Topic 6

Introduction to Machines
+ DC Machines

Dr. Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden

P06-210, 07-5535451

School of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Topics for today!

§ Basic construction and principles of

electrical machines
§ DC machines: Generator and Motor
Introduction
One of energy can be obtained from the other form
with the help of converters. Converters that are
used to continuously translate electrical input to
mechanical output or vice versa are called
electrical machines.

The process of the translation is known as

electromechanical energy conversion.
 Electrical Mechanical
system Electric system

e, i Machine T, n

Motor
Energy flow
Generator

• An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.
• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
• Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor
 Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machine machine
Synchronous Induction
machine machine

• If the electrical system is AC, machines are called

AC machines (generators or motors).
• If the electrical system is DC, machines are called
DC machines (generators or motors) .
 Electrical Coupling Mechanical
system magnetic system
fields
e, i T, n

Two electromagnetic phenomena in the electric machines:

• When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is
induced in the conductor.
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.
Basic Structure of Electrical
Machines
 a'
b

• The structure of an electric c

Rotor

machine has two major b'

c'

components, stator and rotor, Stator

a

separated by the air gap.

• Stator: Stator

Does not move and normally is B’

R

Y’
N

the outer frame of the machine. Rotor

• Rotor:
Y S B

R’

Is free to move and normally is

the inner part of the machine. Both rotor and stator are made
of ferromagnetic materials.
Synchronous Machines Construction
Induction Machines Construction
Power flows left to right from a three-phase electrical source into an induction motor and then to a
mechanical load. Some of the power is lost along the way due to various causes.
 Topics for today!

§ Basic construction and principles

§ DC machines
 Introduction to DC Machines
§ Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in
a conductor if it moves through a magnetic field.

§ Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor

that has a current going through it and placed in a
magnetic field.

§ Any DC machine can act either as a generator or as

a motor.
§ DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
§ The major advantages of dc machines are the
easy speed and torque regulation.
§ However, their application is limited to mills,
mines and trains. As examples, trolleys and
underground subway cars may use dc motors.
§ Even today the starter is a series dc motor.
§ However, the recent development of power
electronics has reduced the use of dc motors
and generators.
§ The electronically controlled ac drives are
gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.
§ Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors are
still used by industry and several thousand are
sold annually.
Fundamentals of DC Machine
v A magnetic field is directed into the page, perpendicular to the
plane of the rails and the bar.
v Suppose that the bar is stationary when the switch is closed at t
= 0. Then, just after the switch is closed, an initial current
given by iA (0+) = VT /RA flows clockwise around the circuit.
A force given by f = iA l x B is exerted on the bar.
v The direction of the current (and l) is toward the bottom of the
page. Thus, the force is directed to the right. Because the
current and the field are mutually perpendicular, the force
magnitude is given by

f = iAlB
v This force causes the bar to be accelerated toward the right.
As the bar gains velocity u and cuts through the magnetic
field lines, a voltage is induced across the bar. The voltage is
positive at the top end of the bar and is given by:
v Notice that the induced voltage eA opposes the source VT.
The current is:

v As the velocity of the bar builds up, energy is absorbed by

the induced voltage eA, and this energy shows up as the
kinetic energy of the bar.
v Eventually, the bar speed becomes high enough that eA =
VT. Then, the current and the force become zero, and the bar
coasts at constant velocity.
 DC Machine Construction
• Stator: Stationary part of the
machine. The stator carries a field
winding that is used to produce the
required magnetic field by DC
excitation. Often know as the field.

• Rotor: The rotor is the rotating

part of the machine. The rotor
carries a distributed winding, and is
the winding where the emf is
induced. Also known as the
armature.
Rotor assembly of a dc machine.
Cross section of a two-pole DC machine.
Cross section of a four-pole DC machine.
Simple DC Machine
v Notice that as the rotor turns, the left-hand brush is connected
to the conductor under the south stator pole, and the right-hand
brush is connected to the conductor under the north stator pole.
v The voltage vad induced across the terminals of the coil is an ac
voltage, as shown in the figure. This voltage passes through
zero when the conductors are between poles where the flux
density goes to zero.
v While the conductors are under the pole faces where the flux
density is constant, the induced voltage has nearly constant
magnitude. Because the commutator reverses the external
connections to the coil as it rotates, the voltage vT seen at the
external terminals is of constant polarity.
v Notice that the brushes short the armature winding briefly
during the switching process. This occurs because the brushes
are wider than the insulation between commutator segments.
This shorting is not a problem, provided that the voltage is
small when it occurs.
v Commutators in typical machines contain 20 to 50 segments.
Because only part of the coils are commutated at a time, the
terminal voltage of a real machine shows relatively little
fluctuation compared to the two-segment example that we
used for the illustration of concepts.
Voltage produced by a practical dc machine.
DC Machine Construction
DC motor stator with poles
Rotor of a DC motor
Details of the commutator of a DC motor

33
 DC Motors Equivalent circuit
• The equivalent circuit of DC Motors (and Generators)
has two components:

• Armature circuit: it can be represented by a voltage

source and a resistance connected in series (the
armature resistance). The armature winding has a
resistance, Ra.

• The field circuit: It is represented by a winding that

generates the magnetic field and a resistance connected
in series. The field winding has resistance Rf.
 Classification of DC Motors
• Separately Excited and Shunt Motors
Field and armature windings are either connected
separate or in parallel.

• Series Motors
Field and armature windings are connected in
series.

• Compound Motors
Has both shunt and series field so it combines
features of series and shunt motors.
 Separately Excited DC Motors
– The armature winding supplies the load.
– The field winding is supplied by a separate DC source whose
voltage is variable.
– Good speed control.

36
 Shunt DC Motors (parallel)
– The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.
– Constant speed operation.
– Applications: centrifugal pump, machine tools, blowers fans,
reciprocating pumps.

37
 Series DC Motors
– The armature and field winding are connected in series.
– High starting torque.
– Applications: hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators,
electric cars.
 Compound DC motors
– Variable speed motors.
– It has a high starting torque and the no-load speed is
controllable unlike in series motors.
– Applications: Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads,
heavy machine tools, punches.

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 Overall comparison of DC motors
Shunt motors: “Constant speed” motor (speed regulation is very
good). Adjustable speed, medium starting torque.
Applications: centrifugal pump, machine tools, blowers fans,
reciprocating pumps, etc.

Series motors: Variable speed motor which changes speed

drastically from one load condition to another. It has a high starting
torque.
Applications: hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators, electric cars.

Compound motors: Variable speed motors. It has a high starting

torque and the no-load speed is controllable unlike in series motors.
Applications: Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads, heavy machine
tools, punches, etc
Power Flow and Losses in
DC Motors
 Speed Control of DC Motors

Speed can be controlled by varying:

1) Armature circuit resistance using an external

resistance Ra Ext.
2) IF can be varied by using an external resistance Radj
in series with Rf to control the flux, hence the speed.
3) The applied voltage to the armature circuit resistance,
if the motor is separately excited