1.

BASIC COMPONENTSAND UNITS

1.1, RESISTORS

1.2. CAPACITORS

1.3. INDUCTORS

1.4. TRANSFORMERS

1.5, SEMICONDUCTORDEVICES

1.6. ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTDEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS

1.7, ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS AND UNITS

1.8. BASIC TOOLS

1.9. TEST

1.10. PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

1. BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

We have to know the fundamentals of basic DC and AC circuits to understand electronic devices and
circuits. An electroniccircuit board is presentedin Figure 1.1, where basic electronic components are seen.
Detailed informationwill be given in this book in the preceding chapters. But before going into further details
it is useful to get the big picture.

yoo Inductor

Capacitor

Circuit beard <-~ ¥ - Capacitor

Figure 1.1. Electroniccircuit and its components

1.1. RESISTORS
Resistance is the difficulty the electrical current seesin the circuit. Resistors are the components designed
to show a meteredresistancein circuit. Resistors are usually usedtolimit a currentordivide a voltage in a
circuit. Resistors are classified as passive components, meaning that they can not add energyto the circuit.
Addedto this resistor also can not store energy. They convert electrical energy to heat energy.

S
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Metal-Film resistor SMDresistor Powerderating resistor

Trimpot Potentiometer Rheostat

Figure 1.2. Various typesofresistors

 CHAPTER1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

1.2. CAPACITORS
Capacitors are energy storing passive components. They store energy by accumulating electrical charges
appliedin time. They conductalternating currents easily but they tend to block direct currents. Generally, the
capacitors have no polarity meaningthat their either leads has nodifference than the other. But some of the
capacitors has polarity like electrolytic capacitors, meaningthat they must be connected to the circuit in one
way.

4Ql
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Y Electrolytic capacitor Surface mount capacitor
|
Ceramic capacitor

Trimer capacitors Variable capacitors

Figure 1.3. Various capacitors

1.3. INDUCTORS
Aninductor is a passive electrical componentthat can store energy in magnetic form. It is a coil wound on a
magnetic core using insulated magnetwire. Inductors pass direct current butblock alternating current.

tie...

Fixed Inductors

Variable Inductors

Figure 1.4. Various Inductors

 CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

1.4. TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are used to increase or decrease AC voltage levels. They are also used to couple twocircuits.
Transformers are usually used in the power supplies to get a lowervoltage and a higher voltage in the CRT
displays.

Figure 1.5. Various transformers

1.5. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are components that are classified as semiconductor devices.
They are the most important components in an electronic circuit due to their active nature, meaning that
they can add energyto a circuit by the help of a DC power supply. An auxiliary power source is necessary
becauseit is impossible to get energy from nothing as conservation of energy laws suggests.

Diodes
Diode is an electronic device that passes current in one direction and block in the other way. As seen in
Figure 1.6 there are diodesin various dimensions and there are manytypesof diodes that each type serves
different purposes. Diodes are usedin circuits very often. For example, diodes are usedtorectify the AC
current supplied by a transformer in a powersupply.

A:

Rectification diode LED Powerrectifier diode

Figure 1.6. Various types of diodes

TRANSISTORS
Transistor is the basic amplifying component where a low-level input base current is amplified to a higher
current levelin the collector at the output. Bythe inventionofthetransistorin the middle of the 20century a
great deal of achievementin the electronic technology is made possible until today. Transistors are used
almost every electronic circuits. Transistors are usually used as amplifiers or electronic switches.
 CHAPTER1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

Figure 1.7. Various typesof transistors

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Integrated circuits (IC) are high density circuits incorporating diodes, transistors, resistors etc. to serve to a
special function. Due to the complexity of the function that the IC or chip serves, its pin count may be very
high as seen on Figure 1.8.

Figure 1.8. Various ICs

MICROPROCESSORS
Microprocessors are high density compact ICs used in computer systems and they can be very complexin
orderto carry out complex tasks a microcomputer system necessitates. A contemporary microprocessor(or
uC in short) can incorporate a few billions of nanometer sized transistors. These ,.Cs are produced using
nanotechnology processes.
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Figure 1.9. Various microprocessors

1.6. ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTDEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS

There are most basic electronic measurement devices and instruments which are standard in a typical
electronic laboratory. We can count DC power supplies which supply necessary DC powerto the test
circuits, function generator which provide a variable frequency and waveform AC signal to the testcircuits,
digital multi-meters which can measure many parameters such as voltage, current and resistance present
on circuits and the oscilloscope which shows us AC signals in a visual fashion. Someof these instruments
are shown in Figure 1.10.
CHAPTER1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

DC PowerSupply

= mee
e
Multimeter Oscilloscope

Figure 1.10. Electronic measurementdevices and instruments

1.7. BASIC HAND TOOLS

There are basic handtools that ease our work with electric or electronic circuits. The tools are similar to the
tools that are used in mechanic repairs but they are usually smaller and delicate. Let's see someof the
important hand tools used while dealing electric and/orelectroniccircuits.

Figure 1.11. Someof the important hand tools

 CHAPTER4: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

PLIERS
We can seedifferent pliers and their duties in Figure 1.12.

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FUERA

Povectul jae orw and tat

(Vor ’

LONG NOSE PLELeS

‘

S0E CUTTER
somwcating, puting. tick wee Its used to coll oF fold thin wires and to Itis used to strip or cut copper
telling iret cuthitg, hold screwsand similar matarials in wires.
narrow regions.

Figure 1.12. Various types and size ofpliers

SCREWDRIVERS
Wecan seedifferent screwdrivers and their duties in Figure 1.13.
|
FLAT SCREWDRIVER:
imate, BD Itis used to drvie flat headed screws out andin. Itis necessary while working appliances,

PHILIPS SCREWDRIVER
Itis used to drive philips screws in and out. These type of screw are preferred to flat ones because
they provideextra torque whendriving.

Circuit tester:
Itis a flattip screwdriverwith indicator light whichis usually a neonlamp. Itis used to determine
the live wire in an electricalinstallation orpiug. Touchinglive wires maybe fatal, se before touching
anyelectric current conductorit is touched by the fip of the screwdriver andif it is a five conductor
theindicatorfights.

Figure 1.13. Various types and size of screwdrivers

SOLDER AND SOLDER PASTE

Solder is composed of lead-tin alloy which is highly conductive and usedto fix electronic components to the
copperprinted circuit boards or mechanically and electrically link separate conductors. Solder’s ability to
melt and freeze easily (melts at approximately at 200 °C) and its high electrical conductance properties
makeit a good candidate in making electrical connectionsin electric circuits.

Figure 1.14. Solder and soldering process

Solderpasteis either a resin based or chemical agent used while soldering. Solder paste cleans parts from
oxides and otherdirties and impurities which prevent a goodjoint after soldering. Today many solders in
CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

wire form has sufficient resin based solder paste (called flux) put in to the cores of the wire in production.
So, in many casesit is unnecessary to use extra solder paste. If used, the remains must be cleaned
thoroughlyafter the soldering process is completed especiallyif the solder paste usedis an acidic chemical
type.

Figure 1.15. Solder paste

SOLDERING IRON OR GUN
Solder is melted and applied by a specially designed heating apparatus called soldering iron (Figure 1.16).
The parts thatwill be soldered are heatedfirstly using the hot tip of the soldering iron and while heating wire
solder is applied.

Figure 1.16. Soldering iron and soldering station used in advanced soldering applications
SOLDER SUCTION PUMP
When we wantto take out a soldered component, we need a special pump to remove the melted solder
from the components by sucking. It is usually more useful when dealing with multi-legged components such
as transistors and ICs. There are simple mechanic pumps as well as highly complex fully automatic pumps
for moredifficult desoldering duties.

Figure 1.17. Solder suck pump and desoldering station used for more complex operations

PCB DRILL
The components with legs are called as through-hole components. These types of components are soldered
to the PCBs through a hole. So, these holes on copper printed circuit boards are drilled using a mini hobby
drill or drill press.

Figure 1.18.PCBdrill and drill press

 CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

1.9.TEST
1.What is the nameof the measurementinstrument which can measure manyelectrical quantities such as
voltage, current, resistance temperature, frequency and capacitancein a circuit?
a) AVO meter b) oscilloscope c) multi-meter d) frequency meter

2. Which oneis not an electrical quantity?

a) voltage b) flow rate c) power d) current

3. Which oneis the unit of resistance?

a) volt b) henry c) ohm d)joule

4, Which oneis the unit of current?

a) volt b) watt c) ohm d) ampere

§.What does make a muiti-meterdifferent from an AVO-meter?

a) measures more quantities b) low loading effect c) high sensitivity d) being an analog instrument

6. Which oneis not a typeofplier?

a) pliers b) screwdriver c)side cutter d) needle nosepliers

7. What does makethe solderalloy?

a) Tin- Zinc b) Copper - Lead c) Tin -lead d) Copper- Tin

8. Hertz is the unitof...

a) frequency b) time c) Inductance d) Ampere

9. The unit of voltageis...

a) Hertz b) Volt ¢) Ohm d) Ampere

10. Which one is equal to 3,6 x 104?

a) 3600 b) 360 c) 0.0036 d) 36000

11. Which one is equal to 47000000 ?

a) 47 x 10-6 b) 47 x 104 c) 47 x 106 d) 470 x 108
12. Which oneis the abbreviation of micro amperes?
a) pA b) mA c)nA d) pA

13. Define 0.00000010 in powerof 10.

a) 107 b) 10-7 c) 108 d) 108

14, 30 million ohm is equalto...

a) 30 MQ b) 30 GQ ¢c)3 MQ d) 30 KQ

15. 250000 W is equal to...

a) 25 MW b) 25 KW c) 2,5 GW d) 0,25 MW

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CHAPTER1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

1.10. PROBLEMS

1. Define shortly whatresistance is?

2. What does makeelectrolytic capacitors different than others?

3. State the responseof inductors to AC and DC currents.

4. What does we usefo increase or decrease AC voltages?

5. Give some examples to semiconductor devices.

6. Whatis a power supply?

7. Which measurementinstrument can visualize AC waveforms?

8. Write down the symbol and unitof frequency.

9. State numbers below as powersoften.

a} 1000 b)100000 c)0,00001

d)0,000000001 e)1000000000000000 f) ,0001

10. Calculate below unit conversions.

A) 10000 V = seasssseeneee KV b) 22000000 2 = esssssesseeen

€) 0,000025 A = veces ) 10000 TA = wessssssssessesomee

€) 3900 KO = wvsccssesseeeMQ £) 63 LF = cecsscccssssnseesesssnsnee

8) 5000 MH = wesssssessuneull T)250 MHZ = cesssscssesssseessnen GHz

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