Course II

Lesson ４
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

４A
• Derivative of Sine Function
• Limit of sin x
x
• Derivatives of Basic Trigonometric Function

1
 Derivative of Sine Function
Variation of slopes Cosine ?
f (x)

f ( x) = sin x

Derivative by definition
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) sin( x + h) − sin x
f ʹ( x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
= lim
h →0 h
⎛ sin h 1 − cos h ⎞
=hlim ⎜ cos x
→0 ⎝ h
− sin x
h
⎟
⎠ 2
 Limit of sin x / x
Consider a sector with central angle x
Compare the areas of △OAB, sector OAB, and △OAT
1 x 1
⋅ 1 ⋅ sin x < (π ⋅ 12 ) ⋅ < ⋅ 1 ⋅ tan x
2 2π 2
∴ sin x < x < tan x
Divide by sin x(> 0)
x 1
∴ 1< <
sin x cos x y=x
y = sin x
sin x
∴ 1> > cos x
x
As x → 0 1
sin x
lim =1
h →0 x 3
 Derivative of Sine FunctionーCont.

⎛ sin h 1 − cos h ⎞
f ʹ( x) = lim⎜ cos x − sin x ⎟
h →0
⎝ h h ⎠

１ (1 − cos h)(1 + cos h) 1 − cos 2 h sinh sinh

= =
h(1 + cos h) h(1 + cos h) h (1 + cos h)

１ ０
Therefore

(sin x)ʹ = cos x

4
That makes sense!
 Example

[Example 4-1] Derive the derivative of cos x and tan x .

Ans. π
−x
(1) From the triangle in the right side 2
⎛π ⎞ h
cos x = sin ⎜ − x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ b
x
Therefore ʹ ʹ a
⎛ π ⎞ π π
(cos x )ʹ = ⎜⎜ sin⎛⎜ − x ⎞⎟ ⎟⎟ = cos⎛⎜ − x ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ − x ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎝2 ⎠⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
= sin x × (−1) = − sin x

(2) From the quotient rule

ʹ 2 2
ʹ ⎛ sin x ⎞ cos x ⋅ cos x − sin x(− sin x) cos x + sin x
(tan x ) = ⎜ ⎟ = 2
=
⎝ cos x ⎠ cos x cos2 x
1 2
= 2
= sec x
cos x 5
 Summary of Derivatives of Tri. Functions

(1) The basic trigonometric derivatives (Memorize!)

d d
sin x = cos x, cos x = − sin x
dx dx
(2) Other standard relationships
( Derive from (1) if necessary)
d d
tan x = sec2 x, sec x = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
cot x = − csc2 x, csc x = − csc x cot x
dx dx
[ note ]
These formula are valid only when the angle x is measured in radians.

6
 Example

[Example 4.2] Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(1) y = cos 2 x (2) y = x sin x + cos x
Ans.
(1) Chain rule
ʹ
yʹ = 2 cos x ⋅ (cos x ) = 2 cos x ⋅ (− sin x )
= −2 sin x cos x = − sin 2 x

(2) Product rule

ʹ ʹ
y = (x ⋅ sin x ) + (cos x )
ʹ
= (1 ⋅ sin x + x cos x ) − sin x = x cos x

7
 Exercise

[Ex.4.1] Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(1) y = sin ax 2 (2) y = 1 (3) ⎛x π⎞
y = cos⎜ + ⎟
tan x ⎝2 6⎠

Pause the video and solve the problem by yourself.

8
 Answer to Exercise

[Ex.4.1] Find the derivatives of the following functions:

2 1 ⎛x π⎞
(1) y = sin ax (2) y = (3) y = cos⎜ + ⎟
tan x ⎝2 6⎠

d d d
(1) sin( ax 2 ) = sin u (ax 2 ) = cos u ⋅ (2ax ) = 2ax cos(ax 2 )
dx du dx
ʹ
⎛ cos x ⎞ (− sin x) sin x − cos x(cos x) (sin 2 x + cos2 x) 1
(2) y ʹ = ⎜ ⎟ = = − = −
⎝ sin x ⎠ sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x

d d ⎛x π⎞ 1 ⎛x π⎞
(3) yʹ = cos u ⎜ + ⎟ = − sin ⎜ + ⎟
du dx ⎝ 2 6 ⎠ 2 ⎝2 6⎠

9
Course II

Lesson ４
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

４B
• Derivatives and Motions
• Position, Velocity and Acceleration
• Simple Harmonic Motion

10
 Velocity and Acceleration

Point P is moving on the straight line :

O P Its position is given by

x
x = f (t ) x = f (t )

The average velocity between t1 and t2

Δx x 2 − x1 x
v= =
Δt t 2 − t1 average
The instantaneous velocity at t = t1 x2

Δx ds x1
v(t1 ) = lim v= = f ʹ(t ) instantaneous
Δt → 0 Δt
dt
The instantaneous acceleration at t = t1 O t1 t2 t
dv
α= = f ʹʹ(t ) 11
dt
 Example

[ Example 4-3 ] The position of the mass moving on the x-axis is

given by s(t ) = t 3 − 3t 2 − 9t + 10
.
(1) Find the velocity and the acceleration at t = 2 .
(2) Investigate the motion during − 2 ≤ t ≤ 4
ds
Ans. (1) Velocity : v= = 3t 2 − 6t − 9 = 3(t + 1)(t − 3) ∴ v(2) = −9
dt
dv
Acceleration : a = = 6(t − 1) ∴ a(2) = 6
dt
(2)

12
 Simple Harmonic Motion

A
Motion

Vertical position : y = A sin(ωt + α )

dy
Velocity : v= = Aω cos(ωt + α )
dt
dv d 2v
Acceleration : a= = 2 = − Aω 2 sin(ωt + α )
dt dt 13
 Exercise

[Exercise.4.2] Point P is moving on the x-axis. Its position is given by

x = 2t + cos t . Find the time when the point has the maximum velocity
and its maximum velocity.

Pause the video and solve the problem by yourself.

14
 Answer to the Exercise

[Exercise.4.2] Point P is moving on the x-axis. Its position is given by

x = 2t + cos t . Find the time when the point has the maximum velocity
and its maximum velocity.

Ans.
dx
Velocity v= = 2 − sin t
dt
Maximum velocity occurs at
sin t = −1
Therefore
3
t = π + 2nπ
2
Maximum velocity is 3.
15