Matrices | 447

Enginecring Mathetmatics-l
446|A Text Book of
-=lsolution will be linearly independent, say =k, where kis any rbitr x+y+3k=0
OSant.
-+S =0 get
eomes: solv ing above, we 'i-4kand x=.
IenT nu nstem () 14)-14* =0 Thus non-trivial solutions are (r =k. y= -k,: = ). Ans.

Eunple 4.48: Findthe values of &for which the sgstem of equations

On solking. we get (3k - 8) x +t 3y +3: =0
y=k,:=k).
Thus infinite solutions are (r=-k, equations : Ang 3x +(36- 8) y+3: =0
Evemple 4.47: Determine2r+y+ b' such that the ystem of homogeneous 3x+ 3y + (3A - 8) =0
=0 solution.
r++3: =0 has d non-trivial (non-zero)
3 3
non-rivial solution. Find the non-trivial sol1ution.
has () riial solution () Cocficient matriv of su stem 4 =
3k-8 3

l'= 0
(RGPV, June 201) Solution.
3 3 3k-8
Solution. Witing given sstem in matrix from that
2I 2] Since sy stem has non-trivial solution, so
Augmented matrix [4 : 0j= 4=|| I3 3 3
3k -8
4 3 b| 3 3k -8 3
Operating : R + Ry, we get 3 3 3-S
[|3
Operating : R, ’ R, +(R; + R,. we get
|4 3 b|
3 3k -8 3
Operating: R, ’ R, -2R, and R ’R-4R, we get =0
3 3 3t-8

l0 - b-12 3k-S 3 =0
Operating: R, ’ R, - R,, we get (GA-2) 3
[ 3] Operating:C’C-C,. and C; ’C,-C,. e get
- 4
.()
0 0 b-8 t-2))3 3k-||
Cuse ti) When b 8, then p(4) = p(A:0) =3 =number of variables 0 3k-1
Sstem has only trivial i.e., zero solution.
Ilence r -0, y=0,:-0.
» (3&-2)[1.(3k-TI) (3k -11)-0) =0
( e i) When b = 8, then p(4) = plA:0) =2< (3k-2)(3k-) -0
Number of variables 3
stem has non-trivial solutions. Ans.
Here rank r=2, and variables n=3. k -23, 13, |13
system
n-r =3-2= 1, variable will be linearly Erample 4.49:Apply rank test to find whether the
Hence s stem () becoems independent say,:=L ++3:+ 4w= 0
&r+Sy +:+4w=0 any solution other than r=y:*=0.
has
 Engineering Mathetmatics-! Matrices | 449
44S |A Text Book of sstem in matrix fomm .l'= 0. Solutlon. Write the given system in matrix form : AX=
Solution. Writing the given )3 47 Giventhat system have unique solution,then 0
4
|2 2 -2
I
14: 0] =A - |$ 6 S 4 22
The Augmented matri s 3 7 6 6
R, -SR,, R’R -8R,, we get
Operating : R. ’R - SR,, R, 4
1/2 +6}-2{41+6} -2(24-124) z 0
[I 2 3
+112-30= 0
lo -11 -23 -28
4 -7 -19 (a-2)(1 +22+15) 0
-13 -17 -30 l+2 and l#1t3i. Ans.
412 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Operating:R, ’ R -3R,: R, ’ R -3R,, we get
3 4
[I 2
|0 I -2 -29
Let A = be a square matrix and 1 be an indeterminate, then A-
04 -7 -19 = 0 is called
J0 -1 27 characteristic equation ofA.

Operating : R, ’ R, +4R,. R ’R +R, we get a

[I 2 3 4 i.., b b =0.
0 1 -2 -29 C C
A
0 0 -is -135 Remark : [A- N] is called characteristic matris of A.
0 0 2 -2 1 2
For example, The characteristic equation ofA =
Operating : R,’(-/5) R,. we get
|I 2 3 1-4 2
0 1 -2 -29
|4- =0 ’ 3 4-0
00 I (1-1)(4-1) -6=0> -sa-2 =0.
J0 0 2 -2
413 EIGEN VALUES OR CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS
Operating: R, ’ R, -2R,. we get
[I 2 3 4
Let Abe a square matrix of order nand |A-=0 be its characteristic equation.
0 I -2 -29 Then roots of this equation, say A, eF, i=1,2, ., n, (where Fis real or complex) are called
0 0 I eigen values or characteristic roots or latent roots or proper values of A.
0 0 0 -20| then
For example, if
p(A) = 4 (= No. of variables 4).
’ System has unique solution or trivial solution Characteristic equation of Aie., 4 - A=0
= I= 0. y =0,:=0, w = 0.
Ans.
Example 4.50 : Find the value of l such that the following 4 5-1
2x+2y - 22- l= 0, 4x +24y -z-2 =0, 6x + 6y + -3=0.
equations have unique solution.
(|- 2)(5- )-0 = 0
 Matrices | 451
4sA Tet Book of Engineering Mathetmaticare eigen values.
A land S 4,(4,X,) =,x, (:: using I]
CHARACTERISTIC VECTORS Similarly PX) - 2x, and so on.
4.14 EIGEN VECTOR OR
Ingeneral, A"(X) X,
vector X gm is an eigen value of 4", for
matrix. Ifthere exist a non-zero column every i = I,2, ..., n. Proved.
LeiA=[a,] be a given 3 x 3 for aiga Theorem : If h, 2y ., y are the eigen values 0f a matrix A. then prove that
value åsuch that [4 - N=0. AX = .
1 are the eigen values of A.
then Xis called an eigen vector or characteristic vector of Acorresponding to the. eigen value 1
Or
is an eigen vector because AX= X IfAis non-singular matrix. Show that the eigen values of A-',, are the reciprocal of eigen
For cxample, the vector X= uluesofA.
Deoof: Let X, be eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 2, (i = 1,2, ..., m).
i.e., here = 5 is an eigen value. Then AX, = ,x, ...(1)

VECTORS A'AX, = A'4,X,)

4.15 SOME PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN
X, - ,(AX)
1. A and its transpose Ahave the same eigen values.
2. The sum of eigen values of Ais equal to sum of elements on the principal diagonal of
3. The product of eigen values ofA is equal to determinate of Ai.e., 4|.
4. If 4. , . . . , are the eigen values of A, then the eigen values of : A'x, =X
(2) kA : ae k,, k, kls, ... ka, Proved.
is an eigen values of A, [by definition).
(b) A: re 7, , .. identical.
Theorem :fAis a square matrix, show that eigen values ofA and its transposeA'are
(c) are 1 1 Proof: We have (A-Ary = A- '=A-N
5. IfAisdiagonal or upper triangular or lower triangular matrix, whose eigenvalues are equal t I(4- Ary| = |4
its diagonal elements.
6. If all the eigen values of a matrix Aare distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are =0 if and only if |4-=0
linearly independent (L.L). |4- Proved.
7. If two or more eigen values of a matrix are equal then the coresponding eigen vectors may 2 is a eigen value of A is also eigen value of A.
be linearly independent or linearly dependent. Theorem Prove that,
Remark:ifone of the eigen values is zero, then the matrix is singular and conversely when the matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of its
matrir is singular, then at least one of the eigen values must be zero. () The sum of the eigen values of a square
principal diagonal.
equal to determinant A.
Theorem : If ,,y ., , are the given values of matrix A, then prove that a, A7,..., , (i) The product of all eigen values of Ais
are the eigen values ofA" (m is a positive tnteger). A =(a,]:be asquare matrix of order 3.
Proof :() Let
0
Proof :Let X, be eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 2, (i =1,2,..., n). Then the characteristics equation of Ais |4-2l| =
Then [A-,1X =0 [by definition
AX, = ,X, ...0) =0
(X) = A(0,X)
4,(AX)
 Matrlce|453

452 | AText Book of Engineering Nathetrmatic XA(XY 2x(r (i4j= , (ABj=B A

XAX rx
Since, we know that ...3)
4-(-D(-à,)(4-A,)(d - åy) XAX = 2xx
[: yoAz Ay are eigen valus:l From(2) and (3), we
(2-)rx -0

Cormpering equations (1)and () we get Proved.

lis a real.
diagonal elemente af. Theoremn: Prove that the eigen values of aHermitian matrix are real.
This provs that sun of all eicen values of 4is equal to the sum of the ...(1)
(ü) Let A= [e.].., be a souare matrix of order 3x 3 and , , z be its eigen values Proof: Given Abe Hermitian matrixi i.e., 4= A.
Then cheracteristics polynomizl of 4 is Let Xbe a eigen vector for eigen value 1, then
AX = Y
x'AX = X'AX, [where * is conjugate transposel
x'AX = xx,
X*AX = 2x'x. ...(2)

Taking conjugate transpose of both sides, we get

(x*Ax)' - (2r' (:(4B)* =Ba']
|4-21 = (-1)°(2-2) 4-24)(2-,)
Puting i =0, we get
4 =(-ij'(-4,)(-2,)(-å,) X*AX = xx a'=4 nd (x')' =x.
From (2) and (3), we get xx = xX
This shows that the product of all eigen values of A is equal to A. Proved. (2-)x'x =0
Theorem : IfXis a eigen vector of amatrir A, then prove that Xcan not correspond to more
than one eigenvalues ofA.
Proof :Let Xbe aeigen vector corresponding to two eigen values A, and ,. Proved.
Then [by definition)
AX = iX and AX =l,X is areal. either zero or uniy.
values of an idempotent matrir are(R.GP. June 2007)
Example 4.51 : Prove that the eigen
...(1)
(a,-4)X 0 matrix, then 4=A
Proof: Given A be an idempotent
[:: X*0)
Thecharacteristic equation of Ais |4-=0.
Proved. Suppose Ais non-singular, then
Theorem: Prove that the eigen values ofa symmetric matrix are real. |A||A- |A)0 (: |4B44|B]
Proof: Given A is symmetric matrix i.., A'=A. ...(1) J4-AN =0
Let X be a eigen vector for eigen value 2. (: =A]
Then AX = X [by definition) |4-A| 0
XAX - XX |A||1-N| =0
XAX = XX ..(2) |- =0
(X AX) =(X Xy
 Matrices |455
454 |A Text Book of Engineering Mathetmatics-I
(1-)n =0’1-|=0 Bi- 1 2+i
=0
-2+7 -i-2
Ii suppase 4is singular, then one eigen value say =0. Proved, (3i - 2)(-i- )-(2+i)(2+)=0
[3 4 4| -i-3iA +Ai +7)-(-4+21-2i+ i) =0
-2 4 Also find eigen values of (3--3i4+ i+ 1)+5=0 -2i1+8=0
Example 4.52 : Find the eigen values ofA = |I - 3 and
2it J(21) -4x8x1 2i+44-32 2it 6i
A'. (RGPV, June 2012) 2 2 2
Solution. The characteristic equation ofA is \4 - M=0 l=4i, and -2i are eigen values. Ans.
p-2 -4 4
Crample 4.55 : Find the characteristlc roots of the matrkx :
-2-2 4 =0
-1 3 I 3 1
» (3-)[(-2-2)(3-)+4]+4[3-A-4]+4[-1+2+A]= 0 |! 2 2|
’ (3-2)6+21-3l+ +4] +4(-1-I) +4(a+I)=0 Nolution. The characteristic equation of Ais |4- A|= 0
(3-2)(À-2-2)-4(a +1)+4(2+1) =0 |2-2
(3-2) (2+1) (2-2)- 4(4 +1)+4(2+1)=0 3-1 =0
(2+1)[(3- 2)(2-2) - 4+4] =0 2 2
(2+1) (2-2)(3-2) =0 ’ (2-1) ((3- A) (2-1)-2)- 1(2-1-I)+I(2-3+ 2) =0
2=-1, 2, 3.
Hence eigen values of Aare -1, 2, 3. > (|-4)(-64+6) =0
11
Now, eigen values of 4 are : i e , - Ans.
Eigen values are 1, 3+J3.3-3.
and Eigen values of ' are : (-1)', (2), (3) i.e., 1, 4,9.
Ans.
Example 4.56 : Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors
8 -6 2
Example 4.53 :If3 and 15 are the two eigen values ofA=-6 7 =0
-4 Find the remaining Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of Ais |A-
eigen value and A, |2 -4 3 I5 4
(S-)(2-1)-4 =0
=0 ’
Solution. Let A,, , , be three eigen values (R.GPV, June 2008)
of 4, then , +d, + d
=8+7+3 i2726=0 ’ (4-1) (4- 6) =0»l=1,6
3+15+ 1, = 18 Eigen values are l, 6.
( given h, =3, a, =15]
1, =0.
Also, we know that [4 - ]r=0.
|A| =product of the eigen values Eigen Vectors : Let X= be eigen vector corresponding to eigen values Ais
= 3 x 15 x0 =0.
Example 4.54 : Find the
eigen-values of the matrix : Ans.
...()
A - 2+1]
() When 1 = 1. then (1) becomes
Solution. The characteristic equation of Ais |4- |=0
 Matrices | 457
Mathetmatics-I 2.r =y
456 | AText Book of Engineering taking any one
equation, say
coefficient matri is l, So
Since rank of 4r+4y=0
2

I=-y’ say
Ity=0 Eigen vector X, = for d=- |
becomes
vector for - 1. when = -6, then ()
is eigen

becomes :
() When i = 6, then (1) equation :
Clearly rank of the coefficient matrix is 1, so that
matrix is I, so taking any one x+2y =0
Since rank of coefficient
-I+4y =0 ’r=4)
_=k,
A say x =-2y

Eigen vector 1, Ans.

{(I, -), (4, )) Ans. A=-6.
Hence set of eigen vectors corresponding eigen vectors of the matriy
Erample 4.57 : Fünd the eigen values and Ceaunle 4, 58 : Find the eigen values and the eigen vectors of the matrix :

equation of Ais |A-2Il = 0

Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of Ais |A - U=0
-2- 0
||-2 1
(-5-2) (-2-2) -4 =0 =0
(2+5)(2 +) -4 =0
#+72+10-4 =0
2+72+6 =0
(|- 2){(1-2)' -}-1{1- 2-1) +1{l-1+4} =0
(2+1) (2+6) =0 (1-2) (# -22)-I(-2) +1.2 =0
-22+2 +2i -2+i+2 =0
Eigen values are -1, -6. -è +3 =0’(-2+3) =0» 2 =0, 0, 3.
.. Eigen values are l= 0,0, 3.
Eigen Vectors : Let X= |be eigen vectors for 1, so that [A-x-0
=0
Eigen Vectors : Let=y be eigen vectors for 2 is given by [A- NY
...()
When A =- 1, then (0) becomes

...()
Clearly rank of the coefficient matrix is I, so that selecting any
row i.e., 4x + 2y =0
 Matrices | 459
Mathetmatlc
SSSAText Book of Engineering : (|-2)(2 - 42 +2)-2 +4 - 21 =0
(repeated roots) then (1) becomes
() When d = 0 -42+2- +42-21-22+2 =0
-2' +Sa -81+4 = 0
-52 +84-4 =0, which is the characteristics equation of A.
Eigen Values: Since 2-s +81-4 =0 ()
we get
Operating : R ’R-R; R’ R-R, BytrialA =1 is a root, So that ( - 1) is afactor of equation (1).
'a-I)-42(2- I) +4(2-I) =0
(a-)(4'-42+4) =0
0 0
Clearly rank of coefficient matrix is 1, so
that selecting first row: (2-I) (4-2) =0
variables z
are L.I., say y =k anddz=k , then x 2= 1, 2, 2
I*y+z=0 with (n -)=(3-|=2
=-k-k .Eigen values are I, 2, 2.
is eigen vector ford=0.
X =
k Figen Vectors : Let X
=|y be eigen vectors for d is given by [4- '=0
() When =3. then (1) becomes :
-2 1 2
12 1
-
Since rank of coefhicient matrix is 2, so that selecting first two rows, we get
0
-1
2-A
2
i) when d=2 (repeated roots), then (2) becomes
...(2)

-2x+y+z=0 and [-1 2 21|x

]x-2y+z=0 0 0
-I 2 0|
1+2 -2-1 4-13 33 --=, say Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that selecting first two rows, we get
-x+2y +2z =0]
X is a eigen vector for = 3. ADS. Ox +0y+z=0
-y 0-0=k
2-0--0 =
Z (say)
2 2]
Example 4.59 : Find the characderistic equatlon of the matrix x =2k, y = k, : = 0
2 1 Aso find eigen
-7 2 2 2k | 2
values and elgen vectors. or 1 is eigen vectors for = 2.
Solution. The characteristic equation of Ais |4-N=0
2 2 (i) When =1: then (2) becomes
0 2-A
=0
|-1 2 2
(|-2)(2- A)'-2]-2[0+ 1]+ 2(0 +2-a]=0 |-I 2
 Enginecring Mathetmatics-l
O0| ATextBook of matrix is 2, so that
sclectinglast two rowS, we get Matrices | 461
Since rank of the cocfricient
Ox +y+*= 0
-r+2y+z=0 X, = is eigen vector for = 2.
-k(say)
0+1 0+| 0 1
i-2 =-k,y=-h, z =k Again, when 2=3, then (1)
i

x 0 -1
becomes
|0 0
for A=1. cince rank of coctticient matrix is 2, So that
X, =-*| or-1is eigen vectors Ans
selecting any or first two rows,
0x+ y+4z=0
i.c..
values and eigen vectors of Ox-y+6z = 0
Example 4.60 :Find the eige
[3 I 6+4 0-0 0-00r;,7=k(say) ’ x=k,y = 0,z= 0
0 2 6|
A = (RGPV, Dec. 2010) k

equation of Ais 4- A= 0
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic is eigen yector for 2= 3.

3-2 4 (ii) When 2 = 5, then (1) becomes :

2-2 6 =0 » (3- A)(2- 1)(S-2) =0 -2 1
0 0 5-2 0 -3
i=2, 3, 5 (eigen values). 0
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that selecting first two rows, we get,

Eigen Vectors : Let X= be eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 2 is given by 6+12 -12-06-0---2, -=- k(say)
18 12 6 3 2 I
(4- NX= 0 3k
[3-2 4 X, =2|-|2is eigen vector for d=-5.
0 2-2 6
.) Thus, eigen vectors - {(1,-I, 0), (1, 0, 0, (3, 2, 1)). Ans.
0 0 5-2
Example .61 : Find eigen values and eigen vectors of:
II 4
[2 2
() When =2, then (1) becomes : 0 0 3 1|
A = (R.GPV, Dec. 2005)
|I 2 2
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, SO selecting any or first two rows,
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of A is 4 - Al| = 0
x+y+4z=0) 2-A 2
Ox +0y +6z = 0 3-2 =0 ’-72 +114-5= 0
2 2
6-0 6-0 0-0-=k(say) (:: as d =lis aroot]
(2-1)-61(4 - 1)+5(2- I) =0
 Matrlces | 463
Enginecring Mathetmatics-l
462 AText Book of
0(2-D(4-I)(4-5) =0 |||-4 -4 -7
(2-)(-62+5) =
-2-1 -S=0
i=1, 1,5 (eigen values). 10
Eigen Vectors :
-6-A
-+32 -22 =0=% -A1-1)(1-2) =0
correspondingto eigen value is given by [4-jx -0 Hence the eigen-values are: 1 =0, 1, 2.
Let l'= |"be eigen vector Ejgen Vectors :
When 2=0 then (A - X= 0, we haye
2-2 |11 4
3-2 1 -2 -5||
2
|10 -4 -6||x
i) When =5, then (1) becomes : Take any two equations because rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, say

1
7x-2x, -Sx, =0
10x -4x, -6x, =0)
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking any or first two rows, we get 12-20 -42 + 50 -28+20 -8 -8 -8
---==k(say)
2+2 -3-1 6-2 1 1 I xky- k, z= k. X12-
or eigen-vector is :[1, 1, 1.
(i) When d= | then [4 x= 0, we have
is eigen vector forl = 5, 10 4 -7|| x
7 -3
(ü) Again. when = (repeated roots), then (1) becomes : 10 4 -7
[1 2 11|x Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so taking any two equations, say
|1 2 1 7x,-3x, -Sx, =0]
|I 2 1
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 1, so taking any one equation : 10x, -4x, -7x, =0
I+2y+z=0 with (n -r)=3- |=2, variables will be linearly independent, say y=h
and k,. Hence x=-2k, -k,. 21-20 -49+50 -28+30'

[-2k, -k;]) or
| -1 2
’ eigen-vector is : [1, - 1, 2].
X = is eigen vector for = 1. (i) When = 2, then [A - X= 0, we have
Ans.
k, -4 -7]|x
Example 4.62 : Find the eigen-values and eigen-vectors of the matrix 7 -4 -5|| X
II -4 -7 10 -4 -8|| X
7 -2 -5
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so taking any two equations, say
|10 -4 -6
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of is
|A- A=0 10x - 4x, -8x, =0
464|A Text Book of EngineeringMathetmatics
Matrices | 465
12
6 12 21 2 Since rank
of coefficient matrix is 2, so that
selecting first two rows,
32-20 -56+50 -28+40 we get
-y
Eigen vector is [2, 1, 2]. -12-12 42+6 28-4
1), (1, - 1, 2), (2, 1, 2)). 48
Hence, set of eigen vectors = ((1, 1, the following motri
-48 24
Erample 4.63 : Find the eigen-values and eigen vectorS of ¡=5k (say) ’ x=k,y=2k, z=-k
[-2 2 31 k
2 R.GPV, Dec. 2002, March
A= 2010, June Eigen-vector, X=|2k for = 5.
-2 0
4- 2| =0
2019 Ans.

Solution. Eigen-values : The characteristics equation is Ceamole 4.64 : Determine the eigen-values and the corresponding elgen vectors of the matr,
-2-2 2 -3
-6 2
2 6 = 0 A-6 7
(R.GPV, Dec. 2004, Jan 2008, Dec. 2012)
-1 -2 0 2 -4
--2+212 +45 =0’+-211-45 =0 Calution. Eigen Values: The characteristic equation ofA is 4 -=0
By trial, 2 =-3 is root of it, then (a+3)-22(a+3) -15(2+3) =0 8-2 6 2
6 7-1 -4=0
(2+3)( -22-15) =0 (4+3)(2+3)(2-5) =0 2 4 3-a
2=-3, -3, 5 are eigen values.
(8-)(21102 +1-16)+6(-18+61+8) +2 (24-14 +24) =0
be eigen vector coresponding to eigen values is (4 -Axen ’ 8 -804+ 40- N +101 -51+361-60+41+20 =0
Eigen-vectors : Let X= -2+182 451 =0’-1( -184+45) 0-1(2-3)
= (4-15) =0
[-2-1 2 2=0,3, 15 (Eigen-values).
Eigen Vectors :
2 I-1 6
..0)
-] -2 0-1
Let X=y be eigen-vector corresponding to Ais given by [A-]X=0
) When l=-3(repeated roots), then (1) becomes :
2 -31x] fo
2 4 T8-2 -6
6 7-A 4 ...(1)
-1 -2 3
2 4 3-1
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 1, so taking any one equation:say x+2y-3z=0 wit (i) When 2 = 0, then (1) becomes
(n-)=3-|=2 variables are linearly independent, say y=k, and z =k,, then x =-2k, +3k, 8 -6 2
[-2k, +3k,] -6 7
k 2 4
Eigen-vector, X= for 2=-3.
taking first two rows, we get
k Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that
(ii) When =5, then (1) becomes :
-y
-32+ 12 56-36 10 20 20
[-7 2 -31x 24- 14
2 -4
-] -2 1
-2-=k
2 2
(say) ’ x=k, y=2k, z=2k.
 Matrices | 467
Mathetmatics-l
466 | A Text Book of Engineering [-4 -7 S||x

for = 0.
2 3
3||
is eigen-vector 2
the coefficient matrix
Sincerank of is 2, so that taking last two equations, we get
Ts -6
becomes: -6 4 (say).
(i) When = 3. then (1) 2 -4
get
x,=-3k, y= k, z =k.
coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two rows, we
Since rank of [-34]
= = = k (say)
16 8 -16 Eigen-vector X= k for 2 =1. Ans.

24-8 -20+ 12 20-36

k
r= 2k, y=k,z= -2k cos sin 0
2k ] 21
Example 4.66 : Find the eigen-values and elgen-vectors of the matrlx A= sin -cos0
is eigen-vector for =3. (R.GPV, June 2006)
Solutlon. Eigen Values : Characteristic equation of Aie., 4 - 1|=0
-7 -6 lcos- A sin
-6 -8 -4 =0
(ii) When =15, then (1) becomes : sin - cos-2
2 4 -12|z
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two rows, we
get -{cos +A) (cos- 1)-sin 6=0-(cos 0-1)- sin² =0
-cos? + -sin 8= 0 =cos?0+sin' 0’ =l»l=t1
24- 16 28+12 S6-36 =1 and- 1are eigen values.
Eigen Vectors :
x y=k(sav) ’x= 2k, y=-2k, z=k
40 -40 20 2 -2 I
be eigen vector for then [A- ]X=0
x

x2k1 2
is eigen vector for =15. Ans, fcos-1 sin ...(1)
sin -cos-1
Example 4.65 : Find the eigen-values and eigen-vectors of the followingmatrix. cos-1 sin&
-3 -7 -s1 ) For l=1, then (1) becomes : sin - cos8
A=| 2 4 3
2 2 -2sin' (/2) 2sin (9/2) cos(92)
|2sin(9/2) cos (0/2) -2 cos (0/2)
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation is |4- |=0
-3-4 7
2 4-2
-S [-sin(@/2) cs9)2)|
sin(6/2) cos(8/2)
= 0-(-32 +32-1)= 0
2 2-A Operating : R, ’R, + R, we get
(2-1 =0. Hence the eigen values are = 1, 1, . [-sin(9/2) cos(0/2)|
Eigen Vectors : When =1, then [4- A/]x =0, we 0
have
 Matrices | 469
When 2 (repcated roots). then (1) becomes :
Mathetmatics-l
468 | AText Book of Engineering x 0
Hence rank of coefTicient matrix is I,so that
- sin(6/2).r+ cos(0/2)y =0 2 -1
y Sincerink of coeficient matrix is I, so that sclecting any one row, say
rsin(0/2) = cos(0/2) y cos(9/2) sin(@/2) - =0 witlh (n-r) =3-|=2 variables will be LI, say y =k,=k,then 4x =2,:=k
fcos(0/2)] for l= 1.
Eigen-vector sin(0/2) then 4r 2k, - 2k, =

(i) Similarly, when = - I, then eigen-vector

f(k, -k,)]
sin(9/2) 2
-cos(0/2)J As, Eigenvector k for = 2.
of the matriy
Exomple 4.67: Determine the eigen values and the eigen vectors k
[6 -2 2|
3 -I
2 -I 3
(R.GPV, Dec. 2003, June 2008, April 2na Tuking k, - 2. k, 0 then
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of Ais |4- =0
|6-2 -2 2
2 3-1 -I=0 Tiking k, 0, k.
2 -1 3
i) When ~- 8. then (|) becomes:
(6-2)[(3-2)' -i]+2(-6+ 21 +2] +2[2-6+21]=0
(6-2)(2 -62+8)+2(24-4)+2(24-4) =0
(6-2)(4-2)(2 - 4)+ 4(2-2)+4(4-2) =0
(2-2)[6(4 -4)-2(2-4) +4+4]=0 selecting any two rows :
Since runk of the coeflicient matris is 2, so that
(2-2)(64-24- 2+42+8]=0
(2-2)(- +104-16)=0 -2r-2y+ 2= =0]
-2r-5y -z=0
(2-2)(2 -102+ 16) =0
(2-2)(4-2)(2-8) =0
2-2,2, 8 are eigen values. 24 10
1

2+4 04
; = k (ay)
I 2k. I -k. =k.
Eigen Vectors : Let X= be eigen vector for eigen vector d such that
[4-X-0
ligen vector
6-4 -2 2
Ans.
(-I, 0,2), (2, -1, 1)).
Thus, set of civen vectors is 0.2. 0).
-2 3-2
2 ..)
0
 Matrices |471
470 | AText Book of Engineering Mathetmatics-I Clearlyrankof the coefficient matrix is 2, so that selecting first two rows, we gel

of the matrkA = x+y +z=0

Erample 4.68 : Find the eigen values and eigen vectors 2
I-y+2= 0
(R.GPV. June 2004, June 2007, Dec.
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of Ai.e., |4-=0 201) - k a ) »r-ky-kz- 0.
2-A 1

0
2-2 1
=0
. Eigen vector, X
- 0
for 1=3. Ans.

(2-2)[(2--2)(|- 2) -I[1-2-0]+1[0-0] =0 [ -6 -4|

4
(2-4)' (1-2)-(1-2) =0 Evample 4.69 : Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for the matrlr A=0 0 -6 -3
(1- 2)[4 + -42-1] =0 (R.GPV. June 2005)
(1-2)( -42+ 3) =0>(a-)(-42+3) =0 Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristics equation of Ai.e., 4- =0
(2-1) (2-)(2-3) =0 ||-4 6
2=1,1,3 (eigen values). 4-1 2 =0
6 -3
Eigen Vectors : Let X= be eigen vector for , then [A-Jx =0
(|- 2)[(4 - 1) (-3- 1) +12]+6[0-0]-4[0-0] =0
-2 +l=0
[2-2 1 0
2(-21+1) =0 ’ a(1-i' =0
2-2
0 0 1-2 ..(0) A=0, 1, lare eigen values.
Þ) When 2= 1(repeated roots), then (1)
becomes :
vector for such that [A-NX= O
Eigen Vectors : Let X=V be eigen

0
-6
Clearly rank of the coefficient matrix is 1, so that ...()
selecting any row, say
x+y+z=0 with (n-r)=3-l =2 variables will be linearlyoneindependent, say, y=k, andz
0 4-2
k,. then x=-k, -ky
() when 1= 0, then (1) becomes :
Eigen vector, X =
for = 1.
(iü) When =3, then (1) ka
becomes :
so that
Clearly rank of coefficient matrix is 2,
I-6y-4z =0]
Or +4y+2z = 0
 Matrices 47J

Engineering Mathetmatics-I
472 |A Text Book of verify that P'AP
I : = k(say) ’x= 2k, y=-k, z= 2k Canale 4.70: Find amatrix Pwhich diagonalizes the matrix A=|2 3
=D, where
D is the diagonal matrix.
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation |4- U=0
for d = 0. 4-1
Eigen vector '=
2 3-a =0
becomes
(i) When = I(epeated roots). then () (4- 2)(3- )-2 =0
0 6 -74+ 10 =0
0 3 (2-2) (2-5) =0
0 -6 A =2, 5
47=0..3s
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is I, so that selecting only one row say, Ox-6y - by [4- ] x =0
(n-r) =(3- 1) =2 variables will be Ll., say x k,y= k,. Eigen Vectors be eigen vector corresponding to l is given

Hence - 6 k, = 4: ...()

becomes
) When 2= 2, then (1)
=
k is eigen vector for = 1. Ans,

selecting first row only, i.e.,

Since rank of coefficient matrix is 1, so
4.16 BASIS OF EIGEN VECTORS 2x+y =0

If an n n matrix A has n distinct eigen values, then A has a basis of eigen vectors for R" or C

For example : has a basis of eigen vectors :

x eigen vector for 1 = 2.

coresponding to the eigen-values , = 1, 4,= 6. (üi) When l= 5, then (1) becomes

4.17 DIAGONALIZATION OF AMATRIX AND MODAL MATRIX
1,so that
If an n n matrix A- [u.]; a,, eF has a basis of eigen vectors, then P-4P = D is
diagonal such Since rank of coefficient matrix is
that Dhas the eigen-value of Aas the entries on the main
is the matris with these eigen diagonal ie., D= diag (A,, ,.., ,). Here r -x+y =0 X=y»;
vectors as column vectors.
The matria P is known as modal matrix ofAand D is
called spectral matrix of A.
X,-iseigenvector for 2 =S.
(i) The diagonal matrix D has the eigen values of Aas
its elements.
(ü) D" =PA"P and 4" = PD p

Jnzn and Ahas n-linearly independent eigen vectors then model matrix P can be
found such that P AP is a diagonal. Hence, inodal matrix
 Matrices |475

Mathetmatics-H
474 |A Text Book of Ensineering 0 0

.: Eigen vector for = 1.

X
Hae ue hhe P'4P
becomes
(i) For =2; then (1)
-I 0
0 I

-6-dg g(2, 5).

Since pA) = 2, so selecting first two equations, Wc get

Thus, ciagnal maris D
-6 of the followins
Ans.
0-0 1-0
Erample 4.71: Find the eigen values, eigen vectors and the modal matrix
0
.:Eigen vector, X, for A= 2.
A=|0 3 -1
(R.GPV. June 2003)
lo - 3
(iü) For = 4; then (1) becomes :
Solution. Eigen Valaes : The Characteristic equation of Ais |A- N=0
-2 0
1- 0
0
0 3-2 --0» (1-2)(3-)² -1}=0 0 -1 0
-1 3-4 equations, we get
(1-¿E3-i- 1X3-2+1) =0 Since p(I) =2, so selecting first two
2.=1,2,4 are eigenvalues.
0 2-0 0 0 0
Eigen Vectors : Let X= be eigen vector for Asuch that [4- x=0
Eigen vector X =Ifor =4.
0 0
0 3-2
..(1) Ans.
-1 3-2 x,]=0 1 1.
(i) For i. =1; then (1) becomes : lence modal matrix P=[X, X,
matrix; where
matrix and Diagonalize the
lo 2 Example 4.72 : Find modal
|0 -1 2 [2 -2 3|
Clearly rank of coefficient matrix is 2,so that selecting last
two equations:
Ox +2y - z= 0]) 3 -1
Ox-y+2: =0 equation of the matris A is, H = AI = 0
Solution, The characteristic
 of Engineering Mathetmatics
476 | ATest Book Matrices | 477

=0

Eigen vector for =-2 is X =-1|ie., X, =[-1 -1 14).

(2-ÀY-4)-4-2i +6+ 3Å=0 14

+6+32=0
2 -8--42-4-2i +6= 0
-| -2 3x
--2+5¿ -6=0= -22-54
factor of aboveequation
(ii) When d= 3,then (1) becomes : | -2
i.e. (-) is a
By trial = lis a root
3

2i-)- i2-)-6(-I)=0 Since rank of the coefticient matrix is 2, so that taking first two equations, we get
+2) =0
(2-IX-2 -6) =0=(i-1X2-3)(2
i=1,-23 are eigen values. , then
eigen vectors for eigen values
Let 1,. A. and A, be the Eigen vector for 2-3, is Xh =|1ie,Xy =[ 1|:
0
.=vand
where O=|0 Modal Matrix :
[4-A=0.
0

[2-2 -2 3 0 we have, modal matrix, P={M1 XX]=| 1 14 1|

L.e.
..(0) Diagonalize the matrix :
3 -l-2||=] 0 -15 25 -10]
adjP 1 ..(2)
-2 p-'= 0 -2 2
30 3 12
(i) When = 1, then (1) becomes :
Hence, we have

Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two equations, we get -15 25 -10]|2 -2 3|-1 -I| )
p-'AP 30
0 -2 22
14 1
-2-0 1-3 0-2 3 12 | 1
30 0 1 0 0
0 -60 0 0 -2 0= diag (1,-2,3). Ans.

30 0 3
60
(i) When 2 =-2, then (1) becomes : -1 4| transforms to
-l|. Finda modal matrir P which
[4 -2 3| Example 4.73 : Given A=|3 2

diagonal form, Hence calculate A'. of Ais |A - A| = 0

Solution. The characteristic equation
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two equations, we get 4
3 2-1 -=0
-2-9 4-3 12+2-|-14 -1-A|
2
 Enginecring Mathetmatics
478 |AText Book of Modal Matrix :
Matrices | 479
+6= 0
-'+22+ 51-6=0-22-52 equation, so that
By trail =1, is a root of above
}u-)-(2-)-6(-) =0 since Modal matrix P=[x, X, X,]= 4 -1 2
2
(2-1X-d-6) =0>(d-1)d+2)EA - 3) =0
i=1,-2, 3are eigenvalues.corresponding to eigen values then [4- an ve TI -2 3
Let 1,. 1, and 1, be eigen vectors Again, p-l adj P -l -2 -2 6
[-2 6
-3 0 -3|
i.e..
2-i -! .() || 0 0
|0 -1 4 Hence, we have -2 0= diag (I,- 2,3) = D ...(2)

) When = 1, then (1) becomes 3 1 0 3|

l2 I -2 Acain, we know that since P-l AP = D, then
taking first two equations. we oet
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that -2 31
at - PD'P4
6
- 20 16 0-2 -2 6

|-4 0-12 0+3 -J 4 1 0 0 81 -3 0 -3|

[-276 -30 -150] f46 5 25
Eigen vector for ). = lis X = 4ie,X =[-1 4 ): -450. 24 -570 = 75 4 95 Ans.
-210 30 -336| 35 -5 56|
[3 -1 -I 2
(ü) When2 =-2, then (1) becomes :3 4 Example 4.74 : Reduce the matrix A= 1 2 1 to the diagonal form.
|2 1
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two equations, we get
Solution. Eigen Values : The characteristic equation of Ais A- U|= 0
1-16 -3-12 12+3 1-) -1 2

2-4 I=0
: Eigen vector for --2 is X =-1 i.e., X, =[1 -I -1: -1 -I 0-A
» (--2)[(2- A)(-a) +1]-2 [-1+1]-2(-l+
(2- 2)] =0
[-2 -I 4 ...()
’ --s1+5 =0
(ii) When i =3, then (1) becomes 3 -1
(-l)-S(4-1) -0
2I 4|
Since rank of the coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two equations, we get (4-1)( -5) =0
’ A=1 and ±/s.
|+4 2-12 2+3

given by [4 - ] I 0 .
Eigen vector for =3 is Eigen Vectors : LetX= be eigen-vector corresponding to is
 Matrices | 481
Mathetmatics-l HenceModalMatriy
480 | AText Book of Engincering P -(X, X, X)
[-1-2 2
2-2
"2) P =0
-I -

() When = 1, hen (1) becomes

[-2 2 0 0

Thus, diagonal matrix D = 0

that taking first two rows, we get 0 |0 0 -5
Since rank of coefñcient matrix is 2, so
AnS.
2+2 -2+2 -2-2
61
Exomple 4.75 : Diagonolize the matrix A= 2 0
4 0 -4
0 0 3
e.l.tion, Elgen Values : The characteristic equation of Ais |4- U=0
A, = 0 is eigen vector for =1.
6

(i) When 2=5. then (1) becomes: 2-1

2 -2 x 3-1
2-/5 1 =
(|- A)[(2- 2)(3-2))- 6[3- A]+ 10 =0
- -V5 0
(3-) [(1- ) (2- 2)-6] =0
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that taking first two rows, we get (a-3) (2+ I) (4-4) =0
2=- 1,3, 4.
2+4-2/5 1-5+2 (-1-5) (2-/5)-2
6-2/5 -I+51-5 Eigen Vectors : Let X=|P| be eigen-vector corresponding to is given by [A- W]X =0

6
2-1 ..(1)
0
() When i=-1, then (1) becomes
is eigen-vector for = S5. [2 6 1|x
-1
| 3 0
(i) When =-5, then eigen vector (1) becomes:
|0 0
get
[V5+1] Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that selecting first two rows, we

0-3 0-1 6-6

 Engineering Mathetmatics-l CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM Matrices | 483
4S2 |A Text Book of
(RGPV, Dec. 2010)
Statement: Every square matrix Asatisfies its own
characteristic
-=(-1)"|2 +a2+a,?"* t.ta, issatisfied by.equation i.e.
-3
4 i.e. A" +a, 4"-l +a,
X= is eigen vector for
=-|
Proof. Let A
be a square A"+...a, I = 0.
matrix ol order 'n' then the
ajnomials
s in of degree (n -) or less. element of adi. (A - ) are ordinary
becomes Therefore adj (A- ) =B,2 +
() When i = 3, then (1)
[-2 6
0 whereB. B, B,,
B,+..
. B,_j +
..., B are matrices of the type of B,-
...(1)
A.adjA = AL. | order n x n.
-
0 Since
(A-) adi (4 - ) =|4
0 0 0|
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2,
so that (H-XB+B,2+...,., h+ B,)=(-9°[2 +a, t...t a,1
Comparing coefficients of powers s of ). on both sides, we get
..(2)

0+1 0-12-6 coef. of : -lB, =(-I)y" !

coefl. of zl.ABo - B, = (-I)"a, !
-4
coeff. of "': AB; - IB =(-1)'azl
I| is eigen-vector for = 3.
|-4 coeff. of ;0: AB,- =(-Iy'a,l.
(i) When 2 = 4, then (1) becomes Now pre-multiplying these successively by A", A! ,.. and adding, we get

-3 6 0
Ata,4"+a, A"- t...t.a,I=0. Proved.
-2 0
Example 4. 76 : Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix
0
Since rank of coefficient matrix is 2, so that - and hence find A-!.
=

0+2 Solution. The characteristic equation of Ais |4- |=0

2 2
-|- 0 ’ (1-) (-1-1) -4 =0
is eigen vector ford= 4.
...()
0
-(1- #) -4 =0’ '-5= 0
putting =Ain (1), we get
Thus modal matrix By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the matrix Amust satisfy (), i.e., ..(2)
A-5/ 0
-3 I 2
i.e., P= Verification: We have
0 -4 0
Hence L.H.S, of (2), we have
0 0 - 0 01 = 0.
Hence, diagonal matrix D = 0 2, 0 3 0 Ap
0 0 4 This veri ies Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
 Matrices | 485
r6 -S 5 2 -l 1] [
Engineering Mathetmatics-l 0 01
484 | AText Book of 44=-5 6 -s|-6-1 2
-1+9|0 10
-5I =0
To find A- : From (2). by A-', we get | - 2 0 0
1|
Pre-multiplying both sides
[3 I -1
=0 4 4 |3 1A-! Ans.
|-I I 3
Ans [! 2 3
Caylej-Hemilton theorem of the matrix Example4.78: Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A
=2 4 5 Also find A".
Example 4.77 : Verif
|? -1 1| 3 5 6
2002, Dec. 2008, June 2011,, Solution. The characteristic equation of Ais 4 - - 0
A=-1 hence find A-'. (RGPVJune
2 -1| and June 201)
2 3

Ais 4 - =0. 2 4-1 5

Solution. The characteristic equation of =)
(2-2 -1 1 6-2
-1 2-2 -1=0 (|- 2)[(4 - 2) (6-2) -25]-2 (2(6- 2) -I5]+ 3[10- 3(4- 2)] =0
-1 2-4 -11 -42+1=0 ...(1)
we have
-2 +62-92+4 =02-62'
+92-4=0. Bv Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
satisfy () i.e., Putting 1= Ain (1). We " A-114 -4A+[= o ...(2)
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the matrix Amust
A³-64 +94 4/=0. Verification : We have
Verification :
|I 2 3||I 2 3 [14 25 31|
[2 -I 1]2 -1 1|6 A = A.A =|2 4 sll2 4 s25 45 S6
Now 4=-1 2 -1||-1 2 -1=-5 6 -S |31 56 70
6 3 5 6||3 S 6
2 - 2 |157 283 3531
Hence
[I 2 3[14 25 31]
283 510 636
[6 -5 52 -1 | | | 22 -22 -21] A = A.A =2 4 S25 45 56
and 353 636 793|
'=xd=-5 6 -5| -1 2 -1=-21 22 -21 3 5 6||31 56 70|
-1 2 21 -21 22 Hence L.H.S. of (2), we have
i57 283 3531 [14 25 311
Hence L.H.S. of (2), we have
45 56
22 -22 -21 [6 A-114 -44+1 =283 510 636|-11| 25
|353 636 793 31 56 70|
A-64'+ 9A -4/=-21 22 -21 -6-5 6 -5
21 -21 22 5 -5 6 [1 2 3 0 0
-4|2 4
|2 -I 1| 3 5 6 00I|
0 0 0=0
|0 0 0| fo 00
This verifies Cayley-Hamilton theorem, = |0 0 0=0.
To fnd A: Now multiplying both side of (2) by A-, we get
A-64 + 9/- 44 =0
44=4-64 +91 This verfies Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
 EngineeringMathetmatics L.H.S. of (2), we have Matrices | 487
486 |A Text Book of get Now,
pr-multiplying of (2)by A, we
To find 4: Now
4-114-4)+.4-! =0 |5 10 0
S0 01 | 2 0
A=-A+llA+4/I A'+ 4'-SA -5I =|10 -5 0+0 s o -I 0-5lo 1 0
[1 2 3 | 0
[14 25 31] |0 0 - l 0 0
45 56+ 11|2 4 0 0 0]
A 25
|31 56 70| =0 0 0=0.
0 0 o
-3 2 This verifies Cayley-Hamilton theorem
-3 3 -1 Tofind A: Now pre-multiplying both sides of (2) by A, we get
|2 -1 0 A A' + A-5I -5A-! =0

-si
matrix, A=|2 -1 0satisfies its own characteristlc s 0 0] | 2 0] [1 0 01|
Example 4.79: Show thatthe
equation 0 5 0|+|2 -1 0 -s0 I
and hence or othenwise obtain A.
0 10 0
|4- N|=0
Solution. The characteristic equation of Ais |I 2 01
2 2 -1 0 ..(3)
2 -1-A 0
=0
0 -]-2 To find 4- : Now pre-multiplying both sides of (2) by 4, we get
A+1-5A--54? =0
’ (1-)(-1-)']-2[2(-1-2)] =0
(1-2)(1+2)' +4(1+1) =0
01
(|-2) (2 +22 +1) +4+42 =0 ff1 2 o] 2
-1 0
t+22+]-2-22 -2+4+42 =0 0
-2-2+52 +5 =0
2+2-51-5 =0 ...|
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, -o Ans.

A+4-54-5/ =O inverse of A,
Verification : Example .80 : Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the
|| 2 0 |1 2 0] 5 0 01 1 31
A= 3 -3 (R. GP. June 2003, Dec. 2005)
Now
A.A=|2 -I o||2 -1 0=0 50 where
-2 -4 -4
0 0 -1lo 0 -1 00 1 Solution. The characteristic equation is |A- |=0
I 2 015 0 0] 5 10 0 3

and
4 A.4 =|2 -1 o |0 5 0 =10 -5 0 1 3 -3=0
0 -1 -2 -4 4
 Engineering Mathetmatics
488 | A Text Book of aN4-)-12)-I{(4-44)-6}+{4+2(3-)) =0 (|-2) -(- 2)+ 3(-3+ l) =0 Matrices |489

(1-2E(3- +{-+6-21)=0 I--32+37 -1+ A-9+31=0

((--12-3+4i +*)-12-(-10-42) -9- +31 +)=0
(1-)(-24+2+)+10+2 +6-6d =0 -31-l+9=0:
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have
=0
-24+242 +i+-i- +16-51 A-34-A+9I =0.
-+202-S =0 -202 +8 = 0. Verification : We have to prove that : ...(1)
.. By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have
fr: put A= A, 3||
A-34-A +9J = 0.
0 31
A-204+ S/= 0 4 -3 6
Now, | -||2 I
Multiplying by 4, we get -1=|3 2 4

4-20/+ &4-l =0 ’ r:20) |4 -3 6||| 0 3

3-4 -8-12] |4 -9 21]
311 and 4||2 1
10 22 6 -2 11
Now, we have 0 -2 S | -I
-2 4 4 2 2 22
[4 -9 211 4 -3 61 1
Puting the values ofA² and I in equation (1), we get . L.H.S. = 1 -3A'-A+91 =||| -2 |1 0 3 [1 0 0
4 -8 -127 [1 0 0 2 4-|2 I
-10 22 6 +20| 0 1 0 [I -7 7 0 -2 s | - 1 0 0 1]
[0 0
|2 2 22 00 1
[4+20 8+0 12+0 Proved.
|0 0 0
-10+0 -22 + 20 -6+0
8
Exanmple 4.82 : Find the characteristics equation of the matrix.
I-2+0 -2+0 -22 + 20

24 8
-10 -2 -6
12
Ans,
A=4|! 22
8
°2 2 -2 Slhow that the equation is satisfied by Aand hence obtain the lInverse of given matrix.
Example .81 : Find the characteristic equation of the matrix : (R.GPV., June 2004, Jan. 2008)
Solution. The characteristics equation is A-M=0
|1 0 31 3
A=|2 1 -1|
2-1 3=0
2
Verify thatA satisfies is Own characteristic equation
Solution. The characteristic equation is |4- M=0 (1-E(2- 4)(1- 2)-6]-3[41 -2)-3]+718-(2-2)]=0
||-1 0 3
2 -1=0
(- a)4-34+*-|-44]+ 42 +72 =0
-4-31++41+32--3+121 +42 +72 =0
(-270-af -1"42-(|-2) =0 -1 +42' +201+35 =0 ’ -42 - 202 -3S =0.
 Mathetmatics-l Matrices | 491
of Engineering
490 |A Text Book
2 -1
theorem, we have
By Cayley Hamilton .1)
0
1-4 -1=0
35/ =0 '-44'- 204- 35=0
4-44-204-prove 3
that
Verification : We have to 23
3 71 3 7] (20 23 (|- 2)[(l- 2)$
2
3/=|15 22 37 -1]-2(3]-\(-3(1 - 2)]-0
1-2(l+1-21-1)-6+3-3A =0
Now, 4=A.A=4 2 34 2 1| 10 9 1I
14
- -21 +22
I2
7] [135 152
232]
- +32-SA-3=0
-3-3d =0
[20 23 23][1 3 140 163 208
and A=4'A=15 22 37|| 4 2 3 60 76 111] -3+5A +3=0
21| By Cayley-Hamilton theorem (i.e., put = A)
10 9 14|| |
4-44-204-35/ A-34' + 5A +3/= 0.
.: LHS. = [1 3 7 i0 0 0 0 0] Pre-multiplying by
4 , we get 4²-3A +S/ +34-! =0
[135 152 232 20 23 23
208|- 4 i5 22 37-204 2 s-u-34+5)
140 163
10 9 14 |12 lo o 1o 0 ...(1)
60 76 111| I 2 - | 2 -11 -2 5 -41
characteristics equation. Now, A= A.A=0 I -1
Hence, A satisfied the [by 1]
/=A³- 44'- 204 2 -2
Find A- : We have, 35 we get
|3 -I 4 -I
Pre-multiplying both sides by A, [: A A
= land L4=A
354-! = A'- 44 - 20/ [3 6 -3|
[20 23 23] [1 3 7 and 3A =0 3 -3
0
354-=1s 22 37-4|4 2 3-20| 0 1 9 3 3
10 9 1412 1| 0 0 1|
-2 5 -4| 3 6 |5 0 0 0 -1 -1]
(20-4-20 23-12-0 23-28-0] .. From (I), A-!= -3 2
354-=15-16-0 22-8-20 37-12-0 6 4 -19 3 3
|10-4-0 9-8-0 14-4-20
We know that, -1ad.A ’ adj. A=A'14 ...(2)
[-4 -11 -5
Ans. |I 2
-1 -6 25
6 -10 Now, |A=|0 1
3 -1 1|
[! 2 Hence (2) becomes:
Example 4.83:Given 0 I - Find adj Aby using Cayley-Hamilton theorem. 0 -I - ] [0 -I -1]
|3 -1 I Ans.
(R.GPV, April 2009)
Or

1 -. Verify Coyler-Hamilton theorem and find its inverse. (RGPV, Dec. 2011) Example 4.84 : Find the characteristic equation of A=|0 1 0 and hence find the value
II 2
Solution. The characteristic equation of the given matrix Ais 4 - =0 of a-54?+746 -34+a-54+84'-24+ I.
 EnginceringMathetmatics-l Matrices | 493
q92| AText Book of |4- =0
characteristic cquation of Ais
Solution. The ...(2)
0=0 0 2| | 0 2] (S 0
0 8
Now, A = A.A=|o 2 11||0 2
|2 0 3 || 2 0 3|
-5 +7i-3=0 ) Hence (2) becomes: 0 13
theorem i.e. (put = A)
By Cayley-Hamilton s 0 8
A-54+ 74-3/=0. -2)
Now, we have
A--28 4 5-60 2 1+70 1
84'-2A+1 0 132
-54' +7g-34 +4-54' + +74-3)+A' +A+1
0 3
=4u-54' +74-3) +A(4'-54
6 4

=40+A.0+ A' +A+I A=- 2 -I -I Ans.

(Using (2)] -4 2

0 C -5

Example 4.86 : Show that the matrix A= -C

satisfies its characteristic equation.
| I21 12 1 1 2 0 0 1|
-0

Solution. The characteristic equation is |4- M=0

5 4 4] (2 I 1] 0 0] 8 5 5 |0-1 c-0 -b-0|
=|0 1 0+0 1 0+0 I 0=|0 3 0 Ans, -c-0 0-2 a-0=0
4 4 5 |1 1 2 5 58 |b-0 -a-0 o-a
Example 4.85 : Obtain the characteristic equation of the matrix
C -b
I0 21
-C -1 a=0
A=|0 2 1
-a -
|2 0 3
and use the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find its inverse. (R.GPV June 2006, Jan. 200) -A(' +a)-c(cd - ab) - b(ca +ba) =0
Solution. The Characteristic equation of Ais |A- A= 0 -}-1(a +b' +c')=0 ...(1)
||-2 0 2 A+a+6? +c')=0
which is characteristic equation of matrix A.
0 2-2 1 =0 ..(2)
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A +A(a' +b'+c)=0.
2 3 Verification : We have,
(1-2)[(2- 2)(3 2)]+ 2[0-2(2- 2)] =0 C -b| 0 C -6] -(e²+b}) ab ca

62 --12-2 =0 A= A.A=-c 0 a -c 0 a= ab -(e²+a') bc

bc
-62 +72+2 =0 b -a 0 b -a 0 ac

By using Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

-b
A-64 +74+2l =0. ...() e'+s') ab Ca C

Prem ulpying ofboth sides by A-, we get and ab -(e'+a) bc -c 0 a

bc -a 0
A-64 +71 +24- =0 ac
 Mathetmatics-! Matrlces | 495
Enginceringg 8'+c+a') o²+c?+a')
494 AText Book of (ii) 4=
| -2 | I 2 -I
0
| - 4 0 (iv) 4 1 2
-2 2 8 0 3 -1 | 2
|-e+a' b') ae+a'+b') || 2 0 1
!13
2
2 1
0
2
|3 -2 0
0 -a (v) A=| 2 -1 2
(vi) 0 2
-I-1|
0 6 3
2 1 -5
2
|I -2 -3 -3
3 -1 0 1 2 2 -6
s'-(a'-b' +e)4=0. -| 4
Hence Asatisfied the
Characteristic equation (1). Proved. 2 4 3 4
Problem Set-IV (A) (vii) A=| 2 4

nullity of the following matrices : -| -2 6 -7

1. Find the rank and 2 3
|1 2 3
Cind the
1 2 0
1 35 (ii)
2 6 4. non-singular matrices P, and such that PAO is in nomal form,
2 4 7 4 8 12| 2 where
(i) 25 8 -3 -6]
3 3 0 2
6 1 3 8 0 1 2 [1 2 3
4 2 6 -1
(v) 0 2 4 (vi) 2 3 4 1| s Find
(iv) J0 3 9 7 3 S5 non-singular matrices P and such that PAQ is in normal form;
0 3 | -I 2
16 4 12 15 -1
1 2 3 4 where A = 4 2 -1 2
Also find the rank of A.
(vii) 2 4 6 8 |2 2 -| 0
-I -2 -2 4 3 -3 4
2. Find the rank of the following matrices : 2 -3 4
1 -1 3 6 6. IfA = find 4. Also find two non-singular matrices P and
[I 2 3 0 2 -1 4 such that PAQ = I
(i)
2 4 3 2
2 4 3 5 (i)| 3 -3 -4 and verify A- = OP.
3 2 J 3 |-1 -2 6 -7 5 3 3 11| 1. Prove that : Rank (A4) = Rank (4).
6 8 7 s
[2 3 -I
8. Prove that the points (x, ), (x4, ) and (z), y) are collinear if the rank of the matrix
I- -2 4
(iv) 3 1 3 -2 X 2 is less than 3.
6 3 0
3. Find the normal form and íts rank of the following matrices : 9. If rank of square matrix of order n is n -1, then prove that adj A 0.
[2 1 3 s1 [2 3 -1 -1] Answers to Problem Set-IV (A)
4 2 1 3 J -1 -2 -4
() A= (i) A= (üi) 2, 1 (ii) 1,2
8 4 7 13 3 1 3 -2 1. () 3, 0
(iv) 2, 2 (v) 1,2 (vi) 2, not defined
8 4 -3 6 3 0 -7
(viii) 2, not defined