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Open Channel Flow

OCF Short notes for GATE and ESE By Santu Das

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santu das
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38 views39 pages

Open Channel Flow

OCF Short notes for GATE and ESE By Santu Das

Uploaded by

santu das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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—— i Ainiro duction © OPen channel Fow>— “Fy Flow in Wid free Surface erncisr ic cared OPEN Chonned flow FP Opound Weer (ow aan ve ocf- pacha How in unfned Undet is otvo be Hows In owtisem aquikyY wilt not be an oCf. a Driving - fra im otf fs THE MP of wage ‘to Prt diver of ftow- TyPe of Channefi- Channel: privmake (Cane pigia bowndey J 3 / 3 nen privet AU woundary (natured rivey) one eee 2. Uavyr) > VOM OCF We onty giady pied boundary Urarnrte Tope Of Floss— Oe pl os tesa Oren Channel Flow \ v Steady Flow Unsteady Flew € of 20 Fp Few property 2h +0 | qNur evur SVUE- vyiterm ave RvF SVE ie (spoxoucy Vow th oo) Other Umi ef of e@ Sn ge and Turbuient Flow :— O Laminar eg ee oe fecilshinnn Revues Slag (sminge Rex se verodity —> For urbulint Flow, 2 oCF: Re >2000 > semnd (quvbutens J. vere ty Crfhod, Super GriHU and Suberiuy “7 Tn ocF , Hows ove classiffed on tnt toonis of froudes NOs oecamne gravity iS ft dominank force tn och. & = | eka fee Tain fortes eee fr = Vv = BL o pyprautic deere VH- Ja i vee Ung - Festa sbtews ts eritfus [¥e%, Var 2% J Fer Mow is Seiko [y7%, Vv t > AL eriNy MAGE Cow TS unstetoie - An Sent disturban Q to tt How mann a tage SUL Onengt go pe dePlw In fiow. wee Fe2 Mew - Ve eG Co = etervity of adisturbenu wave . Relakive versity Reba, Ye = = Dues @ . ® uetk® : Yo wet © ha wave: , Ro eund eee cm Welty’ ae . — y Suls trevek speed , aa ( of waved, lo > very He vet ab dls- ws ae — — ee wae (iy meme] ew Sa SuberiHoy Flow os fet cl avec G@—v Cte) wave Can treveh US? ftv (we) Super thor Flow AVE Cn fravel Aff [- w&-v (-v) Wave Kan'p ) fravel uo, ww (Ht) Wave tn preve d/J Ge tow nvr a 7! Gh vetoutty pistibukm 7 @ = em Vay 2 Weg (Coa) Retiovse) v, tke Vav > Vo.g 4-Vp, 2. do Vo g au eekaaty : Nav = Ve KPO9 - 0-45 Gh pressure DiShivetm -_ ® curvitnear VIn Urvitinear Gow [£ Shreamuney Ore Lonver tarviintay Pprelyure in any depra wit be WK fran WydyageHeo* awd via versAa+ me BYE ee eo wh Re ® pretyiare variation under Yyradyi Stream une nw eee OS me For, gmath Yope far Lange Hope e e Lyre gte ties (gese42) <( y42) aw fer Sent Mop, HYL- For La MOP A, HGL KO Windin wit “ator serfacue | pelow weter tarFeur - HGL 7 Piexemetric fan had — oterj fr Fro (S cated Wy Jvanic prea iewt Ue NGL de qEL 4 tee gean 4 © Uniform Flow 7 Low in open ChanneA is sald to be uniform oy aa ow it Tr vetoity, aren of ftow and dept, yemaing cons. aumng tha Leng In The constank deprn of foe Normal dep (y,)-— normal depth: uniform frow is cated but Yermetns CM “Fy vetotty may vary across Te How. oeng channed Lengfn- Wwarer Surfact Sjope ana energy PF channeh bed Slope, Same - with be Une Slope Tee Slope of energy Ue = Sp Hae Slope Sf water gurfru > S, Bed Bel Mepe = 5, a - In uniform Mow) re ieKoned t ‘ iv Test Stem A aeting bet” tw Math and Urannel boundery ave batened by pe dovity (orcn- Vounifen tow Canneh dM ak very nign velo ty. Teinileny Zen Leng weg red fer esinblisnmnint oh uniter ow fs catted tandtery tw: TE) chammeh Ungin < Wonsttery Zone me antler fro Boundary Sheart— © Flowing of water Chomneds , % force in flow direct’ is developed on tre Chonnet bed And WAS - The reackon OL guts ferce WU PULLS fe How body 15 Know an trackve force HR i : Mow Stuture in an epen chennet iS Live ty aftectrd # vy boundary Snear otong bu weth4 Perimapers cad > ye qo Terns. “Y PreSten Tuye fs ured fe mearrre bed Shear. BH Resistance equation for uniform flow! t= %) Charey's frrmntar- - Nz ¢ RSo ») Manning's Fey m wha t- v2 dt ots Ve WR & = ; S% IS ony Wed whEN Cou fs Unifarm. TP THE Forma Ory apples Uma Gious 's 1 Turbulent + Important fer ob) CURVE Po we be SHewiey'S Frmudat= RCAC) meena ee A Neo (Ase) deo my + 2 2. meyer’ Formwhr Me n= (ea) 1 dgg tk meter 3 Darcy — weis back equation — f= bichon fuer. f' > wep. of Ricans Th Relationship yetween friction Gncter ana Ceras & Manning — congrenb)— @ ce & @® 2 fom > (ak) GH uniferm Plow computation (gn ertertabinn) Oe tak? ge $289 7 wrferm How | n © Se Sp nem- wd Form Clo. 2 @= Kk {So a2. Kr eenveyeng Of channehs so tak wn = AR _y gecim fncter: Fem duis formula we wit find bye For Wide Rectangutar Channel 2 © R212 Naw: . Oe tA Re GO A= 84. Uy Wao. Re . 7 @= 4 Oi tn S% om n = tE GSof “ 4, f if Sot | nd SecHonat Properties: — ce Redenr Teageriiny Tanga tav OE oy $ t+ : ee Sey, 10 Saeaame IAs Nee © werred pevimetcy (2) B+2y B42y9 time 29 Vt ® Warawic Radius py Byt my my CRF) By Seay {ite ee i» a Derm By mn By my 4 Cor #) 8 By ia (D wetted Area By by ey mp (a) TA mos} Effiient channel seckion ‘— Bg ta acs ices ea ELISE CIAL O most ef tient Recteng ular Section :~ Most ef Hderk Rectemg win Sst feey> : mma P= By a ape By 2y- L 4 D> for GIVEN aren Ligdnonrge wht be magimum fb eis min: ato Lk ar at, Aled Ww Ly mr 4 ae mn” © g- as . ~ = =) R > sh © mose efticen Tring haw Chan ef t= A =myr- Pe OW eae a 2\%-] Ih fe Pekan mnie! LP From neve, We Gad, @ Side siope Sheud be 45", ' APEX ange will be Jo E ee @ pee, ye _f yg FO yee 7 | 2G. @ most ebtivent Wapereidal Channel — For most ef cient Unsnnd TT 2X Side sere Lngty | eeaeeemeie |e acy fe" Ab R= 2 a fo. ee] 7 A Grektk ef padion b com ve ———r —__ mye a Inscribed tn pre pepereidal channed- FF Te OdooVe 3 Con dike ave valid a Fixed trronginew ht sechten and fer at vane of. Gm FS seen Gm\ ig Varied Fr me efficient amnnd. [Ase 5ce ep | Ly Chomnch ts nath of Q Mot eben tiratar sewer i= MAX (I. 10 | Ho | Omannins | go.o04 | 0-935 @ Crores Ber AZ oye fh velouty yayiodion wim dep FH semi-drotar secon {s mos efticient ouk of ht Voriewr Crape 6] TR Channe Becaure fer given aver, f4'S perimeter ig win. A 7 on — t oo OY Yoniy ya 7 3. Energy — DePth RelatHonsnipP © ee Bot_eneray - ve a Total energy Per unit weiguk e Sf ftads ts casted Toret Energy nend: 4 TWlat energy nead ab seth, 3) Mee Dt by or 4 ot, we Prot tnerty wad wad at se © XK. 1 2, kG OSG Ao, wT fy t For chanmet of matt Soper, turbulent frow ae WY non aoe J Sper fic, energy eee Spei fic energy wood (E) ts teh foled energy pond ab & Seem waite pe tre thonneh ped a a dAkam + Erg > fer smott Stopes 8 Jurbuti nt. How. Tmmfortant points -— ~ Fr uniform few spect ie energy WIN be constant ats fae Carmel — ung} + vy fer varies Mow SPEAR entrsy may jncremrt or decreang in Te atreckiom of How. “FTW energy Witt atways decreant ja tet direchen of frow. ~7 fer icone ang voritenret ehannes SR erevy with Vk wart - S% Energy — Depm Kelattonsuie a E=y4 5 al ag A ‘ 4 Fr A aw given discnara @ and Given SP Energy , we Wave ctor possible depry ef fev, ge THe apr, Yk Ue ave Caled Aker note Z depins: © Ee Ely YS SubUtHeat flew. [ for Reckangular Channet J] ‘boa Super cri Huy how. ey Fer a given Uscnorge omaiton fir SRE Ke emergey to be minimum ts trok pe Hew is erik. T fer a given gp. Energy fer discharge to toe) martmnuth he fone Ts wivicey, Cri depin (2) Pn Weritteat depm of tow bor A BvEW Channet™ (5 {ndapendedte of wed Stepe . Sb depends OY om Pe qeorhy) of fhe lth fer a ven ASO YR § Reale disceerge per unte Wide. Fr Reckangutar Crannet: for qriangurer Crannet> eam te sTle== VA — 4 j @ Gh channed Transition i= : Assam PH ens: — ay bet X) Channed bed IS horitentoh and emer yy VOSSED OR Negels7 K1e.. 4) graamot Arango wilt be Msertet Mop gadden OM -remsttin with —gmoorn WamP I~ SS Se For no enouing CHK Ie oe ae O Find, ee y+ eA gsyr Cm, 6) 8) ore gre) a ® fin, E, = E, — 4% (4t given) © Fina, Bg nf iti are Ye 0 () it, E, PE (ne Chuang ) Fo E, E tc Lee ufsitmaition wil net Grange, | od Yo wn remeta an given] aa Now) ah “— Ey + ~ 28 Bt oe ee Gnd | y= larger y > Sinner Pot Pow is initetly cub crinc, taut 5 ee hes larger yy jp How ts lattes super otdtcd | paver wena oy [it 42 < day re chat] oe Fim cheiiag condition us O Fina, B= at 29 89 cer dh wih change, @ fins, €, = €\~ 42 \s be, y, wotn beange, V: vn @ fms, Eee [ eee teas dy wth Be de, Ou, e, See my choulng , TO Gna, 1 t.9 4h 1, at a ing yftoy Es Eqt 4% > % + re —F Ado Larger vodet FL frows US nfo seat: 7 AdePt Gwedter valet ff fros CS initedly cuper cin HG. 4 Veerlaion FY, by, Ctump care) ee ee ‘ Subert Ho Flew eee ee ar t 4 \ wv 9 woth % 1 ; aS a 7 | ee I Az 4247 Mak Q@ wemsivion win Redaction to widin @® Ci a ee HY aye He aye the Br B = for chouing ' OG = Er Ec, fer warm By ak and Secon . Eq = rnin Qs energy ak sec @ for oAginod Usonargc @ fo ve ROsSiile for width By ab 24 Seckfen: @ & < By min Cee BS Unread e, ©c fer wise BL a origins @ is in mek Pesstuiel ba ine Syytten time Changi US Umar: ; FUls emmattin sin ye chense Cie a emt A) 8, became J. 1 LL E\’> ot + a ne [tee 8 27] eo 23 (a9) wT Ade Lovger yf vatae if Hew is Initially gue tH ont: US > AiePh Sustler yy eat if ew is Taihahy super oikcel- Rr neo Choking ~ it, Bm 8, <8, Bt, 8 > Brin wo fiow Is nak chromed. Tm Anis cart, , recroudny E,= B= 4 + - ae @ Sima hus temdihor wit nek 29 BY L enamiey . fina) 472 4 > pacer Laver ¥, TE Hew ts cubbrih G - 7 pert gnretter y Th He is suger Copticnls 2 o . . Wartation of y, mH ®D Sub erica oe B sever crithcng General Car Ot _Trransi ie @ © qransivien wit — name ® transition with width entachon' @ -rensivio wim ved dro? © Transition with widen Ure org + © -Rangiion with comunad of Wwe S owiehe umiertks ® sransivin wim ene in bs Generar Cor cf teen i iies te i te cokeutate Ey a, 2 Chord Ep I iB, plan HO, Wf, Ey PE, Dno cheuteg. Le Ye UALivin wll nop Grange bey ewein on Lefer: ue yy win ue Codertote from, Ey = yt ga G pare Grothe, Ya Sater othe Frew Re ee ee 5 Ol, EB, 2E, a ost): L uff emnuron WI WR Cnr A - wit Seibel Garg marke Grom, Se es =) tnd ef wt Cage a tes 29 27g ies Adepe Geeteer yy! > iA Geter lettre Xt n~ SAD etKut Gow: chet Epow Metering Flames (various device fer fos meanurement) 2) © Standing wave Mame or crib ‘erin Flume Mohammel ho a navrowed chowak having @ hump oh tee eprom velodtty ef Pow ab It Avrect ef pe fur prea Pan GHA Vehodhy + Standing were oc Eyre Jame TS formed ab oF ee ba US ena of M ae heer Be coy | ge atsue otH But s bowls § @ facshedt Awe s— Aah he” [& Be 0.4 we ly @ veneurh Fume ENE ee eT venturi Hat wer Mm pe eeindat Venyuri mekevs . Te PNAS of fig ok fet 4 eat Favent WS Lu than Grit 4 versed b+ ilies) TF gd yan & tame one : b ferme ak my KicKNe + — PPEMUE As piwukm FS ENYA vOSTANE 7» bECHIME cuervalure Cf Srreamuines 1S Sm: => st UW 4 Ma Ve wh RY Se NV =e ¢ — Ungeds Y- FOB WD Ae conser with be LETH > manning's 29. AF cranneh Hed SloPR WW Sradh FE AGL Wh UE ak free far fee DifferenHed ea for Gye r— Hott can dd. D+ dx =~ (7) a Al 2 ae 4 Vv or + a 4 $C) - ! az) 12, DoSpe So + = aCe), do. dy arta: PR siok hyde ~ 7 eT a a --% 7 ihe (he)? Az an Hy manning’S eq is wed 7) 7 0 I) Ser neaemptae tot “er ) dy... : rca eh CT J] me cranes eg. wed {t- Gay, t= (A) ) 7 BE Becomes Note 1k Onsze's ea ts wed & = ke, How profie will pew steal yt une, (Hes, unt) + DiLien Hot Energy quotes — WH=E+R a oH 2 dE det de mT Om > de _ a -% 5 UES alae. gag an Clase GK of ftow Profiyen O Ww 7 Ye > Mnfla slope Ginteining Hope - @ ys Ye ARON Hope - © yn 2 ye SreP SleRe K Tart ave t® yelaNo nen uniform frou doen not ext O Ss co 4 Maverse stope - j nen-swn Feansg. sope © Ss se > Aevitm}t Shope ® For war Rectangular chomnet, O ger ar” si " ° Uae sof mt us x = Se 2 ®@> bow Sh Int Aq (RO aa 8 Sele go we can %Y CL, & A, nSo are une F&A Kyortn © he (cory Channeh UE Can Wave) % Wn & Yo. Varioms Flew Po Hien © ~-- a = aan NDLC, 4 depin uve) MD Ae i heres aaa MILL slope . @ cep met Cn? Fe) oot @ a pe ® Vans @ . Herizmrnt Yore . ar Steep Stopes oe — 2 ae Cane ye) - © coment O-Fg ve oO ey @Q gee a paverse SOF” @ Amportint poMrs atoont Flow pro fiver tn © dep ef flow win always jmereanc im fet direction ef for tn region (2 @ - @ J . dept of ttow whi AWEYS decvene om tre direchm flew Ta ana vegion ) So - Ss : © 4 ee re YS HG | Yr ty ky aor eee 4 L, $74 Gt Ms ent = ot 1 090° 2) My > 26 1 VF 0 Coaker volt be suit) fou Rae, SE 0 Crarger deer How Ker atimest Hensel, ways Large depth approached Veriton pet y+ © Zero depyn iS approached verHatly, — ba 3 m @ 4s % [1- (2) |se" CyB Cg profes UE “Es (945 We raignt WC yoo: 2 Po r- (amyrels . 9 wine ery Ceet'> [ (3) = tramntyls ed & cued % TH bay? S Ih mamnirgs 4 9 wed © Bi Back waker and Drawdown Garve in @5) A Se ecco a Back waker Curve: —| pireatn of How pallets Region (23 Region 2 Pract exampie ef variom profes — M Prfie (Pool of. tinker POL ferms whtn a superiHcal Show JelR obo Yarncrtad by. WAYS er dowd + PW IS pe wey comm rye ft VF Cannes when awere 1S 4 = OL Sudden’ dytp sf a ree rererer Ot ol aut level. Urannt bal, ™ He * sire nieee Se e—"e=p es Rg ZF eg pedile. ferm$ etn a SuPer CIN Eat hes enters & wild sacred Chemnot + my prekile 1s vey Swati Leyte > \ eS & ma puving gy UE Poo Canyyy from guper erin fro Fe wb OK Oot ever a seep chanmt TS HF whim a sepe IS ow tay an ob sren Ke* fermineded WY @ dere rosy cvenket a pale Probe at & C3 PeEe wilh ne : A speigns une th Che . ry 4 Is eet awd shi be Carved un remy ees Wow = Rare bef tc: Hy ans Hy POMS Wy PIS KAE AS Feowse h Sty Hy OK Jar Aa 8 AQ Rehr A, wefe iw kis YN Weds He Janes Break in Grade i- a cpr is a eonSyart wi yte above det Chamneh bed Im bok SLE REA S) NDE fer mitaer Slope wh KQrer fom WOL feo WAAL We Ves D Pow atways wor Ate SOL A Mow depp woes in RRMORY avd deere WW HeHMR HY - @ Mid to Md — () eaihas te wey mitder- @ @ ser» were & @ oO Se ae Sr Mg any F PK tue - (Dif depre of WDE ever a mid Hoe 1S Lav S Smal A tg ror [@ erin te Seer () (D critica be mid” (3) evibcay to adver © () gudden end of Crikey Hope Gradually varied fiow Computernon 1— / 60) 7 GVE tomy wiaHens involve Solution of ee ~ ht ave 7 > a main obyccekve DS fe determint te Sage sh beMie and pence deprm of fyow A Variot eck Direur ciep metnod pan cieata mmc oe ed ee ae — mR = ery ) Features of Hydraulic Sumps— k—Lingt of Jung (Ly) 4 a Super coi woo. Sequent SP eneray earve SANE PM or empugate depen apr oy COM jug ate deprar— And Ses fer dept Uy flan anternat dtpmn | row 6 eryugete depen Cy. ky gm Ore OMNI pin), Herne of Scamp (4-4) is cod HRIGA —of Jamp: Spethe force ee Fo se forte ae v > For peri tented bei Hanters Unanne 2 3. S forte fs tonytenbr » Rams 2 tM ¥ : 4 Tk. 1} ying od ie Ree eidty Varied Flow 2) Im pve le grendy stett Condi: 2 curvokure of Spreamune |S Lye: q 2 prOare distri bum oCress fat dep win nod beh , y sy osrei Ye Frichenal wssey megieded eeorPee of RVF I iemueiciacies am Ve ryan ec dame t caper enue eenverted ce een cares te guborinut fous» Let A) WIS ef Sika gate. 1) Botton spo mmy. 1S) rvigatin coma forty: CSuper Ori Heat) 2 Wydraulic drop, gg periWGt Mow converted te Silesia guper crittiay few: Repicalions of Hydrantic Jumes— 7 As an Rnerqy USSpator. So treat supercrit Cet frow ton not eyode mt ped Wad, FT mix - chemi: FOF Inevene weg om an agen arfon and hd TRA PU premmve + AT TOK ae Water UVeL on THE HS WAR OH mehoring | Prunce Momentum ea. for tre Jumpen fae x Y 4 CATs PAY 2 |p 4+ Ot: jar ber Horizon Y * 3 teltente Crammed Toy, , AeBy. 4 +. 1 ele Se eH f> Fain F ' From GS eh we get two positive VaAU of J. Thx Ho 0) de pry ore CUAL Engel — pep er gequine — depin: Tmpertast 2 - palit ne O Ar a Parvicubar GQ, Specie fete Witt be minimum IE tow 1S) eviHoods © For a given speek fic fer pp emdtton fer @ fo be POE Get fe i Gd Hydrawtic Sump tm Haritonter Reckengutar Chamet ta ie o = = 99, (ats) a 4 de 2)? we ware ® Bo alae) a Wid Bh ave enpryer® - depth - Gelenge!s farmwa @® # = tf, 1+ 26> -"\ CImpertant pens) ~ @ _ az peprmy at te Awe endS of Hydraudic Jump will be Sequant dep) andy ushin Sp forr tS Usnttant + VF Of Sped Ge Ser is Mok WNnYbart- at Sterting 3 end of WS than deprr ab tne Lotahong are NOE tanyugotke dept: FR. farce ak amy Po. port IS win WOA® ana Fricke fra fs wet oly bonytewt peere « Hydrautic Jump with Resistance Bleck: — “Tot tere Is a wleK of cmcrek piensa m me How SE apron wreyt hydrenticn Jump jg fo be fora, tran Sy pact) will be Wy fan headend) From sequent depr~ t yy, Energy Loss (e&) 1 Brees (4+ 4e -)-(nt®.) Ep=na. PO MReakyve cnergy Ws EL E Effidency SE Jump -- 1 = Ee 2 EXTER Ly. petaive energy Jump = E, ee ef, nt Leng et Jumpr— ti = 69 (%- 4%) Types of jumps— Le Undutor Jump s— beh ene, SL, E| 3+ OSUtlodk 4g Jue te aoe Fou, oe = W-4sd fl weak Jump 5 Hd Rha, Ls Eley. wl 4 Steady Jump si AR, $4 ee _ eo 0° Tod S Strong ay Choppy yume ne Fr, > 4-0 Ey ‘ a 21d vetouity pro ie t= i a a nw‘ A+ & t a 20m > + Revers How aot . - Ferme Mow: Energy pissipalen 1 wee. te, OR” PRRo0h Sting Borin —> nuke Bock ss Ts main funtion is to create turban wok befere tre hydvawt Jame Battle B10CKS:~ provider additioned RekiSteme bo frow+ EN eee end GIS ma gilts ave wet yednct over nth pee Union of sitting bent Lecation ef Jumps. oes Unsteady Flew, Surges Ne H surge ave examee of “Rapidly varied un 4 how. (vue): a. Delinivion:- fort g Nos — teitiel From we initial Sted ee ae " Gensivin to tre ned ce Steedy emaiien tet oe rr j transient period. Var veledty of urave KOA UnSktady food ethed Sarg Orearnpiens- —% Sudden dep ef Stuer fate’ ey Gallon epevdng ot Sie gore class: Fie: — Serger tan be etasai Hed ante OM woe travelry u/s, © O gee pavers yg, “ Us. ~ Gays. VOI i) Tiinpertent (3) _ O vis gar Sudderty dyoppeds —W -¥E surg movivts dig, Sor Tear @ us qak grdderty opened 4 Re SABE moving ULS, a= channty Se Ae oh QO 71s gate srdderty dropped —y ve KIC moving U) 5, ay Une @ os Ga teddenty opened 7 WE sarge rep uly hassel ier b ae He Sere moving fy - fhe Sarge mov Ys = » AVE Surry meviy Uy ave Jars mcs i iS

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