op) ‘channel Flow :
UNIT- fy
Flog an Spe channels —
-An Spin channel may) be deRoal oe ok pscge
in aahich hig Ftouos autle its upp uk
Xposed ‘ots almosphyye: Le po ee Aloo
Ree yagi, Be raviti, “this tty ftow conditions
ve petty inf danced by oth Shope ob dhe
channel.
Campesdson blo Open Aceh Pts \ pipa Pacts
u
pr
Le oun,
neAspects | Opn channel Fb | __ pip wee
[. Count of Gpavidy? force (povided 7 pire vuns Fuh
Flow by) c5tpng bottom) Flow Loky piace act
fel
Geomebig] Open channels” hae heise
vai et a “
Qecon, yjchangutort pape seiel
jPeawibo tie, Grewley le,
| Pipe flow
expinee of hedveulic
PIC y pour Contin
eeviaas VA direcLion of
0. F
Pipes eneratlly? dowd to
fost Stetion and Caos!
ction 0 ww 1S”
fa Ce ig
guid ential? ile
“tw pipe Section.
aS) face Votes blo wide Limits,
spi th hudvautie 'ujaghney
Voaie ‘ttte dept of
Rough coef ecient vests
Romo. ‘lous "NR ut ep &
Nouy hgh Nout j padiiy
fpon he nals of pleSUNETAC EAE IAT
+
x
“el
oy
cushy
Speughnes,
a y cohere
veloeth)
Meg grade lint
tT
|
“Type ot Channels. +
he OO bus
: cially, toy. Courryingh
+ channels
Y 3 pe. &F \Chann
Late ae QL is ones Sole
coher. ner
vag have Cofoss Section enuf:
So - <4
qi is dep GHB niches, p. ig .
Ulow, H-G.L Coincidy
lee took <5 Supe.
Yet mn max, velod
of tt,
Ah)
distan
drautid
iS ha ei
po
Pw in Pipes A
doin) coindde |
toorke Suz tae.
aq
eu Ske veloti dish
ba: Syjmmol ban
4 >t Guy fee, hep ope axis Max val
pookle is ata f o_pipe
Spade on Cte chant and’ v4 bi Sa
‘4
tool ame
Seton
is ek all
Y' Vostous (purpose xh
(0 eget peonabied |
| Shapa (ookick” will wumain Sane Hoxoug out log
of chamel),
a. Neadugal chanel
Rhee, Cheong ees
Ql, oth son
emai Beckiehs,. ob * vying?
a Vhabeyal” woe? ey!
OE ‘egg hae trapetppidel
orld asirgty EF i
Mt, we hOh. his seal,
shape, velepecl’ in
53
sadp - TREE
6 Cia channd oot channel eeef heel uy? Cores ol ep
is kaon. as an, open ehatnrali i,
MG capa ie 7 7 ir
a: Sosigattion canals, Sdveys , ehame 1-Pubemnes &
wate, Latte. :
4. CVU ov | toredd Chitrnells “tke channed having? a
Cores ah cop is *Renaioy Os oO coved oy close ch :
channel. ey 4
~€q" portly Lid condiak craig public coke -
coup pry) Such ay Sureveige Line, unde vourdl dvaam,
chunnw che, nok Running? Ru of ott oI,
5+ paiismalic channel A channel esith consdend biel
edepe Same cls olena its Length «e khown lau
paismatic rchannad: a : "o3
athe podsmatic! channels cary be uscthy Subdivide
as: ‘ sss) 34 vid » -
+) Exponential channel: Gk is one ain eohich gua of
cls ot flow. is dlivecll ? poreporttionsl te gua?
powe| of deplhe of flows ve diame De asdas
‘e :Relengulas, fangalo Ye payabolic chennell, 4
it) Non exponextiall channel » “Tapeavidel creel
| 1 ath bin uy t
channel's oie ~ on- exponential channel
patty Mas pea Lobia * oat
6 s | 2 ry of ¥
a \9 V6 ) )Typ of Alow, cin channels anol ae ?
the AL Obs do ehannel s PS ca Info, Wha
types, dk pending upon) oe in depth
| lce yy mk
i) Steady? te &.
|
Pentex |
4 Ontorm Pbou B non- ound Gon oy bi j
3) boning Llno tonbillal Pino A
&% ube tial Flow, teal Llne Super ohh
I teal ine oid unshadip aioe” 1
hw in “chard ou Gad, oe bs 10 Lion if d 4s
Wulope, ¢|s % uh pelos yusain cone} i
Freche teu lasabenstes Cithy a dolhce dt
1 Tue vetoaty) 8a fetoeo peel sets
gin “fs elon.
ely Lins, fee dead Heli
a0
Nabiniogy Loy Bho» cas ag”?
fl cohen yg as, debt tacit& vnitorm 6 non-union Gi vaxied ) -filaco \
Pe io channel is Goid ote be enim if
depth 1 Swope Cl ¥ ote vetotily? yemal ‘cans ow
a qe gt of chonnl. o
Mertle machically? oe <0} oy, =O.
Uniform Phos one porible- onli in possmeatic*
channels ole? A eani-oon Keexo mas? be eithy
WSteaclip él unleadg),.depadig) upen cohcthast
bo L discharge Nasties wife Lin ; unstody pier
Flows i's peo]. ;
+ futow 3:0 channel 18 Beid cts be. non-wnitalen
(ov vexed) eokan Channel depth veories continuously?
form gm Section anotliy,
Mectharradhcatly?, S440; sto. divore
Vested! flew meow) be Fert, cute jieoloasy
: 1) Wapid ly sored, Flow (Rv.£)y Pn. ztbs pe of
flew cepHk of. Pulow Changes abouiptly? ow,
Comparatively Salt wie oF chinull re
a) Graducttle? veouedd + low GvF): On cfhis cox charge
Jn dept eA Rtow Labs peace gradually? Ia dng?
shigth of channel. og : :
8i
cohvy O04 x Aw vp Pla, , us Channel | Wy
3. Laminas, Ldnil & steisybeclar whlses s
|» ah Lulocd in, open channel may? be chil
3] laminay oy. let belay fel upae ta
of ‘yrolds to dksignuel at \
Q- VR evR we
Ws
2 Hycheute ‘eyes ned (ar “upatio of
atin of Raps bys eoeb al! ‘podmnchot) “)
: : Ly ay
when Redseg a Poel a ‘aig! ‘i
Redes , 1 thule | a i
“S06 LRex 000) ro Wan stllonad §
oy rub coibeal “hin baited Ebows 3 ‘Superba
Flow :
ince grist nds is poe a
~ AN Cound: Chaanit Png! bs Bye “Pele,
A, 22 a Golo Vip Gu) pita wioilp eB on
bya eth «thant aaa yaa at
porametey oy’ ali at Ela cloml fi pe
ae Pro we col fle
1 tooled
a \
i)ehn Re 1 G veg) wth ‘aor
din catlical staf,
iV) cohen Koti ate te, is Said aps be supercoarticad
Ca Ofapid 08 Shooting oy terminal). Some of typa of
Chat fulew ar Ghieon in dig.ve Pay . ten aes
: Non enifaten futeco
Lpemcbouical parameters of Channels +
The | comcbicol PP o of Channel, Section Can be
defined. encivel, by geome of Section and 7
ae Fite - Some of romehial pp. of basic loop
oe de fred belew ;
nthe bop auidt; 3s aadth eel e/ aSeebion
ak Free Susp foce.
ste wed peime pis ce channel
aSeebion—at—FreecSeap-P boundary? In cordact wrth
Flows ng wort at any) OSechion.
tthe hydraulic vada 2 (o hydra mean depths
vjatio f, wobted cvua to its wrtlecl poimeler,
Q- F)
ic Iydvantic dept p12 et oF wetlel aren
do top width +
p- 4)the Seebion faeds, Le cota? Leow comp ebay
Zw pocducl a+ cones ase & Sq rare woot
ee hy chawlie depth. i
Z-AD=ay#. (#1) 4
if Secbien Pocky Te Lat te CompuleHon 3
is pooduct of CO}
ke &ection freks fi. win hs Proce conpataon
(Aes) is fpodact of cout cee. Kyau
spdlius to ast ~* powceys. :
Table Shows a " gust oer cexpresiton Hage
ite of ¢ = Gmmonli? ae cl Beefony |a
Ramee | -
~~} Csede f
| (vousya RD.
|-——___|
fF Gwe mele the gore pales oP
“Hse velbcth? “oF loco ak ant) chacnel
Section is not wn my dishi budecl fe
non waitin cishibifion Be veloithp IA gy
pn channel is due, cts preenee of fe
| Yee? dishileution an v6. chained Buchion)
[riertice & Picbional vpesinfance alow te
. channel boundless ae velocity Lad
ina channel is measured by pit tebe
veowky dishibustion as epresenledl- bo?
of equal veloctyi9 Some ot Common,
channel _Secfions ase CSheon in f Pn a
(Shraight- yyeach of channel mas cl?
eiautly? ceteys below Lee CSeeyface |
disdance “6? 6.05 to Os of depth of Lana |
nthe veloc) dishibielion iq channed Geckion
. “pss on Vasdolity, ~facbals Guch as
the. Section, He Sjoughnas of channel
4 poexnce of bends 10 channel aligned,
he mean velocihy of Poe an o demd
[ection Can be comput fom Verkioat
dishi bution Cue obtaind bu aehind
| Measuserrent’s. DE is observed tat veloc: |
ot 0.6 depth Peay hse Sai fece is rab
lle vie mean veloc? of Palo 19 shld.
Vvedieal cSecfien. A, Shit bboy) “pperioakly
ie a |of Rlew ds ob} dy abtoind by bi taking?
ro rs ‘yet rae ot or soe bas 8
ae fom Free Suophee,”
al potlains re di
an” vastous channel’ section's!” :
Maa)
i Pougii cle
— a)
Cireulast” Chern| Phenys tovenule French crginey Hae ekg i
| Consider a sorgitudi nal Section a ah apen'c a
| din ookich F.QeY is Steady) & uniby on ) as shoe)
Ein fig ihe overs act) an hie bod). o4 wot |
_ bhw Seellons tet 2-2) ain elivecfion ‘of Rotow
as ellos. ; |
i) Press Foren LAL, acting on a ends of body i
strese forces baleinee each ollary — cBinee cept. of
Channel viemalns Const.
ii) Componen on cori of wotey in diveefion. eat- |
= lWSing = LAL din fee —— a
chert, wo= Sp at yf coat i i
in ie HR
Ax cotter e/s aya of clomel it ay
L = derek of chennel) comida |
O= Argle of Fncdinakion of channel bottom euifl
se hovdgordal
Wt) Pickionall ousishance oP Pred by didu oF chenul
bohich iS ToPL coher
Pz cocked! poimelesy cf channel)
Ge aug Sheast Btyex af chanaol beeing?
As $e is lead & tuicorny , i 1s nets
accelerating 105 decorating? y fh Bay MOK is in |
equilibsium % fictional gyesictance to -ftuw
the cnvglt oF Dg may acting? along? tm
Liduid roobion. tHcy
Be wALSING = zy PL+ ginee trictonal epeistance Sn '? deires aul Golo)
tz! may be exprered as CPy*)wohere P18 non
dimensional Fachs| cohose veut depends expen rastt
8 naabeore of faa Surface.
“VSP WaL'sing = fyepy
{
ve FFX frie cay ones
\Since ) is by drauebre oyactina (a hydrauil mean:
depth) G05 s+ Silupe, oF channel bed, Cs).
mr ve Cas tr kicusn ou chesy's formueler
edhof este Fe vasiable ° ushich dpeadh> ion wjaghver ©
Choon saree & Regrolds membre /.
S chesy's ae
Pint Hocoug h Chonnel, 6: fue vel hale
4, Oe kis i
“te, Subp f! is: Cerlteck . Convericence, of chanel Bohs |
ard) is 0 racse of couriying Copeuity? ° thant.
a Chanul of Seo Conveyeanee a s'S directly
sp to dintooge 8 ced oe
onning 8 Fort: A Qeach! engine Robe mate?
~188q
eine raf **, jes “Pos eempeacall of
Wea siloa li) See saith Prods in dana
| opexened! wo cous of Cocoa of oF gaghnes, nl
Ceased i s ”): bps ojactius e' A “chart
bd eto m Snap? siJer etx a Janets a
| Seve O' sh ehich 3 gimplest 3 ott ea
toy wxitifen open: channel elo,
|
OL Menring Seer is Compared vai us :
formule,
CHE O's
clu ,R= Manning b5 Cont Culko Hheién as Spuges
bb chs se Vel ckpend s en Channel Se|
Zompuctoclors of uniteym oss : = |
The dischasige’ of vunebrn Lasuo vis “hoon,
expres by leg Chagy!s Form ou, i
|
Q=AV= CAV RS = ky¥s —© |
coherty k= cave — @= Conveyance of date Sat |
j awkich is x Meaausfe oF ng) capa? oF clam
- Seebion” Y Bince Mnbipsty bi I's a |
dusthatly betamery' oo 5 a
Ge Q=Av Lag gh eke — — © |
k--Fae% __ © _
Lom above eqn, "Oe leek 8 —@®
€qu © Can be cued te , Smpube - Conveyance <1;
“ohn dischaxge, & “belo. Gilope of ster axe]
Hives S|
cohere ,
<6 ORG ow wil te copa Ca Ne
gpomelay of tolled) asa ae irs
faei chegy!s Xo! oH Manning’ ‘pn! axe given.
inte menning's Sormute is wack utente, He
expe Ston Ca’ ) 15 calecd Beefion facts Py enito
flow computation, aokich is an Imp lemert 19
Computation ot uniPinn lew as indiaukeol below.
fom eq G)-tds tacks mai) be. expraacd as,
(00° )= nk
aa) a © ARH an @ —@®6
Cau © pps to channel Beelion whiny -fetous is
unify mm. tte ought hand) side of whic equ conatns
tems ng hs, left hard Side comtain Lous
depends only? on gromeby? of webted) doug Tei
Gre) afioays dn creara wit increar iin deplke thes
deplk ot CG lerown as noxmal depthe wahich
which js sepowabed by “Yo ischaxge. ey maiinbonnce
daifovm ee ie le or nova discwsge ,
wokich 1s vupewoded t ‘Qo! cohen QOH depth
of Stow oon aun lor charred section, qu@®
Can be und to defecmm bottom SLepe cohichy
aul) maintain unicorn Reow ot @ alven depth of
Row if 1 channel. te bottom &utope Pliny eleemiel
1s known ox noxmal Slope, ewhich is expusenrtel
by ie eal mpg
curalyris of wxitorm fire.
& fei |in Unarrl fedusée unity nowwitjonrion
Ly mong al Tl eee as flow oy vosying dapth
Vaxted foto. te Yared pla moa les si
gedunlly exe pose CELE! he Eliane
daph o posose ch oem a fa dar opp
Pn miele es
ani fa pa dito of ey AE |
ale r {ino poe sr weight ef Ly gen by:
ee ee pettar nbere hottgontal Sn.
; mm Sse * le Pal age
sth, charm | Batre eel
: | 1 ar on EL ano
ad
fp ont te
BoM
bere equ Ts known a» SPAY:
> ounelo
. Lipep arungy 3s dpi ot ote egy pes unit ight of fon *
ee ith channel battim -
Pasa gy conyneees :
4) PE Eps
KE of plow (Es YG, \
> G2 vive 2 €ptbe.
ea cmt had of paar tin
' be eildth of dhannih
Ye og plo
re eae gece i
Now velootty of plea, V2 Biehorge = 8. -
E (whara, 2 tite Bon PO % eamntat)
1 Spee eniigy , € = ve Cine ;
2 es Woe eer
eorthe 2p entry E
°, “ Ma, rue ay
See runwt eos PE eVEPS— fy
ee a
Plat fot as obtained by FIG: gp Sp Energy cone
adding KE art mba ate i ee
ov conjugate a
Cuitica) dapth Yo i- Tt con be deen cue ABBthal,
cial apt» Me F eeYou B one Con wewe which has @ nbn sp crugy,
sndlbecting that blew Heit vous op Ap eg bao Lone
cayit, occur “the dite of jlow at which Jp | tain 3
polled critical abypth'Ye | obtained
“the mathurnativall eapreaion or citieal: dipth ca| be oFta
2 ap any sient years |
a a om 2-\ =o
2 Ale 9
> af 20) = Ye 5
: FB) ee C3 oo natal ‘aye
pe olay gen |
ae -
: a Bs onv Sn pshbed oT
¥ ale a9 call ap b uo Bente dase poe.
Prelate AE 2 Hat
ey
put, Nee |e pute No. (Fr).
wert.
ey E-) Gse 27 0” 278s by ager
FOL rome dischasge Q 1 be mar, enprerain cey= 98)
Bhould he max
2 & (ey7¥) 20.
ov
ey — BY" = (sent)
bys 3y*
yee (9 6224.
fee ® aHt(Grin = pee wip , whan tt tb aqpab
fo 3m vol of depth of, citizal 09»
Mes ae 2 e224) ypourt in ap reg Sy
ts has Ahould be aitieal. 6g ab
pg aap Gls a.
chihange cuswt-see?
vt sohep Premarin oy
a. pelameic cbarana |
welart of wistin ean be Lpnotedl
=] IB (Vy Vi) = |Py-Pae
Re wA,z, i Pu A
dohuey A, 12 & Anse. ele,
\
hy mck
f
Sean
Ve g
“Thus: isch O20 &Fp=
29
pias apbintrn a
A onan Bello unfou, of plgee,at aettion | A> 722P°
CD Sinnple
sibs toe Gabel ees
tere
pation | d/o
‘Tn osalr to obtain
chanel), we xy BD) AIe0 95 flO!
vem "y @).
vn sult hy aperol
atnpaprip, sale3)
dest Tab: A a mh ga oS lj mii
Sop, Summers mathod s — DoAthd mid, cls ef sdvec 3, esi
snl a nO af mgmt ABRecD ute, os Ahern In hinted,
Mer dade ++ 5 Lengthy of. Angrnanti AB@eBC,co -~ esp «
iidd,--= Nean dapth of Mesp “egrunt «
hen, fren ob pow fre tea. af tegmut AB + awa of degment Bc,
ob Area of Acgmint eD+ + = dd tt dariget
9) Stmjowns Raslns - gpat ocewxaay th coinjutation of dichange
be obttafred by sting Simpeoris Mule. In his m|d, atest soldth is
dtrided nfo on even no eqpal segments Ao Ao thet thew oe odd ho
of, dupths stakan at are of! each degmartt as Anoven lh big (b)s Than
“lay pe A 2S (dot d put) + 20d td elt) tT Nida *aytde)
vohow, fe dy haben Aagrnenty
dodidg-- = Depths toby at ard ey dian
Muon Vili 9 ses ~ * han ay Tee
for pee at ragy paint b as we dip
nie de Jara tee
mS
_ od FG He. of af tt aye dog
Fito: a ie Is sae: |
Nfabore Way aa th the, , }
ede. Vad tor nde aan 9"
per ¢ fey -Hlowing water, ise
wy fob, lod [of aa tote ants ray iat goat
lotion? = ys Jagh ’
rove, he het rash ip dake above wat Auras.
yeaa
| Floats: the wubodtky 8 wan be muorusted f° Ainge way by
pd! oka 3d Shon tar Phas eapabuie Hloing FP” apo
“the susie. yuloty any suction way bu. obtatrud Bay antng Arg
“The time takin jy to trorswue A knonn dtttande fs boss
by Hm takin 20 boc thab ditance. a vtsan whodily |of flaco is
papal o€ t> 0-96 |Himss Aunfpace vuocity vil opps oyrmtan
locy of Yb "P04 than be dittumined ror Known v
MI
woe yaeJAurhoce « Serre Types Rel ale vasa ites oe
e odfustid H opto, 40 thal H
eal ne west af Cyt he. kad wil ard ee
3 fowoust is — Rawat me San fnctiymart wued to unset
werity fideo pa ork ty {0 tno Abeam- Zp genusal 2
ls Phd 8 hr Sturherd. ching Or Cups,
yy tail on whidn fle vans 0% fou au pad assurt wiki,
age to shaye avoling serntrL, may ba slarsified. os potleuts
D tap Aippe (A) Saucy ob papell i
Fn op pe a aa phown ain pig the wheel ov
jroolairg slimarl. has your oy dunies of wenleal uly Kiet
tr vadieal at night argu. fo diechion
oh :
Ino shud OF ctype cossart min as thoren in 4,
thy juolatrg 1 eal oy aboge wtih 2 an ty ht
vs Jon Of Yow whith cansdes 9 no of corned yorus (64 prwpulley
pret
youritiol 5 this type ob medin “le mow
bad "ap af te ot eg ie en
0
be, datulng phelb CO cee pales poropottional
Jo weil Of flaw» An oct susourl is form bathaylo |
ihool puUans of Wile . he Astatlon of wheel maka D bunks |
olsstalo Veet, which eau an dectaic bo) 1B sling this by
courting singing Of but, rotations of sshael y hanes salodty o- boo
bing wate f ob ais (ooa wate crust as Known as a broad yyttiol wey»
Such webs deppuarfrora thin ~ plait, W Haro ~ cractbel sluts fr this
teajrecl thal as, nxtlin plows ory He 0 Athy plo patlocn is durdloped.))
i|port'9) then ‘ets
rT utath of croil gj wuk Be 0625 H tity # )
waa. Liebe dn sohteh case Ee of, wee ape only
Known 03 thin +
oy att, wick flaws clear op alow”
ypotlizarn 201ge
t soldth of ental Of wor
&\6) ak B known as pagonin Geustiel taut ah whith wee 4
Lows oven Ik fe of, yall yumains JO a ha Gos &
5HRS (ery
Tt wath push Of wor Bed <
0 Bil usted sult in ohtoh wat
ze !
agg? H-h > ve og (t-h)
fs Pluhorge ov nubvs Qe oy Aten of baw x Udlostty
= OgxLxhxv
meen, 2 ca xbxhe VagOHh) = ain iy WEF
E
Th
‘BIG: Broad-aie
ie sill Le nave 15h (Hh bd) mare
» $ so (HIPenB) 20 => ah Bh*s0 wy hese
dub \W vie ah abort easy
2 CNG PE ee
2 Oyx Lt ag oF ven = a ay ebay xh
2 0:38hq xe 4 FLX Talay “
Anon. = ogy
Ky Soodually wate lowe
[email protected]#)
bb which dupth chong gpodually ot ag
sth dead Ba So on folieniny Atalon
Leininger NS es:
as paso seston Cigastvetes)
A) the chonge in pedional potces a beerontss «
“x }Dponte Eas of Groclually Vardid How
“the dyvomic 24 aos fon fouming vasited fig soar ben
oie te peclonal a en % _ Cag) age
ed chat nay ope ocelot fae
sino ofan ele Maral
jin a opt tly a
S (Sewer 2 (Be = a
(eve > (ey att
ay cial Amal)
yr ttn a. ly
ap a ee 2
w
a0ie:
‘| ( “Ve B30 aes
a ee ©
tn any wttial fs ho x
ee hrs copa Indy oo abd
vas tnee| i i Bona bail 6. Aberen in
Hit apy geo ay aetr py itr
He Agr 3 Aya ii asf)
MMyprotialirg ooth “fom “abi gy sk oh ma
long channut latter fg Econ be ob!
died (S5)+ ay ede 207 ap 4d dz
“de de “dt de” Gph-dt dt de
e du|--s
me de Alspe of arurgy Linu whine oP? +
ae bn « tranhd bed we A L~S)
fi
bie ’ von aap ocd |
ae ‘ ie edb, oA Enon HW pz deouan)
WSO
ep 2 Siafawe width 27)
mae say) = ta (rages
hoa aime pene DE i
Ay Ee eres
sy Sant
> Sez ae
ce eee |
“OR? a shun
5 ioe: GF. Faom 294, 4.0; So 7p
Sa Sp han
Sy pe awhac Bs stabng
Wu
= Negi
fe - Msok
(i a cvaslic.
pL Beat SP.
Hydsabshic, shops
Hubrauie hed idan) “Hiakulsib pax. re
oa, ee fa
Aupt
wromifeed a raptolly Vasuied flow, ainerchange Inolistte of
id 6 tt ald akon a mation be a
poe ty i:
ects SE as ln
dévrepation 94. eFe
et BO ik Sa dhe a wcll
meena ie alte ue a
Akap dhanndl d bottom slepe Ae coor
[Beare ap ee rosin yoo 2 lpn fu atin
a ha ery b Amal au Ata Losses dup cto jpiction en channel
choreul is OD hoe pt oh Alops is do that velght
3 om et 8 ee ke
Vv
ak ot
De ean dump oan an ys ve
Depending ue a Rade a ny HS
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A BIN supra.