DC MACHINES
• DC MOTOR • DC GENERATOR
Working principles
Classification
Starting of DC Machines
Speed control of DC Motor
Applications of dc motors
What are DC Machines?
Are DC generators that convert mechanical energy to DC electric energy.
Are DC motors that convert DC electric energy to mechanical energy.
DC machine can be used as a motor or as a generator.
DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
DC MOTOR: INTRODUCTION
DC motors are found in many special industrial environments
Motors drive many types of loads from fans and pumps to
presses and conveyors
The major advantages of dc machines over generators are easy to
control speed and torque regulation.
However, their application is limited to mills, mines and trains. As
examples, trolleys and underground subway cars may use dc motors.
In the past, automobiles were equipped with dc dynamos to charge
their batteries, but now dynamos are replaced by alternators.
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES
DC motor stator Rotor of a dc motor
COMPONENTS OF DC MACHINE
DC Machines Construction
DC machines, like other .
electromechanical energy
conversion devices have
two sets of electrical
windings
– field windings -
on stator
– amarture
windings - on the
rotor.
7
DC Machines Construction
• The stator of the dc motor has poles,
which are excited by dc current to
produce magnetic fields.
• In the neutral zone, in the middle
between the poles, commutating
poles are placed to reduce sparking
of the commutator. The
commutating poles are supplied by
dc current.
• Compensating windings are
mounted on the main poles. These
short-circuited windings damp rotor
oscillations.
8
DC Machines Construction
• The poles are mounted on an iron
core that provides a closed magnetic
circuit.
• The motor housing supports the iron
core, the brushes and the bearings.
• The rotor has a ring-shaped
laminated iron core with slots.
• Coils with several turns are placed in
the slots. The distance between the
two legs of the coil is about 180
electric degrees.
9
DC Machines Construction
• The coils are connected in series
through the commutator
segments.
• The ends of each coil are
connected to a commutator
segment.
• The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated tube.
• Two brushes are pressed to the
commutator to permit current
flow.
• The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone, where the
magnetic field is close to zero, to
reduce arcing.
10
DC Machines Construction
• The commutator switches the
current from one rotor coil to
the adjacent coil,
• The switching requires the
interruption of the coil current.
• The sudden interruption of an
inductive current generates high
voltages .
• The high voltage produces
flashover and arcing between
the commutator segment and
the brush.
11
Principle of Operation
The generated voltage of a DC machines having (p) poles and (Z) conductors on the
armature with (a) parallel path between brushes as below :
pZ
EA K
2a
where K = pZ /(2πa) = machine constant
The mechanical torque which also equal to electromagnetic torque, is found as
follows:
EAI A
e m K I A
In the case of a generator, m is the input mechanical torque, which is converted to
electrical power. For the motor, e is developed electromagnetic torque, which used to
drive the mechanical load.
12
Principle of Operation
ARMATURE winding are defined as the winding
which a voltage is induced.
FIELD windings are defined as the windings that
produce the main flux in the machines.
The magnetic field of the field winding is
approximately sinusoidal, thus AC voltage is
induced in the armature winding as the rotor
turns under the magnetic field of stator.
The COMMUTATOR and BRUSH combination
converts the AC generated voltages to DC.
13
Principle of Operation
The induced or generated DC voltage (EA) appearing between the brushes is a
function of the field current (IF) and the speed of rotation () of the machine. This
generated voltage is :
EA K 'I F
Where
K’ = voltage constant
= rotation per min
If the losses of the DC machine are neglected, the electrical power is equal to the
mechanical power
E A I A m
14
WORKING OF DC MOTOR
15
Current in DC Motor
16
Magnetic Field in DC Motor
17
Force in DC Motor
18
Types of DC Motors
DC motors are classified according to electrical connections of armature
windings and field windings.
Armature windings: a winding which a voltage is induced
Field windings: a winding that produces the main flux in machines
Five major types of DC motors:-
• Separately excited DC motor
• Shunt DC motor
• Permanent Magnet DC motor
• Series DC motor
• Compounded DC motor
Chap 2: DC Machines 19
Types of DC Machines
Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own
excitation of the field windings. In this machine, residual
magnetism must be present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the
machine in order to start the self-excitation process.
Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be
separately excited from an eternal DC source.
Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel.
Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited.
Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.
Applications of DC Motors
Shunt Motor:
Blowers and fans
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Lathe machines
Machine tools
Milling machines
Drilling machines
Applications of DC Motors
Series Motor:
Cranes
Hoists , Elevators
Trolleys
Conveyors
Electric locomotives
Applications of DC Motors
Cumulative compound Motor:
Rolling mills
Punches
Shears
Heavy planers
Elevators
DC Generators
DC generators are dc machines used as generator. There are five major types of dc
generators, classified according to the manner in which their field flux is produced:
• Separately excited generator: In separately excited generator, the field flux is derived from a
separately power source independent of the generator itself.
• Shunt generator: In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the field
circuit directly across the terminals of the generators.
• Series generator: In a series generator, the field flux is produced by connecting the field
circuit in series with the armature of the generator.
• Cumulatively compounded generator: In a cumulatively compounded generator, both a
shunt and series field is present, and their effects are additive.
• Differentially compounded generator: In differentially compounded generator: In a
differentially compounded generator, both a shunt and a series field are present, but their
effects are subtractive.
Chap 2: DC Machines 24
DC GENERATOR: Generation of Unidirectional Voltage
As the rotor is rotated at an angular velocity (),
the armature flux linkage () change and a
voltage eaa’ is induced between terminal a and
a’. The expression for the voltage induced is
given by Faraday’s Law
d
eaa '
dt
a) Flux linkage of coil aa’; b) induced voltage;
c) rectified voltage
25
Two pole DC generator
Generation of Unidirectional Voltage
The internal generated voltage in the DC machines defined as:
E A K
Where EA = armature voltage
K = motor constant
= flux
= rotation per min
26
Applications of DC Generator
Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
Speed Control of DC motors
According to the speed equation of a dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by:
Flux control method: By Changing the flux by controlling
the current through the field winding.
Armature control method: By Changing the armature
resistance which in turn changes the voltage applied
across the armature
Flux Control Method
Advantages:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature Voltage Control Method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential Divider Control
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed
is required , by rheostatic method then the
voltage across the armature can be varied by
connecting rheostat in a potential divider
