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Assgn

The spectrum of a signal shows its frequency components and can be represented by the magnitude and phase spectra. The magnitude spectrum shows the amplitude of each frequency, while the phase spectrum shows the phase or shift. There are different types of spectra depending on if the signal is continuous-time or discrete-time. The Fourier transform decomposes a continuous-time signal into constituent frequencies, while the discrete Fourier transform analyzes discrete-time signals. Periodic signals repeat themselves after a certain time interval, and their spectra contain impulses at certain frequencies. Non-periodic signals do not repeat, and examples include step functions and exponentially decaying signals.

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29 views3 pages

Assgn

The spectrum of a signal shows its frequency components and can be represented by the magnitude and phase spectra. The magnitude spectrum shows the amplitude of each frequency, while the phase spectrum shows the phase or shift. There are different types of spectra depending on if the signal is continuous-time or discrete-time. The Fourier transform decomposes a continuous-time signal into constituent frequencies, while the discrete Fourier transform analyzes discrete-time signals. Periodic signals repeat themselves after a certain time interval, and their spectra contain impulses at certain frequencies. Non-periodic signals do not repeat, and examples include step functions and exponentially decaying signals.

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sharon kemigisha
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Discuss and illustrate the spectra of the above discussed signals

The spectrum of a signal can be represented in two forms: the magnitude spectrum and the
phase spectrum. The magnitude spectrum shows the amplitudes of the different frequency
components, while the phase spectrum represents the phase angles or phase shifts associated
with each frequency.

1. Continuous-Time Signals:

Continuous-time signals can be represented and analyzed using their frequency-domain


representations, commonly known as spectra.

Fourier Transform:
The Fourier Transform (FT) is used to decompose a time-domain signal into its
constituent frequencies. For a continuous-time signa X ( t ), the Fourier transform X( f )
is defined as:

X( f ) = ∫ X ( t ) . e
− j 2 πft
dt
−∞

Where:
 X ( t ) is the Continuous-time signal
 X( f ) is the Fourier Transform of X ( t )
 f is the frequency variable in Hertz (Hz)
 j is the imaginary unit.

2 Discrete time signal.


The spectra of discrete-time signals provide insights into their frequency content and
can be analyzed using techniques such as the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
Let's consider a few common types of discrete-time signals and examine their spectra:
Rectangular Pulse:

A rectangular pulse signal, X[ n ] = rect( )n


N
, where rect is the rectangular function and

N is the width of the pulse. The spectrum of a rectangular pulse is given by the sinc
function.
Sinusoidal Signal:
A sinusoidal signal, X[ n ] = Acos ( w0 n+ ϕ ) , where A is the amplitude, ω₀ is the angular
frequency, and φ is the phase. The spectrum of a sinusoidal signal consists of two
impulses at frequencies ±ω₀.

3 Periodic signal.
A signal is periodic if it repeats itself exactly after a certain interval, known as the
period (T). Mathematically, a signal x(t) is periodic if x(t) = X( t+ T ) for all t.
Mathematical Representation:

∞
1
x(t) = ∑ sin ( ( 2 n−1 ) 2 π f 0 t )
n =1 2 n−1

4 Non-Periodic Signal.
Here are some examples of non-periodic signals along with their corresponding
spectra:
I. Step Function:

The step function, often denoted as u(t), is a non-periodic signal that changes its value
abruptly at a specific time. The Fourier transform of the step function is given by:
1
F[ u ( t ) ] = + π𝛿( ω )
jω
I. Exponential Decay:

An exponential decay signal, often represented as e−at u(t), where


a is a positive constant, is a non-periodic signal that decreases exponentially over
time. The Laplace transform is commonly used for such signals:

5 Deterministic Signal.
Let's discuss and illustrate the spectra of some common types of deterministic signals:
sinusoidal signals, pulse signals, and step signals.
I. Pulse Signal:
A pulse signal is represented by the equation:

X( t ) = sinc ( f 0 t )
The Fourier transform of a pulse signal is a sinc function in the frequency domain,
which exhibits oscillations centered around the pulse repetition frequency, f 0.

X( f ) =
1
2
rect( )
f
2f0
Here, rect(u) is the rectangular function, defined as 1 for ∣u∣≤0.5 and 0 otherwise.
I. Sinusoidal Signal:
A sinusoidal signal is defined by the equation:

X( t ) = Asin ( 2 πft + ϕ )

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