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Conjunctions
Conjunction atau kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan unit-
unit bahasa yang setara (kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa, klausa dengan klausa,
kalimat dengan kalimat, dan seterusnya). Oleh sebab itu kata sambung akan membuat
kalimat menjadi lebih efektif, contohnya:
She likes listening to music, she likes swimming, she does not like singing.
Jika menggunakan kata sambung maka akan menjadi:
She likes listening to music, swimming, but she does not like singing.
Contoh lainnya:

You and I are on the same boat.

And menghubungkan kata (you) dengan kata (I) atau subjek dengan subjek.

Is that your mom or your sister?

Or menghubungkan frasa (your mom) dan frase (your sister) atau subjective complement dan
subjective complement.

We went home after the rain stopped.

After menghubungkan klausa (we went home) dan klause (the rain stopped) atau main clause dan
sub cluase.

She is beautiful but she is bad-tempered.

But menghubungkan kalimat (she is beautiful) dan kalimat (she is bad-tempered).

fungsi conjunction dalam bahasa Inggris adalah sebagai:

Penambahan (cumulative)

She is both a teacher and a writer.

Pilihan (alternative)

You can take either the white gown or the pink one.

Pertentangan (adversative)

Mrs Indah is humble, but her friend isn’t.

Kesimpulan (conclusion)
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I am ready, so let’s go now.

Keterangan tambahan (apposition)

They loved each other until they passed away together.

Hubungan sebab akibat (cause and effect)

They didn’t attend the lecture because they had to take their kids to camp.

Pengaruh atau akibat (impact)

This steak is so hot that I cannot eat it.

Maksud dan tujuan (purpose)

You have to drink much in order that you keep hydrated.

Syarat (condition)

You will get it done if you focus on finishing it.

Pernyataan mengalah (concession)

She worked all day even though she was sleepy.

Perbandingan (comparison)

My husband is taller than yours.

Cara (manner)

We got the ticket as we came earlier.

Waktu (time)

You can use my car while I am outside.

Jenis-jenis conjuntions:
A. Compound Conjuctions
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Compound conjuction dalah kata sambung yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara,
misalnya subject dengan subject, verb dengan verb, object dengan object, adverb dengan
adverb, adjective dengan adjective, dsb. Compound conjuction dibagi menjadi 2, yakni:
Coordinate Conjuction
Anggota:

F–A–N–B–O–Y–S

Keterangan:

For (karena) He was absent yesterday, for he was lazy.

And (dan) Mr. Utsman invited me and you.
Nor (tidak juga) He can not speak nor see.
But (tetapi) The jackets are old but comfortable.
Or (atau) Is she shopping or cooking?
Yet (tetapi) She did not study, yet she passed the exam.
So (sehingga) Granfather was tired, so he went to bed.

Catatan:
a) FANBOYS selalu terletak di tengah kalimat atau di antara dua kalimat. Tidak dibenarkan
meletakkan mereka di awal kalimat. Contoh:

CORRECT : The child hid behind his mother’s skirt, for she was afraid of the clown.
INCORRECT : For she was afraid of the clown, the child hid behind his mother’s skirt.

Namun conjuction lain bisa digunakan untuk menggantikannya ketika di awal kalimat.
Contoh:

Because she was afraid of the clown, the child hid behind his mother’s skirt.

b) Conjuction for, yet, dan so selalu menghubungkan kalimat dan koma selalu mengawali
mereka.
c) And, ketika menghubungkan dua kalimat, memiliki tanda baca sebagai berikut:

It was raining hard, and there was a strong wind.

Umumnya, conjunction diawali dengan sebuah koma ketika menghubungkan dua kalimat.

It was raining hard and there was a strong wind.

Jika kalimat yang dihubungkan merupakan kalimat-kalimat pendek, koma dapat dihilangkan.

It was raining hard. And there was a strong wind.

Pada penulisan yang sifatnya informal, and dapat memulai sebuah kalimat baru.

Correlative Conjuction
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Correlative conjuction terdiri dari konjungsi-konjungsi yang berpasangan.

Anggota:

Both… and…
Not only… but also…
Either… or…
Neither… nor…

Pola:

plural verb (are, were, have, do,

Both SUBJECT And SUBJECT take, etc)

Not only but also

Either or plural/ singular verb (is, was, has,
Neither SUBJECT nor SUBJECT does, takes, etc)*

* Plural dan singular-nya ditentukan dari subjek yang belakang.

Contoh:

Both the pilot and the passenger were injured in the accident.
She is not only beautiful but also rich.
Either you or Ms. Indah is going to teach our class today.
I have neither visited Mecca nor Medina

B. Complex Conjuctions
Complex conjunction adalah kata sambung yang menghubungkan antara main clause (induk
kalimat) dan subordinate clause (anak kalimat). Bertemunya dua jenis klausa ini akan
membentuk kalimat. Adapun anggota complex conjunction meliputi konjungsi selain
compound conjuction, seperti: when, while, which, what, when, where, that, after, before,
till, until, because, although, if, dsb. Polanya adalah:

Main Cl: S + V + (O) + (A)

Sub Cl: Conj + S + V + (O) + (A)

Sentence: Main Cl + Sub Cl atau Sub Cl + Main Cl

Contoh:

She was talking on the phone when I arrived.

They stayed there until they finished their work.
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After she graduates, she will get married.

I had left before the president came.
She went to Bali because she was bored.

INTERJECTIONS
Interjection atau kata seru juga sering disebut sebagai exclamation, yaitu kata yang spontan
diucapkan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan atau pikiran yang muncul secara tiba-tiba.
Kalimat yang diekspresikan dengan kata seru ini bukan hanya untuk menggambarkan
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emosional yang marah atau terkejut, interjection juga kerap digunakan ketika seseorang
merasa sedih, gembira, setuju atas sesuatu, permohonan maaf, atau pun saat merasa
bersalah. Dalam bahasa Inggris, cara pengucapan interjection bisa berupa kata sifat
(adjective), kata benda (noun), kata ganti (pronoun), kata keterangan (adverb), kata
sambung (conjunction), pengandaian (subjunctive), kata perintah (imperative), dan to
infinitive.
- Menyatakan terkejut  Yay! We can go summer camp. I
 Wow! Are you going to Mecca can not wait to take my new
alone? tent with me!
 Whoa, it is a beautiful picture!
 Look, they move their feet - Menyatakan rasa takut
together in one row. That is  No, please! leave me alone.
cool!  Hah! You think he might know
 Ah, you surprised me! You are about our relationship.
like a ghost that appeared  Ugh! Your dad is very absurd.
suddenly.
 Ouch! I accidentally burned my - Menyapa seseorang
shoes while working!  Hi! What is your name?
 Welcome to my party!
- Menyatakan rasa senang  Hola, please come in!
 Bravo! You have done great!  Hi! Long time no see.
 Bingo! You are the champion!
 Thank God! I can survive, it's - Mengekspresikan rasa kesal atau
almost unbelievable! marah
 Hooray! Finally, I went to  Ah! Will you accompany me.
Mecca!  Excuse me, Lady! You’re
blocking my way.
 Huh! He is annoying as always!
Other examples:
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See! Bye! Marvellous!

Okay! See you! Yippie!
Ho! Farewell! Well, done!
Ehm! Away! Sst!
Poh! Out! Oh, God!
Nonsense! Off! There you are!
Well! What? Here he comes!
Never! Sure? Here goes...
Oho! Hah?
Aha! Great!

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

Identify the interjection in the sentences below. (Identifikasikan kata seru dalam kalimat
di bawah ini).
1. Goodness! He heard the person's conversation and quickly contacted the authorities.
2. Oh, I haven't really seen my sister since she graduated from high school!
3. Oops! I spilled the honey.
4. No! Don't even think about it!
5. Help! The books are about to tumble!
6. The poor bison was, Alas! starving and impoverished.
7. Wait! Don't leave me alone in this scary apartment!
8. Ah! That was a trick I've seen earlier.
9. Hmm, I am not confident this color goes with my gown.
10. Absolutely! I'll take care of everything for your celebration.
Answer:
1. Goodness- The term expresses surprise or shock.
2. Oh - The term expresses pain and disappointment.
3. Oops - The term expresses dismay.
4. No - The term expresses disagreement with something.
5. Help- The term expresses the need for support or assistance or to draw attention.
6. Alas- The term expresses pity or sorrow.
7. Wait-The term expresses to draw attention toward something.
8. Ah - The term expresses pleasure, surprise, or understanding.
9. Hmm- The term expresses doubt.
10. Absolutely- The term expresses commitment.
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Latihan
In the following sentences, underline each conjunction (and mark a C) and each
interjection (and mark an I). Not every sentence has an interjection. (Pada kalimat berikut,
garis bawahi setiap kata penghubung (dan tandai C) dan setiap kata seru (dan tandai I).
Tidak setiap kalimat memiliki kata seru).

1. Whew! This is certainly unexpected and crazy.

2. It may be cold here, but in Alaska it is even colder.
3. Neither sub-zero temperatures nor deep snow keeps the racers in the Iceland from
packing their sleds and setting out, however.
4. Both the horses and their drivers often perform well in the cold.
5. Do you want to participate in the race, or do you only want to watch?
6. Hey, we should hurry to find a place at the starting line, for the race is about to begin.
7. The key to winning the snowboard racing is not only speed, but also endurance.
8. I enjoy watching the race, yet I don’t like standing in the cold.
9. Libby Riddles was exhausted but excited when she became the first woman to win the
snowboard racing.
10. Gosh, I’m glad I don’t have to qualify for and compete in that race!

Fill up the blanks with proper conjunctions. (Isilah bagian yang kosong dengan konjungsi
yang tepat).
Question 1: I was ill, ______ I did not go to school .
A: so
B: as
C: because
D: since

Question 2: You should get your license renewed at once ______ pay a fine.
A: hence
B: so
C: or
D: then

Question 3: She not only gave us a fine lunch ________ drove us back home.
A: but
B: and
C: but also
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D: and then

Question 4: Cold _______ it was, we went out.

A: although
B: though
C: as
D: even though

Question 5: I wanted to buy a car _______ did not have enough money.
A: because
B: so
C: but
D: and

Question 6: Do you want pizza _____ burger?

A: and
B: with
C: or
D: but

Question 7: I enjoy visiting many countries _____ I would not want to live anywhere else,
but Mecca.
A: and
B: But
C: Or
D: though

Question 8: _______ you give up smoking ________ you will develop cancer.
A: Neither, nor
B: Either, or
C: Both, and
D: Whether, so

Question 9: He could not get the job ______ he had the qualifications.
A: even though
B: despite the fact that
C: in spite of
D: although

Question 10: The hotel was not very beautiful. I liked the garden, _______.
A: but
B: still
C: in spite of
D: though
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Fill in the blanks with appropriate interjections. (Isilah bagian yang kosong dengan kata
seru yang tepat).

1. _________ They have won the game.

2. _________ What are your plans for the tomorrow?
3. _________ What a lovely gown!
4. _________I can hear that something is approaching.
5. ________ What a devious lie.
6. ______We can never leave you and go.
7. ________The doctor is on the visit to see the patients.
8. __________ now I can understand her feelings.
9. _______ the plate slipped from my hand and broke.
10. __________ the bee just stung me.