SHELDON’S ADVANCED ENGLISH LESSONS PART III

LESSON CLIV
Point out the conjunctions in the following sentences. State the class to which each belongs and
the office it forms.
1. And-coordinate
2. Although-disjunctive
3. Neither/nor-correlative
4. Neither/nor-correlative
5. As-subordinate
6. But- disjunctive
And-coordinate
7. So—correlative
8. If-subordinate
9. Or-disjunctive
10. As-correlative
11. So-correlative
As-correlative
12. But-disjunctive
13. Neither/nor-correlative
14. Or-disjunctive
15. Because-subordinating
And-coordinate
16. But-disjunctive
17. But-disjunctive
18. If-correlative

LESSON CLV
The warrior is compared to a lion. They represent different classes of objects. In the first
sentence the comparison is directly expressed by the word “like.” In the second sentence the
comparison is directly expressed, in the first sentences the comparison is implied.
In the following sentences point out and explain the similes and the metaphors:

1. Simile- was like

2. Metaphor- thou art
 3. Metaphor- virtue is
4. Metaphor-Webster was
5. Metaphor- a thing of beauty is
6. Metaphor- Pitt was the pilot
7. Metaphor-black were
8. Metaphor- necessity is
9. Simile-like birds
10. Metaphor- a winged boat, a bird afloat
11. Simile-like sportive deer
12. Simile-clear as
13. Metaphor- poetry is
14. Simile-Like winged stars
15. Simile- like proverbs

LESSON CLVI
1. Prepositions can be used with prepositional phrases. They allow the noun or pronoun in
the phrase to modify a different word in the sentence. The paper is ON the table.
2. A conjunction connects sentences or clauses. I like apples, BUT I also like oranges.
3. Both/and
Either/or
Neither/nor

I want both apples and oranges.

We could serve either pie or cake.
I didn’t like neither the cake nor the pie.

4. I like apple AND peach pie.

5. The three most common coordinating conjunctions are AND, BUT, and OR.
I like basketball AND soccer. I like basketball, BUT I don’t like soccer. I don’t like
basketball OR soccer.

6. Copulative conjunctions connect a sentences making both parts adding an element with
a similar meaning. For example: I like berries AND peaches. Disjunctive conjunctions
separate a sentence giving each part opposing meanings. Either only one of the
elements is true or neither is true. For example: .I don’t want cake OR pie.
 7. They both highlight the relationship to other words in the sentence.

8. Prepositions and conjunctions in Lesson CXLIII:

Prepositions: in, of, as, at, almost, that, for, with, about, over
Conjunctions: but, and,
9/10. Commas are used before a coordinating conjunction that separates two independent
clauses or after introductory words, clauses, or phrases.
11. Answers will vary: an example is given
The boy said, “please to not eat all of my candy.”
12. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLVII
State with reference to each of the sentences in the exercise in Lesson CLIII
In Lesson CLIII the student was instructed to write an original composition. Answers will vary.
Enlarge the following sentences by supplying modifiers or complements. Mention the logical
subjects or predicates: (answers will vary; several examples are given).

1. The wind blows quickly. (logical predicate)

2. The little children play. (logical subject)
3. School was dismissed early. (logical predicate)
4. The snow falls silently. (logical predicate).
5. We found vibrant violets. (logical predicate)

LESSON CLVIII

Mention the grammatical subject of each of the following sentences, and tell to which of the
foregoing classes it belongs.
1. The brilliancy of the light- a clause
2. The earth- a noun
3. The fisherman-noun
4. The butterflies-noun
5. The leaves- noun
 6. To be employed- infinitive
7. Walking-participle
8. You- pronoun
9. I- pronoun
10. To learn- infinitive
11. Ideas- noun
12. Learn- infinitive
13. Labor-noun
14. Dispatch-noun
15. To talk- infinitive
16. To write-infinitive
17. Daises-noun
18. They-pronoun
19. Playing-participle
20. Dogs-noun

LESSON CLIX
The student will study the composition and describe an event. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLX
1. Adversity is the grindstone of life. (Problems in life will polish you and make you a better
person or defeat you. What you do with adversity, problems, will define you.)
2. Gravity is the ballast of the soul,
Which keeps the mind steady. — Fuller. (Gravity keeps us steady, calm, grounded.)
3. The lion is the desert's king. — Stedman. (The lion is at the top of the animal chain.)
4. My only defense is the flag of my country, and I place myself under its folds. —Poinsett. (I am
patriotic and I stand for, and believe in, what my country represents.)
5. Lovely flowers are the smiles of God's goodness. WILBERFORCE. (Simile comparing flowers to
God being good. God created flowers and they are beautiful as though God were actually
smiling at us with this creation.)
6. Like a spear of flame the cardinal flower
Burned out along the meadow. —EDDY. (Simile comparing how the long red petals of the
cardinal flower look like flames burning in the meadow.)
7. Weariness
Can snore upon the flint. — Shakespeare. (When you are tired, you can sleep anywhere.)
8. And the cares that infest the day
Shall fold their tents like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away. —Longfellow. (At the end of the day, all the worries and problems
you have had will go away as night comes and you sleep.)
LESSON CLXI
In each sentence mention: 1. The logical subject (everything except the predicate) 2. The
grammatical subject. 3. The modifiers of the grammatical subject.
1. The willow trees are full of yellow catkins.
2. A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck.
3. The first sharp frosts had fallen, leaving all the woodlands gay.
4. The loud winds dwindled to a whisper low.
5. The old house by the lindens
Stood silent in the shade
6. The brilliant cardinal flower has never seemed gay to me.
7. The angel of the flowers one day, beneath a rose tree sleeping lay.
 A certain bird in a certain wood…

LESSON CLXII
Point out in reference to the following sentences: — 1. The logical predicate. (Everything except
the subject) 2. The grammatical predicate. (The verb) 3. The complement of the grammatical
predicate. (The object)
1. Pour around a fairy light
2. Leaps the live thunder
3. Paints with gold the village spire
4. Vigorously smoking, are visible here and there in the distant landscape
5. The long fair summer days came on
6. Stretched his celestial rods of light across the level landscape
7. Are driving over the distant hilltops
8. I used to think that everybody was happy
9. Stands clear and strong against the purple sky
10. Soon gave way before good cheer and affability

LESSON CLXIII
Point out in reference to the following sentences: — 1. The logical predicate. (Everything except
the subject) 2. The grammatical predicate. (The verb) 3. The complement of the grammatical
predicate. (The object)
1. The moonlight silvered the distant hills.
2. The light of the moon shining through gleaming clouds guided us on our way.
3. The titles of books interest me.
4. I hear the singing of the birds.
5. Each autumn sees the falling of the leaves.
6. The herdsman watched the setting of the sun.
7. The only way to have a friend is to be a friend.
8. The sleep of the laboring man is sweet.
9. His face is serious, expressive, and intellectually powerful.
10. Resolve to act honorably in all things. (Subject is implied, it’s imperative)
11. We could never learn to be brave and patient, if there were only joy in the world.
12. Lord Beaconsfield said that progress in the nineteenth century is found to consist in a return
to ancient ideas.
13. It is the end of art to inoculate men with the love of nature. —Beecher.
14. It was the pleasant harvest time,
When cellar bins are closely stored,
And garrets bend beneath their load. —Whittier.
15. Try to know enough of a wide range of subjects to profit by the conversation of intelligent
persons of different callings and various intellectual gifts and acquisitions. (Subject is implied,
it’s imperative)

LESSON CLXIV
Point out the adjective complements and the noun complements.
Rewrite each sentence, changing the predicate to the passive form.

1. A word of praise made him happy. – He was made happy by a word of praise.
2. The people of France called her extravagant. – She was called extravagant by the people of
France.
3. I thrice presented him a kingly crown. – He was thrice presented a kingly crown (by me).
4. We planted some roses in our garden this morning. – Some roses were planted in our garden
this morning (by us).
5. The cruel flames have entirely devoured the house. – The house has been entirely devoured
by the cruel flames.
6. The breeze from the coast brings me the perfume of the plum trees. – The perfume of the
plum trees is brought to me by the breeze from the coast.

LESSON CLXV
Rewrite the following sentences changing examples of plain language to similes or metaphors.
Answers will vary. Examples are given.
1. Her teeth are like snowcaps.
2. Her hair is straw.
3. Her eyes are sun beams.
4. Answer will vary according to what the student’s opinion of happiness is
5. She is a free bird.
6. The dog runs like a cheetah.
7. Answer will vary according to what the student’s opinion of happiness is
8. Contentment is gold
9. The cardinal flower blossomed in the place of glory.
10. The cares of the day shall vanish.
Change the similes to metaphors
1. Thy word is a lamp unto my feet.
2. Procrastination is a thief of time.
3. Stars are daisies that begem the blue fields of the sky.
4. Her laughter is a rippling brook
5. Kings are stars-they rise and set.
6. Precept is instruction written in the sand.
7. Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.

LESSON CLXVI
The student will construct sentences using the words. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLXVII
Classify the elements in the following sentences: —
1. With reference to rank. – principal, subordinate or independent
2. With reference to structure. – word, phrase or clause
3. With reference to office. - (a) substantive, (b) affirmative, (c) adjective, (d) adverbial, or (e)
connective.
1. The best poetry of the best poets is touched with sadness. —Winter.
2. It was said by Talleyrand that the object of language is to conceal thought.
3. Macbeth could scarcely understand what they said.
4. The hermit good lives in that wood
Which slopes down to the sea. —Coleridge.
5. Butterflies live a gay life, flitting from flower to flower, sipping the drops of honeydew,
without a thought for the morrow.

LESSON CLXVIII
The clause in the second sentence equivalent to the phrase in the first is “who are intelligent”
(or “of intelligence”).
The sentences are equivalent in meaning.
Rewrite the following sentences, expanding the Italicized phrases into equivalent clauses:
1. To achieve the presidency is that which is his ambition
2. On the moment in which I received the letter I departed.
3. He is a man who possesses many great abilities.
4. This is the house which was built by Jack.
5. I watched the workmen who were building the house.
6. When we entered the hall of William Rufus we recalled the trial of Warren Hastings.
7. The building which is adjoining the palace is a chapel.
8. After they had seen the procession, the children went home.

LESSON CLXIX
Rewrite the following sentences contracting the italicized clauses into equivalent phrases:
1. I could read by the light of the moon.
2. I will tell you the wholes story to convince you.
3. That our opinions differ is not strange
4. People living in glass houses should not throw stones.
5. A sentences in an assembly of sensible words.
6. Wise and learned men should be listened to.
7. Men traveling on life’s highway should not be unfriendly to their fellow-travelers.
8. The friendless prisoner has been acquitted.
 9. From the church tower that is in the public square of the bell tolls the soft and musical
chime.

LESSON CLXX
Analyze the following sentences
1. Memory (simple subject) is the storehouse of our ideas (modified predicate).-
declarative sentence
2. A good cause (modified subject) makes a stout heart (modified predicate) declarative
sentence
3. Employment (simple subject) is a true enjoyment (modified predicate) declarative
sentence
4. God (simple subject) tempers the wind to the shorn lamb (modified predicate)
declarative sentence.
5. The broad backed billows (modified subject) fall faint on the shore in the crush of the
mighty sea (modified predicate) declarative sentence
6. The margin round (modified subject) was set with shady laurel trees (modified
predicate) declarative sentence
7. He (simple subject) was a short, square-built fellow….(modified predicate) declarative
sentence
8. The busty lark (modified subject) saluteth her song the morning gray (modified
predicate) declarative sentence
9. Music (simple subject) gushing of a rill (modified predicate) declarative sentence
10. The fruit of the oak (modified subject) served as nourishment… (modified predicate)
declarative sentence
11. Unwilling poet (modified subject) the rarest creative imagination… (modified predicate)
declarative sentence
12. The elm (simple subject) deserves to be considered …(modified predicate) declarative
sentence

LESSON CLXXI

1. It which was carved ivory.

2. It is probable I will return tomorrow.
3. A stone which is rolling gathers no moss.
4. Liquors which are intoxicating should be avoided.
5. Time has laid his hand upon my heart in a gentle manner.
6. A summons that shook the gate was abrupt and loud.
7. It was evident that the grass had been cut.
 8. He was certain that he never deserted his post.
9. It was true that the waves were very high.
10. It was apparent that the pool had no bottom.
11. The path which is blossom-bordered winds don’t to the meadow.
12. The path that runs along the sunniest side of the valley lead into a region which is bleak
and sterile.

LESSON CLXXII
1. Robert has a black dog.
2. It is evident that he is guilty
3. The borrowed book has been returned.
4. A sneering man makes enemies
5. Willful waste brings woeful want.
6. Industrious persons seldom suffer want.
7. He acknowledges his mistakes.
8. A wise man will shun evil.
9. Mary has white lilies in her garden.
10. The lark haunting the meadow sings a sweet song
11. That old man’s dog looks up in his face with love.
12. Wellington was victorious, even before Blucher arrived.
13. “Vanity Fair” is the best sermon preached upon modern society.

LESSON CLXXIII
The student will construct sentences illustrating the sue of the words. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLXXIV

1. This is a declarative sentence

The subject: he
The logical predicate: liveth long who liveth well
The grammatical predicate liveth is modified by the adverbs well and long

LESSON CLXXV
Express the following thoughts in as many ways as possible: (answers will vary, an example is
given for each)
1. Iron is the most useful metal.
2. It is more difficult to conquer anger than pride.
 3. Henry IV found James I to wise compared to the other fools in Christendom
4. You should not be prideful
5. Do not live in desperation
6. A noble mind brings contentment.
7. Nature is fulfilling
8. Words are priceless.
9. It is important to make decisions which help us to grow in life.
10. Noble thoughts are rewarding

LESSON CLXXVI

LESSON CLXXVII
1. Elements separated by commas
2. Elements separated by a comma
3. Members of a compound sentence are but slightly connected in thought or construction
4. Elements separated by comma
5. Compound sentence
6. Elements separated by comma
7. Members of a compound sentence are but slightly connected in thought or construction
8. Compound sentence
9. Compound sentence
10. Elements separated by comma
11. Members of a compound sentence are but slightly connected in thought or construction
12. Compound sentence
13. Elements separated by comma
14. Elements separated by comma
15. Elements separated by comma
16. Elements separated by comma

LESSON CLXXVIII
The student will write a similar composition. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLXXIX
The student will write original sentences. Answers will vary.

LESSON CLXXX
 1. Place a semicolon before the use of “namely”
2. Two or more clauses having a common grammatical relation
3. Place a semicolon before the use of “namely”
4. Place a semicolon before the use of “namely”
5. Two or more clauses having a common grammatical relation
6. Place a semicolon before the use of “namely”
7. Two or more clauses having a common grammatical relation
8. Place a semicolon before the use of “namely’

LESSON CLXXXI
1. The calm gray sky of early morn Was flecked and barred with golden clouds. HOOD. -
Compound adjective element
2. The professor will examine, decipher, and classify them. – Compound predicate
3. Princes and lords are but the breath of kings. BURNS. – Compound subject
4. The heroic soul does not sell its justice and its nobleness. — Emerson. – Compound
complement
5. Our intellectual and active powers increase with our affection. — Emerson. - Compound
subject
6. Carlyle's reverence and affection for his kindred were among his most beautiful traits. —
Burroughs. - Compound subject
7. Those ivy-covered walls and ruins, those finished fields, those rounded hedgerows, those
embowered cottages, and that gray massive architecture, all contribute to the harmony and to
the repose of the landscape. – All elements compound
8. It is faith in something, and enthusiasm for something, that makes a life worth looking at. —
Holmes. - Compound subject
9. Politeness is to do and say
The kindest thing in the kindest way. - Compound predicate and complement
10. The greatest pleasure I know is to do a good action by stealth, and to have it found out by
accident. —lamb. - Compound predicate
11. The south wind searches for the flowers
Whose fragrance late he bore,
And sighs to find them in the wood
And by the stream no more. —Bryant. - Compound predicate
12. But the good deed, through the ages,
Living in historic pages,
Brighter grows, and gleams immortal,
Unconsumed by moth or rust. —Longfellow. – All compounds
13. A faint sound of organ music floating from the cathedral, and seeming to deepen the hush
of the summer wind, delighted me with its sweetness. – All compounds
14. The chime of bells remote, the murmuring sea, The song of birds in whispering copse and
wood, The distant voice of children's thoughtless glee, And maiden's song, are all one voice of
good. STERLING – Compound subject
15. Out of the bosom of the air,
Out of the cloud folds of her garment shaken
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest fields forsaken,
Silent and soft and low,
Descends the snow. —Longfellow. – Compound complement

LESSON CLXXXII
The student will copy, study and memorize the poem.

LESSON CLXXXIII
1. Clauses separated by commas/semicolon
2. Clauses separated by commas/semicolon
3. Compound sentence without a conjunction
4. Clauses separated by commas/semicolon
5. Clauses separated by commas/ semicolon

LESSON CLXXXIV
1. The cattle upon a thousand hills. - Hyperbole
2. His steel gleamed on high. - Metynomy
3. He beheld a sea of faces. - Metynomy
4. White as a sea fog landward bound, The spectral camp was seen. —Longfellow. - Metynomy
5. But look ! the morn, in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. SHAKESPEARE.
- Pleonasm
6. Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.
SHAKESPEARE. - Personification
7. For Pleasure and Revenge Have ears more deaf than adders, to the voice Of any true decision. —
Shakespeare. - Personification
8. Now dark in the shadow, she scatters the spray, As the chaff in the stroke of the flail; Now white as
the sea gull, she flies on her way, The sun gleaming bright on her sail. - Climax
9. The world to him, as to all of us, was like a medal, on the obverse of which is stamped the image of
Joy, and on the reverse that of Care. — Lowell. - Metynomy
10. Dreams are bright creatures of poem and legend, sporting on earth in the night season, and melting
away in the first beams of the sun, which lights grim Care and stern Reality in their pilgrimage through
the world. DICKENS. – Personification

LESSON CLXXXV

1. A set of words that contains a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question,
exclamation, or command.
2. Simple subject = He reads. (simple subject, simple predicate)
Modified subject = The curious boy quickly reads an interesting book. (modified subject,
predicate, complement)
Modifiers of a subject are adjective, possessive noun, a noun in opposition, a possessive
pronoun, a participle, an infinitive, a phrase, a clause.
3. An element is a part of a sentence = subject, verb, noun, adjective, clause etc.
As to form, elements are either (a) words, (b) phrases, or (c) clauses. (a) A word that by itself is
either a principal, a subordinate, or an independent element, is called a word element (3) A
prepositional, a participial, or an infinitive phrase, or a phrase adverb, used either as a principal,
a subordinate, or an independent element, is called a phrase element. (c) A clause used as a
subject or an object, or to modify another sentence or any part of it, is called a clause element.
As to rank, elements are either (a) principal, (b) subordinate, or (c) independent. (a) The
grammatical subject and the grammatical predicate of a sentence are the principal elements.
(b) Modifiers of the subject or predicate, and complements of the predicate, are subordinate
elements.
As to office, elements are either (a) substantive, (6) affirmative, (c) adjective, (d) adverbial, or
(e) connective.
4. 8, modifiers of a subject are adjective, possessive noun, a noun in opposition, a possessive
pronoun, a participle, an infinitive, a phrase, a clause.
5.. Adverbs, infinitives, phrases, clauses.
6. He drinks tea. = direct
He offered flowers to her. = indirect
7. Simple = A) I like pizza. B) He drives a car. C) She works in the city.
Complex = A) When I had finished my homework, I went home. B) After reading the book, I
wrote my essay. C) Even though I studied hard, I didn’t always get good marks.
 Compound = A) I like tea and coffee B) The boys and the girls do their homework C) They like
to run, to jump and to skip.
8. The strict French teacher with red hair speaks quickly.
The foreign engineer who works with my brother is good at tennis.
9. Write two sentences with the clause used as a noun:
He was frightened by the spider.
She was devastated by the disaster.
10. Karla and I were very busy.
Patty and Bob need to find work.
Peaches and blueberries are in season.
11. Neither Alice nor Sally liked the show.
Either Paul o Peter will take you to school.
Either mom or dad can sign the papers.

12. Write sentences, using as the predicate, — (a) A transitive verb with an infinitive as
direct object. (b) An intransitive verb completed by an adjective. (c) A transitive verb
with an object clause. (d) A verb in the passive voice with an adverbial clause.

LESSON CLXXXVI

1. Semicolon separating two independent clauses

2. Comma before a quotation
3. Colon used before a list with commas
4. Colon connecting two independent clauses
5. Commas in a list
6. Semicolon used to separate clauses separated by commas
7. Semicolon used to separate clauses separated by commas
8. Comma used to separate an independent and dependent clause with the use of the
word “and”
9. Semicolon used before introductory word/phrase and followed by another clause