Applied Mathematics - IV (1-71)

(Mech/Auto./Prod,/ciivilEng.) Eigen Values and

Example 1: Verify Eigen Vectors
Cayley -
'and4 where
findA-'
Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A
and hence,
1 2 -2]
A=-1 3
0 -2 1 (M.U. 2005, 06, 10)
Sol.: The characteristic equation is
|1-1 2 -2
-1 3
-2 1-|
Ater simplification, we get - 5X* + 92 -1=o
Cavley-Hamilton theorem states that this equation is satisfied by the
matrix A iie.

A-54+ 9A-I =0
(i)
1 2 -2|1 2 -2
Now, A =-1
-1 12 -4
3 o| -1 3 -4 7 2
0 -2 1| 0 -2 1 2-8 1
-1 12 -4|| 1 2 -2] -13 42 -2
and A =-4 7 |-1 3
2 -8
0=-11 9 10
0 -2 10 -22 -3
It can now be easily seen that

A-5A +9A- l=l0 0 0=0

|0 0 0|
Now, multiply the above equation by A'.
:. A -5A+9) -A =0
. A'= A - 5A+9/
-1 12 -4 1: 2. -2| |1 00] [3 2 6
=-4 7 . 2-5| 1 3 0+9|0 1 0=1 1 2
2 -8 1
0 -210 o 1 2 2 5
To find A
:.
multiply (1) by
A-5A +9A- A=0 .. A =54° - 94 +A
11 2 -2]

:. A =5
-13 -2]
42 -2| -1 12 -4] -1 3
-11 9 10 9-4 7
-2 1
10 -22 -3 2 -8
 Eigen Values and
Mathematics- IV
(Mech./Auto./Prod./CivilEngg.)
(1-72)
Eigen Vectors
Applied
104 24 )
|-55
-15 32
A=-20
32 -42 13|
1)
verifythatAA-'=
(Youshould
characteristic equation ofthe matrix Awhere
the
Example2:Find 1 2 3)
A=|2 -1 4

|3 1 -1|
the characteristic equaion and hence,
matrix A satisfies
Showthat the (M.U. 1998,2003)
(0)A-and(i) A4,
find is
characteristic equation
Sol. : The 2
|1-1 = 0
-1-2 4
2
-1-2
3
get,
After simplification, we
2° +)- 182 - 40=0 ie.
equation is satisfied by A
states that this
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem (1)
A +A-18A40/ =0
[14 3 8
1 2 3]1 2 3
9 -2
Now, A=2 -1 2 -1 4=|12
2 4 14
3 1 -1||3 1 -1|
[14 3 8|1 2 3 44 33 46|
4=24 13 74
A=12 9 -2|2 -1
52 14 8
2 4 14||3 1 -1
It can be verified that A +4-18A 40/
54
[44 33 46] [14 3
81 [18 36 40
=24 13 74+|12 9 -2 36 -18 72
0 40
|52 14 8 2 4 14 54 13 -18
is equal toazero matrix. Thus, the theorem is verified.
Now, multiplying (1) by A, we get,
A +A- 18/ 40A =0
40A = A + A-18/
 Mathematics- V (1-73) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Applied
(Mech./Auto./Prod./Civil.Engg.)

[14 3 8| 1 2 3
40A-1 =12 9 -2|+|2 -1
2 4 143 1 1|
-3 5 111
1
A 14 -10
40
5 5 -5
Further, multiplying (1) by A, we get,
A +A -18A - 40A =0
A = 40A+ 18A-A
40 80 120] 252 54 144| 44 33 461
80 -40 160+216 162 -36 24 13 74
120 10 -40 36 72 252 |52 14 8
248 101 218|
=|272 109 50
104 98 204
Example 3:Show that the matrix
c -bl
A=|-C
b-a 0
satisfies Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and hence, find Aif it exists.
(M.U. 2000, 03)
Sol. :The characteristic equation is
0 C -b
-c 0 a =0
b -a 0-|
-2(0 +a- c(ca- ab) - b(ac+ b) =0
- - - a - abc -bh =0
.....1)
C-bl
Now 0 a

b -a 0

-e-B ab ac

ab bc
ac bc
AppliedMathematics-IV (1-74) Eigen Values and
(Mech./Auto./Prod./CivilEngg.) Eigen Vectors
-e-b ab ac 0
ab bc C-b
ac bc -b?-a b

-c-cb?.-ca b +bo +h
+ ca + cb -at - a -
- bo-b - ab ac + ab +a
C-b|
a

b-a
=-(a +b +c')A
.: Å+(a+ b +c²) A=0
. A satisfiesthe equation (1).
Hence, Asatisfies Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
Now the determinant of the matrix A.
C -b
i.e. |A|=|-c a

b-a
= 0(0+a)- c(0- ab) - b(ac - 0)
= abc - abc = 0.
Since the matrix Ais singular A does not exist.

|2 -1
Example 4: Find the characteristic equation of the matrix =1 2
1 -1 2
and verify that it issatisfied by Aand
Sol. : The hence, obtain A, (M.U. 1995,30,
characteristic
2
equation is
-1
-1 2 -1
1 -1 2-2|
:.
:.
(2-2)(2-) -1]+1[-1(2-)+1]+ 1[1-(2-2)] =0
-62 +92 -4=0
Cayley-Hamilton
:.
states that this equation is satisfied by A
i.e. .()
A-6A +9A- 4I =0.
 Applied Mathematics v
(Mech./Auto./Prod./Civil Engg.) (1-75)
Eigen Values and Eigen
2 -1 Vectors
2 -1 1
Now A =-1 2 51 6 -5
11
1 2 -1--5 6 -1
2|| 1 -1 2 5 -56 -5
2

6 -5 6
A =-5
5|| 22 1-1 1] [
6 -5 -1 2
22 -21 21|
5 -5 6 1 -1 -1|=-2121
2|
22 -21
-21
Itcan be seen that
22|
+9A- 41 =\0 0 0
Now multiply (1) by A1, |0 0 0|
:.A -
6A+9I- 44 =0
4A =(A -6A+ 91)
6 -5 5
44-1 -5
|2 -1 11 1 0 01
6 -5-6-1
2 -1|+90 1 0
5 -5
6| 11 2
3 1 -11 |0 0 1|
1 3 1
|-1 1 3|
[3 1 -1|
1 3 1
-1 1 3
Example5:
and hence, find the
Find the characteristic
equation of the matrixA given below
matrix represented by
A -5A +7A -34
+A-5A° +8A - 2A+Iwhere
2 1 1|
A=|0 1 0
(M.U. 2000, 03)
11 2
Sol. : The
characteristic
|2-2 1
equation is
0 1- 0 =0
1 11 2-2
After
simplification, we get
2-5)2+ 7à -3=0.
This equation is satisfied by A.
 (1-76) Elgen Values and Eigen
Applied Mathematics-IV
(Mech,/Auto./Prod./ClvilEngg.) nVectors
-51 + 71° -315 + 14.-52 +822 - 22 +1
Now dividing 2
-3, we get the quotientA+ and the remainder
by - 52'+ 7) means
this
In terms of
the matrix A
74 -34°+ A - 54 +84 -2A+ I
A8 -5A +
-54 +7A- 3/) (A° + A) +(A. + A+ 1)
31) = 0
But (A-54 + 7A-
A'+A+/
.: L.H.S. =
[2 1 112 1 1] 5 4 4]
01 0 = 0 11 0
Now, A =|0 1 0 1
|1 1 2||1 11 2 |4 4 5|
T5 4 4] 2 1 1| |1 0 0 8 5 57
1 0+0 1 0=| 0 3 0
. A + A+ I=o 1 0+0
4 4 5 1 1 2| 00 1 5 5 8
85 51

The givenexpression =0 3 0
5 5 8

Example 6:Apply Cayley-Hamilton theorem to and deduce

that A= 625 1. (M.U.2004)

Sol. : By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we get
|1-4 2

.:. -(1-)(1 +2) -4=0 .. 1 - + 4= 0

:. 2=5 . A'=5I
. A =25/ and A= 625 I.

1 0 0]
Example7:If A=1 0 1 show that for every integer n2
0 1 0
A' =A-+A -1. Hence, find A 0. (M.U.1997, 98, 2006)
Sol. : The characteristic
equation ofAis
|1
1 0
=0
 Mathematics- Jv (1-77) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Aoplied
(Mech,/Auto./Prod./Civil Engs.)

. (1-)[A- 1] -0 + 0 0
. 22-1 -2°+ =0.:: 2 - - +1 =0.
ByCayley-Hamilton theorem, this equation is satisfied by A.
.A-¤-A+1= 0 ......... (1)
:. A= A+ 42-1 ...... (2)
We provethe required result by the method of mathematical induction.
Let the result be true for n = k i.e. suppose A = A-2+ A-| be
true.
Now, multiply the equation by A.
Ak+1= Ak-1 + 4 - A
But by (1), A° -A= 4-/
Ak+1 = Ak-+ 4' - I
Ak+1A(k+1)-24 A-I.
Hence, the result is true for n=k+ 1.
But by (2), the result is true for n=3.
Hence,by mathematical induction, it is true for n=4, 5, ....for all n3.
Hence, A =A-2+ A I (3)
To find A, we put successively, n =2, 4, ..... 46, 48, 50 in (3).
A = 1+ A -/
A = A +A -I
A = A + A -I

A = A4 4 A-|
A A6 + A- I

Adding these results, columnwise,

A50 = 25¤ - 241
[1 0 0]1 0 o] 10 0
But =|1 0 1 1 1 1 0
|0 1 0||0 1 0 |1 0 0
[1 0 o [1 0 0 ] 1
A0 251 1 0-24|0 0=25 1
1 0 0| 00 1 |25 0 1
Or another method see Ex. 10, page 1-113.)
 Mathematics- IV
(1-78) and ElgenVettors
/Auto,/Prod,/Civil
Applied Engg.)
(Mech, EXERCISE- IIT
1. State whetherthefollowing statements are true or false with proper

justification. correspondto more than one

An eigen
2.1. An
vectorcan eigen value.
eigenvalue can correspondto more than one eigen vectors.
corresponding to distinct eigen values
vectors are
3. Eigen
independent. Hermitian matrix are complex numbers.
lineary
values of a
4. Eigen are real
matrix
5.6.Eigen values of a real symmetric
Eigen values of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are purelyimaginary or zero.

Eigen values of areal skew-symmetric matrix are purely real.

7.
absolute value one
8. Eigen values ofa unitary matrix have
9. Eigen values of an orthogonal matrix are either + 1 or-1
zero
10. At least one eigen value of asingular matrix is
11, All the eigen values of a unit matrix are unity.
12. Eigen values of Aand A'are the same. (M.U. 1997)
13. Eigen values of A
andA' are complex conjugates.
14. Iftwo or move eigen values are equal then eigen vectors may be
linearly dependent or independent. (M.U. 1999)
15. Interchanging the rows of 2 x 2 matrix changes the sign of the eigen
values. (M.U. 1999)
16. l1A is asquare matrix of order 3 defined over field of real then Ahas
at least one real characteristic root. (M.U. 2000)
17. If
then both Aand A- have the same characteristic
roots. (M.U. 1996, 2003)
To. I1 Aand B are two distinct matrices of the
same characteristic roots. Then A- Bhas at least one same order naviig
characteristic root zero.
(M.U. 2000)
19. If Ais askew-symmetric matrix of order 3and # 0is a characteristic
root of Athen - is also a (M.U.2000)
20. The characteristic
root of A.
equation inversea a soSquare matrix Aexists if and onlyif its (M.U.1997)
of characteristic
contains
21. Interchangingnon-zerO
the rowsConstant.
of 2x2 matrix changes the signofthe eigen
values. (M.U.2003)
22. lf Ais asquare matrix of order 3 defined over areal fieldthen Ahas
atleast one real eigen
value.
 Mathematics- IV (1-79) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Applied
(Mech./Auto./Prod.
L/Civil Eng8.)

[ Ans. : (1) False. "If Xis an eigen vector of a matrix Athen Xcannot
correspondto more than one eigen value."
(2) True."ffXis an eigen vector ofa matrix Acorresponding to an eigen
value Athen kX (k is a non-zero scalar) is also an eigen vector of A
correspondingto the same eigen value ."
( True. "Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigen values are lineartly
independent."
(4) False. "Eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are real. "
(5) True."Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real."
6) True. "Eigen values of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are either purely
imaginary or zero."
(7) False."Eigen values of askew-symmetric matrix are purely imaginary
orzero."
(8) True. "Eigen values of a unitary matrix are of unit modulus."
(9) True."Eigen values of an orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus."
(10) True. "For à= 0the characteristic equation |A-1|=0 becomes
JA|= 0."
(11) True. "The characteristic equation of unit matrix of order n is
(1-)" =0."
(12) True. "The value of a determinant is not changed if its rows
and
columns are interchanged, the diagonal remaining the same."
(13) True. "lf Ais an eigen value of Athen à is are eigen value of A'."
(14) True. "lftwo or more eigen values are equal then the
eigen vectors may be or may not be linearly independent." corresponding
(15) False. "Interchange of rows and columns does not alter the
determinant, the diagonal remaining the same.
(16) True. "lf a+ iB is a root of a polynomial equation then a +iß is also
S equation." Since, the complex roots occur in pairs at
least one root of a
Cubic equation must be real.
of A-1
) True. "|A|=1. Hence, àsho= 1. =1/.The characteristic roots
are the reciprocals of these i.e. they are the same.
(I8) True. "Since A and B have same characteristic roots their
equal to ||A|=|
A product is
B| Hence, |A- B|=0. Hence, at least one root is zero."
i9) True."Characteristic roots of a skew-symmetric matrix are purely
im-iB.aginary or zero and complex roots occur in pairs. And conjugate of i Bis
Hence, if 2is a root - is also aroot."
(20) True.
"Inverse exists if|A|÷0andthe product of the roots is equal to
|A|andthe product of the roots is equal tothe constant terms which must not
be zero."
Applied Mathematics - IV (1-80) Eigen
(Mech./Auto./Prod./Civil Engg.) Values and Elgen
(21) No. Consider a 2 x 2 matrix.
(22) True. Complex roots occur in pairs, 1
Vectors
2. (1) If Ais a square matrix of order n having each element
one of the characteristic roots of A. Prove it. k,
then nkis
( Hint : If all a,'s in (1) page 1-24 are
have (nk-) common in the first row. )
(2) If A=(a;j} is a square matrix of order 3 where
equal to k, by
adding all rows we (M.U.1996)
ajj=0if i=jand
if i iprove that 2k is one of the characteristic roots of A a,j=k
(3) Suppose Ais a symmetric matrix prove that Ais (M. U . 1997)
also
and only if it has no eigen values other than + 1.
(Hint: Since Ais symmetric A'= A. If Ais
if orthogonal
(M.U. 1999)
Hence, Ais inverse of A. )
orthogonal AA'=I . AA=1.
(4)If 2 is acharacteristic root of A, prove that à^ is a characteristie ret-.
1 4]
A. Verity this for (M.U. 2004)
(5) If 2 is an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A, prove that à cannot
be zero.
(M.U. 2003)
1 2 -21
3. (1) For the matrix A=|-1 3 , prove that A = A-5A +9/.
0 -2 1
(M.U. 2006)
|1 2 3|
1
(2) For the matrix A=|2 -1 4 provethat A 40
A+A-1s/
3 1 -1|
2-1 1
(3) For the matrix A=-1 = -6A+9i
2 -1 prove that A
1 -1 2
and obtain
4. Find the characteristic equation of each of the folowing matrices
the inverse.
1 1 3]
2 -1 1 |1 0 21 -3
1 3
2 -1| 2. 2 1 3.
-2 -4
1 -1 2 2 0 3
(M.U. 2004)
1 0 21
[1 2 3] 1 2 1 12
4. |3 1 1 5. -1 0 3 6.
1 2 0
|0 1 2 2 -1 1|
 AppliedMathematics. (1-81) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
/Mech/Auto,/Prod,/CivilEngg.)

1 2 1 1-2| [2 2 1
-3 8 -1 2 1 9. 13 1
7. 2
1 1 -1 0 1 -1 |1 2 2|
1 2 1| 1
[2 3
11. 1 -1
10. 15
7
12. 2 1 -1
|3 11 13 3 -1 1 1 -1 1|
[1 3 7 5 -2 41 12 4

13. 4 2 3 14.-2 1 1 15.-1 0 3

12 1 4 1 0|
3 1 -2
(M.U. 2001)
[3 1 -1| -3
2| 12 6
1 (2)-1 1/2 1/2
[Ans.:(1) (3)-5 -1 -3
3 2 -1| -1 -1 -1|
1 -1 -11 |3 -3 6
-6 2 8| (5)
1
7 -1 -4 -4 4 -21
(4) -5 18 (6) --6 2 -2 -2
3 -1-5| 1 5 2
-1 -2
3 61 |3 1 -5|
(7
1
2 -2 4
4 -2 -1|
12
5 1 -4
(8) 11 -1
(9) z-1 3-1
|1 1 -3| |-1 -2 4
1
-12 30 3 3|
(10) 8
14 -10 3 2 -10
16 (11)
-4 -13 7 |10 -7 10|
3 31
1 -4 11 -5]
(12) 3 2 -7
1
-1 -6 25
9 (13) 35
3 -10 -10| 6 1 -10|
-1 -4 -61 -3 6
(14) -, 1 4 16 -13
37 (15) 7 7 -14 -7
-6 13 1 -1 5 2
5. Find
the eigen values of the matrix
10 -2 -51
-2 2 3
-5 3 5
and show that
the Corresponding eigen vectors are orthogonal. (M.U. 2003)
 Applied Mathematics -IV (1-82)
(Mech./Auto./Prod./Civil Eng8.) Eigen Values
and Elgen
6. Find the eigen values and the
-2 5 corresponding
4
eigen vectors of Vectors
57 5 the matrix
4 5 -2|
Show that the eigen vectors are orthogonal.
|Ans. :-3, 6,12 ;[1,
7. Find the characteristic equation of the -1, 1]',(1,
(M.U0,. 12001, 03, 04)
satisfies Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
2 1 3
matrix given
1 1
below and 1]'.[verify1,2, that1]':)it
1. 1-1 2 2.
2 3 1
1 0 -3 3. 13
1 1
2 1| -2 1 1 2 2
1 0 2 |7 -1 31
4. 1 2 5. 6 1 4
2 1 -1 2 4 8
(M.U. 2003, 04) (M.U. 2006)
8. Find the
characteristic
,NO,
equation of matrix Aand verify that it satisfies
Cayley
Hamilton Theorem. Hence, find A and A.
1 1 31 2.0 -1|
1. 1 2. 1 3 -3
3. 0 2
2 1 -2| -2 -4 -4| -1 0 2

(M.U. 2003)
-1 2 1| 1 2 41|
[Ans.:(1) 2 -2 8 3 -10
1 0-12 -2 23
3 3/21 88 -160 240|
(2)-5/4 -1/4 -3/4|; 200 432 120
-1/4 -1/4 -1/4| 40 40 432
4 0 41 -40|
1
(3) 6
3 16
2 O 4 40 41
2 equation.
9. Verify that the characteristic
matrix A=2 -1 O satisfies the
|0 0 -1| 2004, 09,11)
Hence,find A2. (M.U. 1999,
 Mathematics- IV (1-83) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Applied
/Prod./CivilIEngg.)
(Mech,/Auto,

1 0 01
Ans. : A° + A -5A-5/ =0 ; A = 0 1 0
5
|0 0 1
10. Findthe characteristic equation of the matrix Ágiven below and hence,
find the matrix represented by
[1 3 7|
1. 4'-444°- 20A-344--44-204-33A + I where A=4 2 3
12 1
(M.U. 2009)
|3 10 51
o A-6A+ 9A + 4A°- 12A +2A-I where A |-2 -3 -4
3 5 7
3 6 14| 5 20 101
[Ans. : (1) 8 5 6 (2) -4 -7 -8
2 4 3 6 10 13

28-42-20 - 35 =0 2-71+ 16 12 =0
11. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and find A for A=| 4|
Hence, find
|2 3
A5- 44-7A+ 11A -A-10/ in terms of A.
(M.U. 2005)
[Ans. : A+51]
12. Verify Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for A= Cos sin 0
- sin 9 cos and obtain A1.

COs -sin
(M.U. 2011) [ Ans. : A
sin 0 COs 0
l5. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find
2A-3A + A 4/ where
11 138
(M.U. 2000) [Ans. : 138A- 403 / =

-138 127
14.
1find A- 94²+1. (M.J. 1997) [ Ans. : S09A +840
15. Verity 2 4
Gayley-Hamilton Theorem for (i)
12
and
hence find A1
andA-5A. (M.U. 2004)
1
[An
-0.5|·2A (1) No A;41
[1.5
AppliedMathematics
(Mech./Auto./Prod./ClvilEngs.)
12
EIgen Vectors
for A=
|2 2| and evaluate
Cayley-Hamiltontheorem
16. Verify
24-54°-7A+6/. (M.U. 2004, 10) [
Ans.:
A-648+1047-3A6.
34 + A+ 1, where A=
1 2 3
-1 33 1
16A+20 1)
17. Compute 1 0 22
2 23
+
(M.U. 2003) [ Ans.:2-62 +10-3=0;-1 4 1
1 0 3