
the architects, MEP consultants, builders to implement green norms in
upcoming buildings construction. The design parameters adopted in the building
will enlighten the academician and professional for defining the design criteria
of net-zero energy buildings in composite climate conditions

34
REFERENCES
[1] Ravi Kapoor, Aalok Deshmukh, and Swati Lal ―Strategy Roadmap for Net
Zero Energy Buildings in India‖ USAID ECO-III Project, August 2011

[2] P. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru National Renewable Energy Laboratory,

D. Crawley U.S. Department of Energy ―Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical
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[3] Saket Sarraf, Shilpi Anand Saboo, Shravani Gupta, Energy Conservation
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[4] Sankhe, S., Vittal, I., Dobbs, R., Mohan, A., Gulati, A., Ablett, J., Sethy, G.
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[6] Manisha, J., Gaba, V., & Srivastava, L. (2007). Managing Power Demand -
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5b.pdf

[7] NHB, & KFW. (2014). WP IV: General residential buildings sector update
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[8] Mansi Jain (June 2018) ―Energy Transition In The Indian Building
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36