| cago ves and Eigen Vectors 201 p12 THE CAYLEY: HAMILTON THEOREM ‘yheorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. JINTU 20028, (K) Feb. 2015: Proof: Let A be an n-rowed square matrix, Then |A- 2.7] = 0 is the characteristic equation of . Let = MI= CIN + aaah baat? + bal Since all the elements of A — Aare at most of first degree in 2, all the elements of aqj (A - M) ate polynomials in 2 of degree (n ~ 1) ot less and hence adj.(A — 21) can be written as a matrix polynomials in A. Let adj.(A-2)= By" + BA? bot Bg M+ Byay, where BoyBjyByt are rowed matrices. Now (4A) adj(d — 2) = |A- MIL (A — MY(ByMt- + BY"? +. + By gh + By) (-1)'TA" + ayn! + ta) Comparing coefficients of like powers of 2, we obtain Premultiplying the above equations successively by A”, A"~!, ...,Jand adding, we obtain O= (1) A+ (CI g, AMT + I)" a AM? 4 CD" oy => (-1)" [A" +a, A" +a, A"? +...4, 1]=0 which implies that 4 satisfies its characteristic equation, Applications of Cayley - Hamilton Theorem : The important applications of Cayley - Hamilton theorem are 1, To find the inverse of a matrix. 2. To find higher powers of the matrix. Remark : Determination of A~! using Cayley-Hamilton theorem : A satisfies its characteristic equation ie (-I)"[A" 4,4"! +a) A" +... 4,1] =0 SAT a AT ay”? tt Oy SA 4ayd" +a A? +..taql]=0 (Multiplying by 4”! on both sides) if 4 is non-singular, then we have Scanned with Camscanneraos Engineering Mathematc, “Wh a, PVs nan gan? ay yl V = alafct [Vea ante ta, if a, Thus by Cayley - Hamilton theorem, we can find out the inverse of a matrix Uiitexiy, i.e. a, #0) by computing the linear combination of higher powers of A, Tia 5; Example 1: ta-| $3 {| verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem, Hence fing A, -1 0 -2 SoluGons ‘The characteristic equation of 4 is |A-21|=0 2--A 1 2 fe,] 5 3-2 3 [=o -l 0 -2- ie. QA) -6-3h +20 + 7]- 5 [-2-2]-16-6 428) =0 2-2) (6-2 +22) 410452043-20=0 he “12-2442? 4642-23 41345020 he - 8430 Mae te B-WoDK 0 To Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to show that 4~34_-74-1=0, That is, to prove that 4 satisfies 7 — 37? 7, -]= 0, the characteristic equation ofA, 21 2)f21 2 [7 5 3 Now A =15 3 31/5 3 3) =|22 14 13 -10 -2][-1 0 2 o-1 2 7 5 3f21 2 [36 22 93 =|22 14 131! s 3 3} =l101 64 60 Ot alto 2} [+ 3 4 A= AP. > 36 22 23 21-15 ~9 Now 4°-347-74-1= [101 64 60| 4 ~66 -~42 39 7347 0 3 + “14-7 ~14 -35 -21 -21] [-1 0 0 +35 21 21}, [40 5 7 0 14 0-0-1 Scanned with Camscanneryr gon vues and Eigen Vectors a2 -[008 000]? . This verifies Cayley - Hamilton theorem, To find At A#-34=74-1=0 => A" (49=-342-7d-1)=0 2 #-34-71-A"=0 = A= 2-34-71 7S 3) [-6 -3 6] [-7 0 0] [-6 23 214 13) +) 15 -9 -9) +] 0 -7 of =} 7 2 4 o-1 2 300 6 0 0-7 3 -tot Cheek: AAT y sa 1-10 3 Faample 2 + Bind the inverse of the matrix |0 1 1] by using Cayley-Hamilton Soren: 2eninZ 1-10 solution: Let A=]O 1 1 212 The characteristic equation of 4 is |A—Al|=0 I-A -1 0 ie] O I-A 1 2 1 2-2 ie, (I-A)[2-A-2042? -1]+[0-2]=0 ie, (1-2))(1-32.427)-2=0 or 23-40 4404150 By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, satisfies its characteristic equation, A 44? +4441=0 2 ANA -44? +4441)=0 (+ |Al=-140) = A -4A4414 41 =0 =A s-4 444-41 (1) 1-1 O}f1 -1 0] [1 2 Now #=4.4=|0 1 1/0 1 1/=]2 2 3 21 2f2 1 2} |e 1 5 -1 2 1) [4 -4 0] [4 0 0 At =|-2 -2 -3/+/0 4 41410 +4 0 |pyqy) ~6 -1 -5} {8 4 8} [0 0 4 Ee _ 4 canned with CamScanner204 Engineering Mathematicg _ Example 3: State Cayley-Hamilton theorem and use it to find the inverse of the ‘Matrix a=[2 er < HINTU 2004 301-1 ‘ i i Solution: Cayley-Hamilton Theorem : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equati 12 3 Given A=]2 -1 4 301-1 The characteristic equation of A is |A-AI|=0 ie. 2 -1-2 4 |=0 3 1 1-4, = (1A) [C1 +4)? - 4] -2[-2(1 + a) = 12] + 3[2 +31 +) =0 323 +22-184-40=0 By Cayley-Hamilton theorem , we have 43+ 4? 184—401=0 Multiplying with 4~! on both sides, we get [2 2 3 . rhodes yg A +4-181=4041 => 4 = pl? +4-181] 143 8 Wehave 4? =/12 9 2 2414 3-8] [1 2 37 fis o 0 9 -2/+/2 -1 4]-lo 18 o 44) [3 1 -} Lo 0 48 soul -10 2 5-5 Example 4 : Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem f ind the inverse and 44 of the matrix a e259 =/-6 -1 2], [ a 4 [JNTU 2002] 7 2-2 sno: tae -1 i 6 2-1 The characteristic equation is given by |4~ All=0 7-202 2g ie | 6 -1-n 2 |=9 sees Scanned with Camscanner— ‘and Eigen Vectors 1-2 00 AGI orig Ry ~ Ry and Ry + Ry we gt 0 1-n 1-0 ]=0 re 6 2 -(+a) 10 - -ayfot od =0 all 6 2 +d) a(t WIC! -2=2)~ ICO] = 0 2 (-arB-21=0 213-5 +T-3 = ley-Hamilton theorem, we must have By coy! B-SA2+ 74-31 =0 wa) 23 8 -8 19 26 -26 Wehave 4?=|-24 -7 8 and A3=|-78 -25 26 248-7. 78 26 -25 ofind A~!, multiply with 4~! on both sides of (1). Then we get Ac[A3- 5A? + 7A -31] = 0 =» #-5A+11-341=0 = Mt =A-SAt+T eile fle-s4 +71 «.(2) 25 8 -8) [35 10 -10] {7 0 0] [-3 -2 2 Now 42-54+7/=|-24 -7 8 |-|-30 -5 10|+]0 7 O/=|6 5 -2 2 8 -7| [30 10 -5}|o0 07) |-6 -2 5 Multiplying (1) with A, we have 8-543 + 742-34 =O = At= 543-742 +34 395 130-130] [175 56 -S6] [21 6 -6 390 -125 130 |-|-168 49 56 |+|-18 3 6 390 130 -125] | 168 56 -69] [18 6 -3 0 241 80-80 =|-240 -79 80 240 80-79 > Scanned with Camscanner296 Engineering Mathematics id} [INT 2002, (8) An 2014 (Set No, 3 Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence find A-!, 31d Solution: Givend=|-1 5-1]. 1-1 5 Characteristic polynomial of A is det (A — 2) BA 1d Now det(A-2N)=] -1 $-2 0-1 1o-L S-a iH Sample § : Bind the characteristic polynomial of the matrix Applying R; > R3+ Ry, we get 3A Lt 3A 101 W-an=| a s-a a |=@-a} a s-a 0 4-4 4-2 Om TL Applying C; -» C,—C, , we get 32 10 -M)=(@-2)| -1 5-2 642 o 1 0 =4-AIGB-A6—2)- 1] = 4-218 — 34-62 +22] =(4-2)P2 - 92+ 18] =—23 + 1302-540 +.72 Since A satisfies the characteristic equation, we must have -4+13 8544+ 721-0 3°14 9 °7°7 273737 WehaveA=|-1 5 -1 © A=!-9 25-11) and 43=|-63 127. -99 1-1 s 9-9 27 68-63 153 Substituting the values of 4, 42, 43 in — 43 +13 42— A + 13 A?- 544 +721 27°37 37 97 °7 3011 100 =-/-63 127-89) 4131-9 25 11} -s4)-1 5 -ilemalo 1 0 63-63 153 9-9 27 1-1 oot 544 +721, we get eee cco cco Scanned with Camscannerand eigon Vectors 297 ee pri3d?-544 + 721-0 ayley-Hamilton theorem is verified, yee i 1 riplyine the above equation with 4-1, we get ful MU pet -SH ETAT =O 512.4113 4547 9 7 7 3 14 100 na? = {-9 25 -UN/-13)-1 5 -tlasalo to 2 -9 27 1-1 5 oot Ww -6 -6 ls pat=]a 2 ° 4 4 16 4 6 -6 12 3 44 2{=4}2 -4 4 16] 35]_9 7 2 : 1-2-2 ample 6 Show that the matrix A=] _y 3 | satisfies its characteristic equation. 0-4 Z {JNTU 2002] ‘haracteristic equation of A is det (4 - 4.) =0 I-A 2 2 2 1 2-4 3 0 1 2-2 1-200 2 =] 1 I-A 3 |=0 (Applying C,>C, +C,) 0 I-k 2-2 H-A O 2 ie (I-A) {1 1 = (l-2)[(I-2)(2-2-3)+2]=0 [Expanding by C,] = (I-A)? -142]=0 = (1-2)? +1) =0 03-22 42-150 By Cayley - Hamilton theorem, we have A?-A?+A-1=0 122 -1 0 0 =1.2 -2 Nowd= {1 -2 3] « a2=|-1 -1 2],42=]-2 2 -1 0-412 -1 01 -1 1.0 Substituting the values of A, A2, 43, we have i Scanned with Camscanner298 Engineering Mathomaticg Pr “1 2-2] [-1 0 0] [i -2 2) [1 0 0 MAPS A-te/-o 2 -f-[-1 -1 2f+{1 2 3]-[o 1 0 -1 1 of [-1 0 1) lo -1 2) [0 O81 000 =|0 0 of=0 000 -l Multiplying a—4?4.4—1-0 with 4-!, we get A?-A+1=A -10 0) fi -2 2) f1 0 0 2-2 =/-1 -1 2]-l1 -2 3]+/0 1 o/=/-2 2 -1 =i 0 i| (0 —t 2] [0 0 1] |1 1.0 ~ AT Example 7: If “| : al express A°— 44° + 844 — 1243 + 144? as a polynomial in yn Solution: The characteristic equation of 4 is |A-21|=0 i-ra 2 — Sa5 ie =0 = -4245=0 2 A -44451=0 = #2 244-51 2 Ba4P 54, 4248 ~54, A 3444-543, 45 = 445 544 Now 4° — 445 + 844 — 1243 + 1442 = (445 — SAN) — 445 + 844 12.43 + 14,42 = 344-1243 + 1442 = 3 (443 - 54?) — 1243 + 1442 = 1243 ~ 154? — 1243 + 1442 =_ 42 = -44+5I (-- 4-44 +51=0) which is a linear polynomial in A. Alternate Method : The characteristic equation of A is 42 — 42.4+5=0 ~. By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, 42 -4A+51=0 We can rewrite the given expression as AAA SAN SAS 1248 + 14d = AB P44 4 5) 4 34 ad 4 5-8? =0+0-A?=5I—44 (using 42-44 +51=0) sheatintHa Avs), WUE Scanned with CamScannera [8 =8D Example 12 : Verify Cayley - Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=|4 -3 _2 3-41 [JNTU 20058, 20068, (H) June 2011 (Set No.. D1 Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A—AI|=0 | | jie] 4 -3-2 -2 |=0 34 ea Scanned with CamScanner302 Engineering M; lath i = y > B-A[(3-1) -2)-8]- 4-8-9 +8} SE—2.3-D1=0 2 > (B=A)IA2 4 20-11] 4 [8J43 [2422] = 0 => VP -O? 24-22 =9 Cayley - Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies itg Chara equation, 3 642 To verify Cayley - Hamilton theorem, we have to prove that A? ~ 6,7 8 -8 2][8 -8 2] [38 48 34 Now A?=A-A=|4 -3 -2] 4 -3 -2]=|14 -I5 12 34 1f[3 4 1] [tl -16 15. ~ Atay 8 -8 2)[38 -48 34] [214 -296 206 and AP=A-A? =|4 -3 -2||14 -15 12|=| 88-115 70 3-4 1]{n -16 15} [69 -100 69 Now A3-6A?-A+221 214-296 206] [38 -48 34] [8 -8 2 10 0] foog =| 88-115 10 |-6)ts -15 12/4 -3 2142210 1 Of=J0 og) 69 -100 69 i -16 15} [3 4 1 90 1) loog Hence Cayley - Hamilton theorem is verified. dh? Example 13 : Verify Cayley -Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =|2 4 ; 3 5 6 Hence find 471. [INTU 2008S, (A) May 2012 (Set Na3, Solution : The characteristic equation of A is |A—AI|=0 1-?A 2 3 Fed 2 4-2 5 |=0 3 5S 6-2 = (A) [(4-2) (6-2) -25]-2[2(6-2)-15] +3 [10-3 4-2] =0 = (1-2) 2? -102.-1]-2[-24-3] 43 [3A~-2]=0 2-09 4100? 4240? -102-1442 464926 =0 03-1102 4.4120 Cayley - Hamilton theorem states that every square iuatrix satisfies its characte) equation. To verify Cayley - Hamilton theorem, we have to prove that A? -11A? ~4A+I=0 12 3)f1 23 14 25 31 =|2 4 5)|2 4 S|=|25 45 56 35 6}|3 5 6} [31 56 70 14 25 31] [1 2 3] [is7 283 353 ada 45 56||}2 4 5/=|283 510 636 56 70]|3 5 6} [353 636 793 Scanned wi Ci Scenes303 ses ons oon Vries sna? -4atl A 993 353) [4 25 317 Tr 2 3) Fr 0 oy fo 0 0 AG 10 636/-11]25 45 56!-4!2 4 s|s]o 1 of=|0 0 0]=0 [so 31 56 70} |3 5 6} [o o 1] |o 0 0 pad AT? ee yar-datl= nOs Teo R TIAL tA wie A+HA+AL 14 -25 -31] [11 22 33] [4 0 oO] fr -3 2 los 45 -36]+]22 44 ssi+]0 4 of=|-3 3-1 F -56 -70] [33 55 66 : 0 , 2-10 swe get ("Ghple 14 Using Cayley - Hamilton theorem, find AS if A= [ ; A é | iu 12 [JNTU July-2003, (IK) May 2017 (Set No.2)] “saution: Given a} J] Characteristic equation of A is |A- Al| = 0 mA 2 2 -1-a) By Cayley - Hamilton theorem, A satisfies its characteristic equation. So we must tne AP= 51. . AB= 5AS= 5(A2) (A?) (A2) = 5(51) (SI) (51) = 6251. ee 2 =r i _ Eample 15: 1f A=|2 1-2] verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Find A* and 221 i PSBgCayley -Hamilton theorem. =0 > 2-5=0 ie [INTU Sep. 2006, (K) May 2017 (Set No. 4)] eon f Cay Hamilton theorem forthe matrix A=|2 1 -2| and hence find a4 252 Scanned with CamscannerEngineoting Mathematies ~m Characteristic equation of A is given by [A Al] = 0 =2 | = 0 (Applying R, > R, + Ry) ~4]-a[-4-20-2)] =0 43h-920 => V-327-3049=0 (I) = Q) 36 6 = |09 6 003 3°24 «-21 = |6 21 -24 6-6 3 30 24 -21) [3 6 -6] fl 2 -1) fl 00 =|6 21 ~24}-3/0 9 -6|-3}2 1 -2/+9]0 1 0 6 6 3 0 0 3 2 21 O01 000 =|0 0 o|=0 000 Hence Cayley - Hamilton Theorem is verified. To find A“, Multiplying equation, (2) with A~ on both sides, we get A! [A33A2 3A'+ 91] = A™! (0) => A?-3A-31+9A71=0 => 9A-1=3A+31-A? 2 AHL GA+SI-AY) Scanned with Camscannerval ” sos and gen Vectors 305 a 30 0] [3 6 -6 03 ol-lo 9 © 00 3} jo 0 3 eis CIN In oI i Now A[A’ ~ 34? ~3A4+91]=0 => A4-3A3-3A2+9A=0 a =3A3 + 3A2-9A 9 72 -63 9 18 -18 9 18 9 18 63 -72/+|0 27 -18| -}18 9 -18 18 -18 9 00 9 18 -18 9 0 9 72 -72 : At=/0 81 -72]- 00 9 1 22 i Example 16: Show thatthe MatrixA=|) 2 3 satisfies its characteristic equation. Hence find A“, 01.2 [JNTU May 2007 (Set No.3)] 1-22 Solution: Given A=]1 2 3 0-12 The characteristic equation of Ais |A—2I|=0 I-A 22 el! 2A 3]. i 0 -1 2-a => (1A) [(2- a2 +3] +2 [2-2-0] +2(-1I)=0 > B-512+134-9=0. By Cayley - Hamilton theorem, we must have AS~SA2 +13 A-91=0. 1 2 2)(1 2 2) (-1 8 0 -14 26 Now az=|{1 2 3/|1 2 3/=/3 -1 4h =| 2 -22 31 o-1 2/0 -12) 141 5-7 -12 { » AS—-5A? + 13A-91 Scanned with CamscannerEngineeri 306 Sineering Mary, a ‘ ~9 -14 ~26) (-5 -40 0) (13 -26 ° 2-2 oN) -l1s -8 70]+) 13 26 39] Jo “$7 1} (es a0 5} bo -13 26) I Wy a) do a) =|0 0 0-9 900 AY ~5A2413A-91<0, (1) This verifies Cayley - Hamilton Theorem, To find A+; Multiplying (1) with AT! we get A~SA4 131-9471 =9 > A= sassy 7 2 ~10 224 11 4 Example 17 : Verify the Cayley-Hamilton thei A 22 where of 1 ] 221 1 asl ES 9 ‘orem and find the characteristic Tool UNTU(A}Fune2009 Geo Solution : Characteristic equation of A is | A, ~M|=0 I-A 20 © (Applying R, R,) -lo 4 21-2 2 2 > (A+) 2 1-h =0 (Taking (142) common from R,] -1 0 9 2 1-n 4 202 34 = 142) CD02) B-a)-g)29 = (+a) =0 (Applying G+) Scanned with Camscanner307 nd Eigen Vectors ves © ayeB A= 0 WIS 20 all a0; -M dh t5=0 ~1 are charecteristic roots, characteristic equation of Ais 2-39? -99-5=0 «ation : By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we must have A’ -3A? -9A~SI=O 41 42 42) [27 24 24) [9 18 18] [5 0 0 pean 9A =|42 41 42|-[24 27 24/-/18 9 18/-]0 5 0 42 42 41] [24 24 27] [18 18 9} Lo 0 5. 41-27-9-5 42-24-1840 42-24-18-0 =|42-24-18-0 41-27-9-5 42~24-18-0 42-24-18-0 42-24-18-0 41-27-9-5 000 =|0 0 0/=O=R.H.S, 000 Hence the Cayley - Hamilton theorem is satisfied. aaa Example 18 : Verify Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A=] 2 1 6|. Hence 147 fad At aes [INTU(K) June 2009 Set No.1)] Solution: Let A=] 2 1 6 -1 4 7, Characteristic equation of A is | A-Al|=0. B-2 4 1 =|2 1-2 6 |= Cima = a 4-2 0 64a 3] 2 1-2 6 |=0 (Applying R,-R;) 4 7A =2-10? 4122-0 Cayley - Hamilton Theorem says "every square matrix satisfies its characteristic ‘qution”, Now we have to verify that A? -11A?+1221=0. Scanned with CamScannerxe Engineering Mathematiog 1 hy S48-1 124ded 342447 16 20 34 =| 6+2-6 841424 246442 [=| 2 33 50 “348-7 444428 -1424449) (-2 28 72 16 20 343 4 1 Mearasl 2 33 sol] 1 6 2 28 mjl-1 47 48440-34 644204136 1641204238 54 220 374 =| 6+66-50 84334200 2+198+350 |=] 22 241 550 6+56-72 -8+28+288 -2+168+504) (-22 308 670 Now A’-11A? +1221 54220 374) 176 220 374 1220 0 =| 22 241 550|-| 22 363 550 |+ 0 122 0} = 22 308 670 -22 308 792 0 0 122 +. Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified. Take A?-114?+1221<9 Multiplying with AT we get ; 10 3 tie teeitnte ne 2 -1 -li), 1-11 10 3 UNTU CH Sune 2010,(K) nay 2017 Set No Solution: Let A=]2 -1 1-1 y The characteristic equation is |A-al]=0 1-2 0 3 te,|2 -I-n 1 Jag 1 li 1-2 sa Scanned with CamScannerYr 19 votes and Eigen Vectors 30: ee" > (I-A 1-1) 43-2 4140) <0 > (I-A? =2)430-1)=0 => (1-A)Q7-5)=0 2 B= 504520 By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we must have AS-A?-SA+51=0 10 371 0 3] [4 36 Verification: Az= [2 “f -1f2 -1 -1] J-1 2 6 Po-ta jit -14 005 4 3 6/1 0 3 4 3 21 AMza2az |-l 2 6{]2 -1 -1/=|9 -8 1 0 0 Sil--11 5-5 5 NowA’ - A?-5SA+51 4-3 21] [4 -3 6] [5 0 15] [5 0 0] foo 0 =|9 -8 1 [-|-1 2 6/-/10 -5 -5|+]0 5 0/=|0 0 O/=0 5-55 0 0 S| [5 -5 5 00 5} [000 Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verifed. To find At: We have A? - A?- 5A + 5I=O. Multiplying with A*', we get A?—A-5 +5A =O. => SA1=-A?+A+5I (A? +A+ 51) 43 -6)/1 0 3 500 1 -2 -6]+/2 -1 -1}+/0 5 0 0 0 -5 1-11 005 23 -3 =432 4 1-11 2-4-4 aii [JNTU (H) Jan,2012 (Set No, 3)] Teer Eom etn thin 3 3 Scanned with Camscanner310 Engineering M : ‘theme, ating N { 1 3 Solution: Given matrixis A=] 13-3 2-4 4 Characteristic equation of A is |A-Al|=0 WA 1 3 =] 1 3-0. 33 [eo 2 4 4-1 => (1-2) [G-2) 4-2) -12]-1f(-4-A)-6] +3 [44 6-24] = 0 = (1-2) (A? 42-24-1210) +3(-20 +2) =0 =? 44-24-2302 4.24, 4410- 6446-0 =>-23420-8=0- By Cayley - Hamilton, we must have -A3+20A+81=0. Verification : Lol 3)f1 1 3) [4 -8 -12 Now A?=|1 3 -3|/1 3 -3/=[10 22 6 2 4 -4)]-2 4 4] [2 2 2 4 -8 -12)/f1 1 3 12 20 60 and A> =|10 22 6 \|1 3 -3| =|20 52 -60 2 2 «22\;/-2 4 4 -40 -80 -88 -12 -20 -60] [20 20 60] [8 0 0 + -A3 +20A-161 =]-20 -52 60|+} 20 60 -col-lo 8 0 40 80 88] |-40 -80 -g0| |o 0 8 000 =|0 0 o|=0 000 Hence Cayley - Hamilton theorem is verified, Scanned with CamScanner