INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
STEEL AND DESIGN TO EC3
ECS338 – STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND STEEL DESIGN
Course Outcomes
CO 1 : Analyse reinforced concrete and steel sections in
accordance with the relevant standards.
CO 2 : Design solution for concrete and steel structures
with appropriate consideration for public safety and
environmental.
CO 3 : Adapt appropriate techniques to reinforced
concrete structure and steel design problems with an
awareness of the limitations.
3
Program Outcomes
• PO 2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using codified
methods of analysis specific to their field of activity.
• PO 3 Design solutions for well-defined technical
problems and assist with the design of systems, components or
processes to meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
• PO 4 Conduct investigations of well-defined problems;
locate and search relevant codes and catalogues, conduct
standard tests and measurements.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture students will:
1. Understand steel as a structural material (CO1-PO2).
2. Describe the differences between ULS and SLS
design to EC3 (CO1-PO2).
Steel as a Material
• Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon
content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight, depending
on grade.
• Other elements which influence the grade of steel are
such as magnesium, manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
aluminum, etc.
• Though steel had been produced by various inefficient
methods long before the Renaissance, its use became
more common after more efficient production methods
were devised in the 17th century.
Production of Steel
Ingots Ingots reheated to
Iron, scrap steel, carbon, red-hot
magnesium etc
Rolling Mill
Molten Chemical
Furnace
Steel Analysis
Ingots
Advantages of steel
1. High Strength
2. Pre‐fabricated
3. Ductility
4. Elasticity
5. Toughness
6. Permanence
7. Additions to existing structures
Disadvantages of steel
1. Corrosion
2. Fireproofing costs
3. Susceptibility to buckling
4. Fatigue
5. Brittle-fracture
Types of steel structure
1. Building frames
• Loads must be supported safely and without undue
movement.
• Weather proof envelope must be attached.
• Steel frame building consists of a skeletal framework
which carries all loads the building is subjected.
• Common type of steel frame buildings are shown below.
Lattice Girder
Portal Rafter
Crane Girder
Crane Column Portal Column
1. Floor Beam
2. Plate Girder
3. Column
4. Bracing
2. Containers
• A container is a component which can contain other
components inside itself. Usually for holding liquids,
sometimes for compressed gases (gas tank).
• Usage of containers:
- Refineries
- High pressure tank
- Oil tank
- Water Tank
3. Masts 4. Chimneys
5. Bridges
• A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as
a body of water, valley or road for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle.
• Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the
bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed, the material used to make it and the funds
available to build it.
• Types of bridge:
- Suspension bridge - Beam bridge
- Cantilever bridge - Arch bridge
- Cable-stay bridge - Double deck bridge
- Movable bridge
SUSPENSION
BEAM BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE
BRIDGE
CABLE-STAYED DOUBLE DECK
ARCH BRIDGE
BRIDGE BRIDGE
6. Temporary supports
• A temporary support is required to secure any element
or element of the steel framing only until they are made
stable without external support.
SCAFFOLDING SHORING
Elements of steel structure
1. Beam and plate girder
• Members carrying vertical actions in bending and shear.
• A girder is a fabricated beam formed by welding plates
together.
2. Ties
• A tie is any strong component designed to keep two
objects closely linked together.
• Members carrying axial actions in tension.
3. Strut, column and stanchion
• Strut – compression members
serve commonly as bracings.
• Column – main vertical
compression members in building
COLUMN
frames.
• Stanchion – main vertical
compression members in portal
frames.
STRUTS
4. Truss and lattice girder
• Framed members carrying axial actions (composed of
struts & ties).
TRUSSES LATTICE GIRDERS
5. Purlins
• Beam members carrying roof sheeting.
6. Sheeting rail
• beam member supporting wall cladding.
SHEETING RAIL WALL CLADDING
7. Bracing
• Diagonal struts and ties, together with column and roof
trusses, formed vertical and horizontal trusses to resist
wind actions and stabilize the building.
• These structural elements must be joined together and
the building attached to the foundations.
• Joint connect members together such as joints in
trusses, joints between floor beams and columns or
beam-column.
• Bases transmit the loads from the columns to the
foundation.
• Building are 3D-sectional frame. It must be propped
and braced laterally to remain in position and carry the
load without buckling out-of-plane of the section.
Structural steel sections
1. Hot-rolled sections
• Produced by hot-rolling of steel billets (block of steel) in a
rolling mill.
2. Cold-formed sections
• Produced by shaping of unheated steel sheet by cold-
bending, cold-drawing, cold-rolling and cold-pressing at
room temperature.
3. Built-up sections
• Welding plates together to form I, H or box members.
4. Metal sheet/sections
• For composite construction, act as permanent formwork
for slab.
a) Re-entrant b) Trapezoidal
c) Deep Deck
Steel design theory
Steel design may be based on three design theories:
1. Elastic design
2. Plastic design
3. Limit state design
P – limit of proportionality
E – elastic modulus
YU – upper yield limit
YL – lower yield limit
S – ultimate stress
B - fracture
1. Elastic design
• In elastic design, the maximum action that a structure could
support was assumed to equal to the action that first caused a
stress somewhere in the structure (yield stress).
• Steel is almost perfectly elastic up to the yield point and
structures are analyzed by elastic theory. Sections are sized
with stress not exceeding the yield stress.
• Main problem with elastic design: ductile members do not fail
until a great yielding occurs after the yield stress is reached.
This means that such members have greater margin of safety
against collapse, which makes elastic design uneconomical
as full potential of steel is not utilised.
2. Plastic design
• Plastic design takes advantage of an important and unique
property of mild steel, namely its ductility. Plastic design takes
into account behaviour past the yield point and it is based on
finding the action that causes the structure to collapse.
• Plastic design also takes into consideration the long yield
plateau which allows the possibility of considerable plastic
strain at constant stress.
• But in reality, structure can fail not only due to failure of material
but also due to excessive deformation. Therefore, Limit State
Design concept was introduced.
3. Limit state design
• Limit state design consists of Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
and Ultimate Limit State (ULS).
Serviceability limit state
• The design for:
i. Deflection
ii. Vibration (e.g. wind‐induced oscillation)
iii. Repairable damage due to fatigue
iv. Corrosion and durability
• When the limit is reached, whole structure or a part of it is
unfit for normal use but does not indicate that collapse has
occurred.
Ultimate limit state
• The design for:
i. Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buckling
and transformation into mechanism)
ii. Stability against overturning and sway
iii. Fracture due to fatigue
iv. Brittle-fracture
v. Ductility check
• When the limit is reached, whole structure or part of it
collapses.
Eurocodes
Actions
1. Permanent actions (Gk / gk)
• Permanent and constant during structure’s life (dead load).
• Self‐weight of the structure, architectural component such as
cladding, partition and ceilings.
• Permanent equipment and static machinery.
2. Variable actions (Qk / qk)
• Load that varies with time (imposed/live load).
• Occupants, furniture, snow, retained water, thermal expansion/
shrinkage etc.
Load factors
Expression Unfavourable Permanent AcKons Unfavourable Variables AcKons
Self-weight Imposed floor loads Wind loads Snow loads*
6.10 γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1 = 1.50
6.10a+ γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 0.75
6.10b ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75
ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1 = 1.50
THANK YOU
