CHAPTER -4

DC MACHINE
Introduction
 Dc machines are characterized by their
versatility and simple drive system so it is
extensively used in industry.
 Dc machines can work as generators & motors

1
 Cont….
• In generator mode the machine is driven by a
prime mover (steam turbine or a diesel engine) with
the mechanical energy converted into electrical
energy
• In the motor mode, the machine drives a
mechanical load with the electrical energy supplied
converted into mechanical energy.
• The versatility of dc machines in combination with
the relative simplicity of their drive systems will
insure their continued use in a wide variety of
applications.

2
 DC generators
• There is almost no modern use of dc machines as
generators.
• Presently, all the land based electrical power networks
are a.c systems of generation, transmission and
distribution.
• The universal use of ac systems is on account of their:
a) Lower generation and transmission costs,
b) Higher efficiency (large bulk ac power can be
transmitted and distributed over long distance at
much HV that are impossible in dc system),
c) Greater reliability on account of interconnection and
control. 3
 DC generators

 are used in aircrafts, ships and road mounted

vehicles which are isolated from land based ac
networks for power supply.
 DC generators are still being used to produce
power in small back up and stand-by
generating plants to provide uninterrupted
power supply.

4
 DC motors
• It is extensively used in industry to convert
electrical energy in to mechanical energy.
• Because of the ease with which they can be
controlled, dc motors have been frequently
used in applications requiring a wide range of
motor speeds or precise control of motor
output.
• It is used in rolling mills, in automotive
vehicles as starter motors, in overhead cranes
for electric trains and blower motors

5
 Generators

 Generator is an electrical machines that change

mechanical energy in to electrical energy by the
principles of electromagnetic induction
 In general there are two types of generators
- DC Generator
- AC Generators
 DC Generator converts mechanical energy to DC
electrical energy
 While AC generator converts mechanical energy to AC
electrical energy
6
 Principles of operation of Generators

Whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic flux an e.m.f

is induced in it by Electro-Magnetic Induction.
Electro-Magnetic Induction takes place whenever the
magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, or a
conductor cuts magnetic flux.
Magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkage
e= -dф/dt
Magnetic field variation can be caused by:
a) Relative motion
b) Varying flux
7
 Cont…

This e.m.f causes a current to flow

if the conductor circuit is closed
Hence the two basic fundamental
element of an electrical generator are
i) A magnetic field.
ii)A conductor or conductors
which can so move as to cut the flux.
Figure 4.1

8
 Simple AC Generator
– A single loop of wire is rotated
between the poles of magnets.
– Each end of a conductor is
connected to a slip ring, which in
turn rotates under carbon brush.
– Carbon brush-slip ring arrangement
facilitates connection between the
rotating loop conductor and external
circuit.
– AC e.m.f will be induced at the
conductor and picked by the brush Figure 4.2
terminals.

9
10
 Simple DC Generator
Simple DC generator with
commutator & split ring is
used to generate DC voltage.
Each terminal of the loop
conductor is connected to each
segment of the split ring.
A commutator is a switching
device which reverses the
external connection to the
armature as the current
reverses its direction.
A pulsating DC is generated
by these methods.

11
Simple DC Generator
Drawback:
 A pulsating DC is not
often satisfactory in most
practical application, like
comm. equipments – causes
hamming to radio output.
 Methods to Eliminate
- More number of poles
- More Armature coils
 Pulsation – commutation
ripple

12
13
 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE
 The dc machines used for
industrial applications
have essentially two major
parts:
a) Field system (Stator)
b) Armature (Rotor) and
1. The field system: - is
located on stationary part
of the machine called
stator, and it is designed to
produce magnetic flux and
therefore provides the
necessary excitation
(cause) for operation.

Cut--away view of DC Machines 14

 Cont…

 The stator of the machine consists of the following:

i) Yoke (Frame): is constructed from Cast steel and
serves as a mechanical support for entire assembly.
ii) Field winding: consists of a few turns of heavy wire
for a series field or many turns of fine wire for a shunt
field. Essentially, the field coils are electromagnets
whose ampere turns provide a magneto motive force
(MMF).
iii) Field pole: - constructed from laminated steel and
bolted or welded to the yoke after the assembly of field
windings has been inserted on them. It is designed to
produce the main flux.
15
 Cont…
2. Armature consists of

 armature core with slots,

armature winding accommodated in slots,
brush, commutator and the shaft
Generally the armature is the rotating part of a DC
machine where the process of electromechanical energy
conversion takes place.
The purpose of the armature is to rotate the conductors in
the uniform magnetic field and to induce an alternating
emf in its winding.
 The armature core: - constructed from laminated layers
of steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current loss in the
core.
16
 Brush
Used to ensure the electrical connection b/n
rotating commutator and stationary external load
circuit.
Is needed to collect the current from rotating
commutator or to lead the current to it.
 Brushes are made from carbon or graphite
compounds in the shape of rectangular block.
 They are firmly held against the commutator by
means of spring.
 Brush rings are located at the commutator end.

17
 Commutator

 It is mounted on the rotor of the DC machine and it

performs mechanical rectification of power with the
help of brush.
 AC to DC in case of generator
 DC to AC in case of motors operation.
 It consists of copper segments, individually insulated
from each other and from the shaft.
 The ends of armature coils are connected to the
commutator, which together with the brushes rectifies
the alternating emf induced in the armature coils

18
 Commutation
 The currents induced in armature conductors of a d.c. generator are AC.
 To make their flow unidirectional in the external circuit, we need a
commutator.
 These currents flow in one direction when armature conductors are under
N-pole and in the opposite direction when they are under S-pole.
 As conductors pass out of the influence of N-pole and enter that of S-
pole, the current in them is reversed.
 This reversal of current takes place along magnetic neutral axis or brush
axis, when the two commutator segments to which the coil is connected
are being short circuited by brush.
 This process by which current in the short-circuited coil is reversed
while it crosses the M.N.A. is called commutation.
 The brief period during which coil remains short-circuited is known as
commutation period

19
Commutator

20
 Types of Armature
There are two types of armature constructions
1.Ring type
2.Drum type
Ring type
a. Coils are wound around a hallow iron core.
b. Taps are taken at regular intervals to be connected to the
commutator segments.
c. Early design and seldom used today
Drum type
i. Current armature construction standard.
ii. The insulated coils are inserted into slots in the
cylindrical armature drum
iii. The ends of the coil are connected in series at the
commutator segments.
21
 Cont…

Drum type
Ring type

22
Classification of DC Machines
 According to the method of their field excitation dc
machines are classified as:
Separately excited and Self excited
1. Separately excited
 The generator is not supply its own field
excitation.
 The field winding is excited from independent
separate external DC source
 It needs external DC source in order to bring them in
to operation
 it is used in laboratories where large voltage variation
is essential for lab. experiment
23
Separately Excited DC Generator

Figure 4.4 (a) Separately excited dc Generator

24
 Cont…

Figure 4.4 (b) Connections of separately excited dc Generator

25
 Separately Excited DC Motor

Figure 4.5Connections of separately excited dc Motor

26
 Self - Excited DC Generator
 The generator supplies its own field excitation
 When the field winding is excited by its own armature, the
machines is said to be a self excited dc machine
 i.e. their field and armature windings are connected.
 In these machines, the field poles must have a residual
magnetism, so that when the armature rotates, a residual
voltage appears across the brushes.
 Residual magnetism will be used to start generator
operation, voltage build up process
 Residual magnetism- retained magnetism by an
electromagnet after a magnetizing force is disconnected

27
 Classification of self excited DC Machine

 Based on the connection of the field winding with the

armature winding, a self-excited dc machine can be
sub-divided in to three groups.
• Shunt wound
• Series Wound
• Compound Wound a) short shunt
b) long shunt

28
 Shunt Wound Generator

The field winding consists of a large number of turns of

fine wire and is connected in parallel with the armature.
So the resistance of the field winding is very large.
 Thus the shunt (field) current Ish is very small
The excitation current varies in accordance with the output
voltage
A flow of armature current causes voltage drop across the
armature, and in turn causes a decrease in excitation current
and output voltage.
Hence, variation in load current causes output voltage
fluctuation, requires regulation

29
Cont….

Figure 4.6

30
 Voltage build-up of Shunt generators
• When the generator is run at constant speed, some e.m.f. will
be generated due to residual magnetism in the main pole.
• This e.m.f will circulate field current If which in turn
produces additional flux to reinforce the original residual ф.
• This process continues, and the generator builds up the
normal generated voltage following the occ.

Figure 4.7 : Voltage build up in a self excited dc generator

31
 Cont…
• As shown in the figure 4-8 below, in shunt generator the voltage
build up depends up on the field circuit resistance (Rf)

Figure 4-8: Effect of field resistance on voltage build up

• If field resistance is Rf1 then the generator will build up 111Volt
• If field resistance is Rf2 then the generator will build up 100Volt
• If field resistance is Rc then the generator will build up 85Volt

32
 Cont…
• If the field resistance is increased, the slop of resistance
line also increases
• The field resistance tangent to occ is called critical
resistance (Rc) for the shunt generator.
• Rc is the maximum field circuit resistance (for a given
speed) with which the generator would just excite
• If the field resistance is increased beyond Rc the
generator will fall to excite.
• For proper voltage builds up the following are required
-Residual magnetism,
-Field MMF should aid Residual magnetism
-Rf< Rc
33
 Series Wound Generator
The field winding of series wound machine is wound
with few turns of thick wire. And connected in series
with the armature
So the resistance of the field winding is very low
The current drawn by the generator passes through the
field winding as well as the armature. So

Figure 4.10
34
 Figure 3.11
The output voltage linearly increases with armature
current up to field saturation point, after this point the
voltage instantly drops. and the current remains constant.
Thus, it is referred to as constant current generator

35
 Compound Wound Generator

Consist of series and shunt field coils.

The series field compensates the drop in voltage that
takes place due to armature resistance. Thus the
output voltage is fairly constant

Figure 3.12

36
 Compound Wound Generator

The field windings of a compound DC generator can be

wound into two types
- Cumulative
- Differential
 Cumulative: the two fields aid each other.
so that the m.m.f in the series field adds to that of the
shunt field.
Differential: the two fields oppose each other or the
m.m.f in series field opposes to that of the shunt field
m.m.f

37
 Cumulative Compound Generator

Depending on the degree of compounding,

proportionality between series and shunt winding,
compound generators are classified as:
Under compounded: VFL of compound generator
is higher than shunt generator but lower than VNL
Flat compounded: VFL = VNL
Over compounded: VFL > VNL

38
Cumulative Compound Generator

Figure 3.13

39
Armature Reaction

It is the effect of magnetic

flux set up by armature
current on the main flux
Armature flux is created by
the current flows through the
armature coil
This flux is at right angle to
the main flux and tends to
distort and weaken the flux
coming from the main pole
This distortion and
weakening of the main flux is
said to be armature reaction,
and causes the neutral plane Figure 3.17
to shift 40
 Figure 3. 18
The armature flux has two effects:
(i) It demagnetises or weakens the main flux which leads
to reduction of generated voltage
(ii) It cross-magnetizes or distorts it, this causes sparking
at the brush
The shifting of the neutral plane due to armature reaction
results in arcing 41
 Demagnetizing AT per Pole
 Since armature demagnetizing ampere-turns are neutralized by
adding extra ampere-turns to the main field winding, it is
essential to calculate their number.
 But it should be remembered that the number of turns is equal
to half the number of conductors because two conductors-
constitute one turn.
Let
Z = total number of armature conductors
I = current in each armature conductor
= Ia/ 2 …for wave winding
=Ia /P ... for lap winding
ϴm =forward lead in mechanical or angular degrees
42
 Cont…
• Total number of turns in these angles =
• Demagnetizing amp-turns per pair of poles =
• Demagnetizing amp - turns/pole =
• ATd per pole =
Cross-magnetizing AT per pole
• Total armature-conductors/pole both cross and
demagnetizing = Z / P
• Demagnetizing conductors/pole =
• Cross-magnetizing conductors/pole =
• Cross-magnetizing amp-conductors/pole=

43
 Cont…
 Cross-magnetizing amp-turns/pole =
(Remembering that two conductors make one turn)
per pole =

Note (i) For neutralizing the demagnetizing effect of

armature-reaction, an extra number of turns may be
put on each pole.
No. of extra turns/pole = for shunt generator
No. of extra turns/pole = for series generator
(ii) If lead angle is given in electrical degrees, it should
be converted into mechanical degrees by

ϴm=
44
 Cont…

 It should be noted that both distorting and

demagnetizing effects will increase with increase in the
armature current.
Commutator Arcing
 is caused by distortion of the main flux due to armature
reaction.
 Minimized by
1. Brush shift method
2. Using inter-poles
3. Using compensating winding

45
 Interpoles

The current flow in the coil

undergoing commutation
The collapsing magnetic field
induces voltage which causes
arcing and neutral plane shift.
To reduce self inductance voltage,
interpoles are used.
Interlopes have same polarity as
the next field pole in the direction
of armature rotation.
Figure 3.19

46
Compensating winding
Used for large DC machines which are
subjected to large fluctuations in load
Their function is to neutralize the cross
magnetizing effect of armature
reaction.
They are connected in series with
armature in such a way that the current
in them flows in opposite direction to
that flowing in armature conductors
Figure 3.20
So it produce a magnetic flux equal to
armature flux but opposite in direction
this neutralize the effect.

47
 Motor Reaction

When a generator operates under load, the armature

current sets a strong magnetic flux.
Interaction between induced flux and excitation field
develops a counter torque, which counteract the prime
mover.
This action of a generator is said to be motor reaction
in a generator

48
 EMF EQUATION OF DC GENERATOR

Let ϕ= flux per pole in Weber,

Z = total number of armature conductors =
P = Number of poles
a = number of parallel paths in armature
N= armature rotation in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Eg = emf generated in one of the parallel path
Hence according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction emf generated / conductor

49
 For wave winding
• Number of parallel current path a = 2
• Number of conductors (in series) in one path= Z/2
∴ emf generated / path =

For lap winding

• Number of parallel current path a = P
• Number of conductors (in series) in one path = Z/P
∴ emf generated / path =

50
 DC Generator Characteristics

 The speed of a d.c. machine operated as a generator is

fixed by the prime mover.
 For general-purpose operation, the prime mover is
equipped with a speed governor so that the speed of
the generator is practically constant.
 Under such condition, the generator performance
deals primarily with the relation between excitation,
terminal voltage and load.
 These relations can be best exhibited graphically by
means of curves known as generator characteristics.

51
The three most important characteristics or curves of a D.C.
generator are
1. No-load Saturation Characteristic (E0/If)
 It is also known as Magnetic Characteristic or Open-
circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.).
 It shows the relation between the no-load generated
e.m.f. in armature, E0 and If at a given fixed speed.
 It is just the magnetization curve for the material of
the electromagnets.
 Its shape is practically the same for all generators
whether separately-excited or self-excited

52
 Cont..

• The O.C.C. for a d.c. generator is determined as follows.

• The field winding of the d.c. generator (series or shunt) is
disconnected from the machine and is separately excited
from an external d.c. source as shown in Fig.3.21 (ii).
• The generator is run at fixed speed. (If) is increased from
zero in steps and the corresponding values of generated
e.m.f. (E0) read off on a voltmeter connected across the
armature terminals.
• On plotting the relation between E0 and If, we get the open
circuit characteristic as shown in Fig.3.21 (i). below

53
Cont…

Figure 3.21

54
 2. Internal and External Characteristics
 Internal characteristics gives the relation between the e.m.f. E
actually induces in the armature (after allowing for the
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction) and the armature
current Ia.
 The e.m.f E will be less than E0 due to the effects of armature
reaction. Therefore, this curve will lie below the open circuit
characteristic.
 External characteristics also referred to as performance
characteristic or sometimes voltage-regulating curve
 It gives the relation between terminal voltage V and the load
current I.
 V will be less than E due to voltage drop in the armature
circuit.
 Therefore, this curve will lie below the internal characteristic.

55
 Cont…
 As the load current increases, the terminal voltage falls due
to two reasons:
- The armature reaction weakens the main flux so that actual
e.m.f generated E on load is less than that generated (E0) on
no load.
- There is voltage drop across armature resistance (ILRa =
IaRa). Due to these reasons, the external characteristic is a
drooping curve

Figure 3.22 56
 Voltage Regulation
The change in terminal voltage of a generator
between full and no load (at constant speed) is
called the voltage regulation, usually expressed as
a percentage of the voltage at full-load.

VFL = Terminal voltage of generator at full load

57
 D.C. Motors
 DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
 It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
 There are similarities between dc generators and dc motors.
 Both machines have rotating and stationary parts.
 Both machines use commutators and brushes to complete
their circuits.
 The windings are supplied with direct current from an
external source.
 The current flow in the windings produce magnetic field
around the respective windings.
 The two magnetic fields interact and develop a torque which
tends to rotate the armature.
58
 Principle of Operation

• When current flows in a

conductor, magnetic field is
set up about the conductor.
• If the conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, the two
fields interact and develop
force
• The direction of the force is
given by Fleming's left hand
rule (motor rule) and hence Figure .3.24
the conductor moves in the
direction of force.

59
 Cont…
• Magnitude of the force experienced in the conductor
is given by
Where: B is the field density, is the current flowing
through the conductor and is the length of
conductor in meters.
 In an actual DC motor, several coils are wound on the
rotor, all of which experience force, resulting in
rotation.
 The greater the current in the wire, or the greater the
magnetic field, the faster the wire moves because of
the greater turning force created.

60
 Cont…

 When the motor is connected to the dc Supply, a dc

current passes through the brushes and commutator to
the armature winding.
 While it passes through the commutator it is converted
in to a.c.
 so that the group of conductors under successive field
poles carries currents in the opposite directions.
 Since the armature conductors are revolving in the
magnetic field, and cut the magnetic flux and therefore
e.m.f. is induced in them as shown in figure 3.25 below.

61
 Cont…

Figure 3.25Induced voltage in the armature winding of DC motor

 This voltage is in opposition to the voltage that causes
current flow through the conductor and is referred to as a
counter-emf or back emf (Eb).
 The value of current flowing through the armature is
dependent upon the difference between the applied
voltage and this counter-voltage.

62
 Cont…

 The current due to this Eb tends to oppose the very cause

for its production according to Lenz’s law. It results in
the rotor slowing down.
 The applied voltage must be large enough to overcome
this back e.m.f. and to send the current through the
resistance of the armature.
 Thus we see that an e.m.f. is generated in both generator
and motor, therefore, there is a generator action in both
motor and generator operation.

63
 Cont…

• But in G- operation Eg produces the armature current, where as

in M-operation Eb opposes the supply voltage.
• Since the back e.m.f. is induced due to the generator action, the
magnitude is given by

 In generator theory, the movement of a conductor in a magnetic

field induces voltage that causes current flow.
 In motors, current from an external source is passed through the
conductor while it is in a magnetic field.
 The flow of current caused movement of the conductor

64
Voltage and Torque developed in a DC Motor
Torque Developed
 The equation for torque developed in a DC motor can
be derived as follows.
 The force on one coil of wire
 Note that l and B are vector quantities
 Since B =/A where A is the area of the coil,
 Therefore the torque for a multi turn coil with an
armature current of Ia is:
T = K ** Ia ----------------(i)

65
 Cont…

 Where  is the flux/pole in weber, K is a constant

depending on coil geometry, and Ia is the current flowing
in the armature winding.
 Note: T is a function of F and the distance, equation (i)
lumps all the constant parameters (eg.length, area and
distance) in constant K.
 The mechanical power generated is the product of the
machine T and the mechanical speed of rotation (Wm),
Pm= Wm*T =Wm*k**Ia

66
 Cont…
• It is interesting to note that the same DC machine can be
used either as a motor or as a generator, by reversing the
terminal connections.

Figure 3.27 Reversibility of a DC machine

67
 Cont…

 The generated voltage is given by

Ea=Vg= Z*P**N= Ka**m

60*a
Where Z= Number of armature conductors
a = Number of parallel paths between the brushes.
p= Number of poles
= Magnetic flux per pole
N= Speed of the rotor in rpm
Ea = Kam (volts) where Wm=N/60rpm
Developed Torque, Tdev = KaIa (Newton-meter or Nm)
where m is the speed of the armature in rad/sec.,
Ia is the Armature current
Ka is the machine constant =

68
Interaction of Prime-mover, DC Generator and Load

Figure 3.28

69
Interaction of the DC Motor and Mechanical Load

Figure 3.29

70
 Power Developed in a DC Machine

Equivalence of Motor and Generator

 In every generator there is a motor (Tdev opposes Tpm)
 In every motor there is a generator (Ea opposes VT)

71
Losses in DC Machine

Figure 3-30
72
 D.C. Motor Characteristics
 The three important characteristics of a d.c motor
a) Torque and Armature current characteristic (Ta/Ia) Fig b
 It is the curve between armature torque Ta and armature
current Ia of a d.c motor. It is also known as electrical
characteristic of the motor.
b) Speed and armature current characteristic (N/Ia)Fig c
• It is the curve between speed N and armature current Ia of
a d.c motor.
• It is very important characteristic as it is often the deciding
factor in the selection of the motor for a particular
application.

73
 Cont…
c) Speed and torque characteristic (N/Ta) Fig d
 It is the curve between speed N and armature torque Ta of a
d.c motor. It is also known as mechanical characteristic.
Characteristics of Shunt Motors
its connection is shown in Fig. (a)
• It is generally referred to as a constant speed motor. It finds in
applications of requiring a relatively constant speed under
varying loads.
• The Ish is constant since the field winding is directly
connected to the supply voltage V which is assumed to be
constant.
Hence, the flux (ф) in a shunt motor is approximately constant.

74
Characteristics of Shunt Motors

Figure 3.31

75
 Characteristic of DC Series motor

• One of the main advantages of series motor is its ability to

develop a large starting torque under load conditions, That
is, T ɤ ϕ.
• From fig 3.32 (a) it is evident that series motor develops
large starting torque to accelerate the heavy masses.
Hence it is used where large starting torque is required
such as in electric railways, electric trains and electric
vehicle
• Up to saturation point flux is proportional to field current
and hence to the armature current because Ia= Iser

76
 Cont…

• Figure 3.32(b) shows on no load the speed is

dangerously high, which result in heavy centrifugal
force that damage the motor.
• As the current increase, the N decreases. That is why,
series motors are never started on no load.
• As the N of the motor increases and also the Eb builds,
the line current decreases and also the torque reduce.
• From fig.3.32 (c) we can see that in series wound motor
as the T increases the N decreases, hence it is most
suited for the service where the motor is directly
coupled to the load, such as fans whose speed fails with
increase in torque.
77
Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Figure 3.32

78
 DC Motor Speed Control
 Many applications require the speed of a motor to be
varied over a wide range.
 One of the most attractive features of DC motors in
comparison with AC motors is the ease with which
their speed can be varied.
 We know that the back emf for a separately excited
DC motor:- Eb = K *Ф *N = VT - Ia *Ra
 Rearranging the terms
Speed(N) = (VT - Ia Ra)/K Ф -------1

79
 Cont…
 From equation(1), it is evident that the speed can be
varied by using any of the following methods
Armature voltage control (By varying VT)
Field Control (By Varying Ф)
Armature resistance control (By varying Ra)
Speed control of Separately excited DC motors
Armature voltage control

This method is usually applicable to separately excited

DC motors. In this method of speed control, Ra and Ф are
kept constant.
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 Cont…
 In normal operation, the drop across the Ra is small
compared to Eb and therefore: Eb=VT
 Since, Eb = K Ф N
Angular speed can be expressed as:
N=VT/KФ -------2
From equation (2),
 If Ф is kept constant, the N changes linearly with VT.
 As the VT is increased, the N increases and vice versa.
 The relationship between N and applied voltage is shown in
figure (3.33) below.
 This method provides smooth variation of speed

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 Cont…

Figure 3.33 : Variation of speed with applied voltage

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 SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT DC MOTORS
a) Variation of Flux or Field control Method:
It is seen from equation (1) above that: N α 1/Ф
Assuming magnetic linearity, Ф α Ish or N α 1/Ish.
i.e., Speed can be controlled by varying field current(Ish)
 The flux of dc motor can be changed by changing Ish with
the help of an adjustable shunt rheostat in the field circuit
 By increasing the value of total field resistance, Ish can be
reduced, and therefore N can be increased.
 Since Ish is relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry
only a small current, which means I2R loss is small.
 So this method is, therefore, very efficient.

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 b) Armature or Rheostat Control Method

• This method is used when speeds below the no-load

speed are required.
• As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage
across the armature is varied by inserting a variable
rheostat in series with the armature circuit as shown in
fig. 3.34 below.
• As controller resistance is increased; Potential difference
across the armature is decreased, thereby decreasing the
armature speed.
• From the speed/armature current characteristics, it is seen
that the greater the resistance in the armature circuit,
greater is the fall in speed.

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 Cont…

Figure 3.34 Circuit arrangement for Rheostat Control

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 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERIES MOTOR

1. Flux Control Method: Variation in the flux of a Series

motor can be brought about in any one of the following
ways:
i) Field Diverters: The series winding are shunted by a
variable resistance knows as field diverter as shown in
fig. 3.35 (a).
 Any desired amount of current can be passed through
the diverter by adjusting its resistance. Hence the flux
can be decreased, consequently, the speed of the motor
increased.

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 ii) Armature Diverter

• A diverter across the armature can be used for giving

speeds lower than the normal speed. For a given constant
load torque, if Ia is reduced due to armature diverter, then
𝛷 must increase (∴T ɤ ϕ).
• This results an increase in current taken from the supply
which increases the flux) and a fall in speed (N α 1/Ф)
• The variations in N can be controlled by varying the
diverter resistance as shown in fig 3.35(b).

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 iii) Tapped Field Control
 Employed in electric traction as shown in fig 3-35 (c).The
number of series field turns in the circuit can be changed at
will as shown.
 With full field, the motor runs at its minimum speed,
which can be raised in steps by cutting out some of the
series turns.

Figure 3.35 Circuit arrangement for Flux control method of Series Dc motor
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 2. Variable Resistance in series with Motor

• By increasing the resistance in series with armature, the

voltage applied across the armature terminals can be
decreased.
• With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is
reduced.
• However, it will be noted that since full motor current
passes through this resistance, there is a considerable
loss of power in it.

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 Cont…

Figure 3.36Circuit arrangement for variable resistance control method of Series Dc motor

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 DC MOTOR STARTING
• If dc motor is directly connected to a dc power supply, the
starting current will be dangerously high.
• The current drawn by the motor armature is
• At stand still Eb=0, therefore,
Since is very small, the starting current drawn by the supply
voltage is very large.
• This excessive starting current will damage the motor
• Thus, the starting current can be reduced by
1. Reducing VT at starting:- requires a variable supply voltage
2. Increasing resistance in the armature circuit:- an additional
resistance Rex can be connected in the armature circuit

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