CHAPTER-I3 | INTEGRATION AND USE IN BUSINESS PROBLEMS LEARNING OBJECTIVES ‘After studying this chapter, you will be able to understand: © Basic concepts of indefinite and definite Integration. «Technique of integration by using direct formula «Calculation of Consumer's surplus and Producer's surplus by using definite integration © Application of Integration in business problem 13.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The reverse process of differentiation is known as integration. to give a precise shape to the definition of integration, we observe: If g(x) is a function of x such that a g(x)= f(x), then we define integral of f(x) with respect to x to the function g(x). This is put in the notational form as: ff@)ax= g(x) The function f(x) is called the integrand. Presence of dr is there just to remind us that integration is being done w. r. to x. : See : ee For example, the derivative of the function y=x'is =u or, its differential is IK dy =6x'dx. Hence, it is easily understood that the function having derivative 6x° or, differential 6x°dx is x°. In this case, the mathematical method, which determines the function y = x° from the derivative a 3 : oe = = 6x? is called integration. The function obtained by integration from the derivative of the x : a * dy if function is called its integral. In the above example, the integral of a =6x° is y=x°. Clearly, " integration can be looked upon as anti-derivative ice., it is inverse process of differentiation. We note that, oY _ 6x! if y=x° dx _ Again sao’ if y=x°+4(say) and Box" if yox®+c, where ¢ is an arbitrary ix x constant independent of x.516 ||Business Mathematics Hence, it follows that if the derivative of a function is 6x° then, in general, the function is x° +c. Therefore, itis evident that the integral obtained by integration form the derivative of a function contains: an additive arbitrary constant, For this reason the integral obtained as anti derivative is called an Indefinite Integral. From the historical stand-point integration means summation, -The origin of integration is in the effort of finding the sun of an infinite series whose each term is infinitesimally small. In fact, such infinite series originates from the endeavor of determining area of a bounded region and origin of integration is the effort of finding the value of such infinite series. In this case, the sum of the infinite series (when exists) is called the Definite integral. From the above discussion it is clear that the process of integration has two viewpoints. We may consider it as the inverse of differentiation or else, We may consider it as the sum of an infinite series whose each term is infinitesimally small. However, these two viewpoints are’ not independent. By the fundamental theorem of integral calculus it can be shown that the two viewpoints are identical. 13.2 DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION Let f(x) be a given function of x. If we can determine another function F(x) such that its derivative with respect to x is equal to F(x) or, differential of F(x) is equal to f(x)dx, then F(x)is defined as an Indefinite Integral or Anti- derivative of f(x) with respect to x and is denoted by f(x) d= F(x). In this case, the Process of finding F(x) is called integration and F(x) is called Integrand. To signify the integration operation the integral sign J is written before the given function and the differential dx is written after the given function to indicate that x is the variable of integration. The symbol [ f(x)dx is read as “Integral of f(x)der. Remarks: (i) The sign of integration (i., [is the initial letter of the word ‘sum’ (in elongated form), since integration is defined as a process of summation. Gi) If SFC) = f(x), then by definition, we have J f(x) dx = F(x). 13.3 CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION If C is an arbitrary constant independent of x and Srl F(x) then PA I ee ) Jax? -3+8-ot 455) de Solution: (a) iG bette = x oh I 3 =——-—e" +4logx—-—x? +c [At mo. logx 3 cc [Ans] (b) f[r8 -25+8- = (7x?) dx— [axdx+ 2 +45 a we eff) -68522 ||Business Mathematics ated 2 +logx+ +¢ 1 dy 3% 1 I +c ==x°-—x? +8x+2Vx + logx——+c [Ans] ) x 2° =3x+¥Vx47 o ax +bx’ +ex+d x fon: (a) Try yourself ‘ Seok {= +bx* tata), » SRS Sle x Rok = & = Gs torte Lan = fla’) det fbn) acs foarea(*) dx x x : 3 Mlustration-04:Evaluate: fiber 4a" +3cosx+4/x) de, Oo} S05 x 2 2 Fa tha tertdinxs tatdinste [Ans] Solution: (a) {(e* — 4a* +3c0sx+4/x) dx=8 fe'dr— Mebaca een fixax = 8e* oe asin 84 +C [Ans.] loga 5 D six =f sinx J 1- Sind) ax = fees sin? 2ae8 pea = Tame ithe eae cos? x cos? x cos? x = focextanxdx— fia xdx= fsecxtanxdx- [sec x—I}ix=secx—tanx+x+c[Ans] Ilustration-05: Integrate the following functions with respect to x: 1 4x9 43x 42x44 4x7 41 hy ix eG eee x én Tor 1 ai ‘olution: (a) Let J = {eee = fe =x *for= fePde— fx 2dr xf 22 +c [Ans.]Integration and Use in Business Problems [523 Zo Tys8 5 4 3 2 Let eo +3x° $2xht x +x° +1 = [oe 90 4 2erte + x = fax?) ae+ (Gx?) det fox) dx+ fare (2 ) ace fle =) de 4 a a * 493242 4 x4nxt—4+c Bt is opp ke [Ans] ee 2 =) 2x’ astro 9a of the integral: eas, vow 4 4 Solution: ee jae = | —— wl |e Salle 27 +1) 2G +) 2G" +1 28 +1) et 1st (ee tt , C Dor+)) 208+) 2 A+) weP+Y 2 (eit Eko 2 ate 2 2x +1 x a 1 ee = fj—-s+ ldx = fJax?+— id IS -ddrta a 2 lq it 1 => ax+— || —— |+ de == 7k eel 2 5 =1{S sts} [Ans.] 2\3 3 Zhan x+e See oo. 6S er the value of the integral [eee 2 sin? x08! x 3 sin” x +c0s" x x+cos* x si cos x Solution: ldx = =U A Ee ea ldx sin? xcos" x sin’ xcos’x sin* xcos” x sinx , cosx = 5 lax = [(tanxsecx+ cot xcosec) dx cos” x a x = f(tanxsecx)ax+ J(cotxcosecx) dx =secx-cosecx+c [Ans.]524 || Business Mat! ics 208 2: Mlustration.087 Integrate —S°°=* . cos” xsin® x 2x Solution: [| —SS“* lax = cos? xsin™x a = cot x—tanx +c =—(cotx + tanx) +c cos” xsin® = [cosec*x—sec? x) dx By the method of substitution: ne with respect to x. cos* x-sin? x cos’ xsin? x 1 1 = = |de lara) = flesec's) ds fects) ax fAns,] nrer Illustration-09¢ Find the values of the ee @ ff e189 cos xdx, 0) flax? +2bx-+c)" (ax+b)de, (©) [———. Solution: @ Let T= fer" cos xdx = ; Jer?**2.c0s xdx = feta ale, 2 2 al stm [Ans] ©) Let P= flax? +2bx-+c) (ax+ bax eee thir = ee _ (ae? +2bx +c 2(n+1) +c{Ans.} oa Put z=3+2sinx s 2 642sin x) dz => =2cosx dx => 2c0s xdx = dz Put ¢=ax’ +2bx+c 2-4 (a? +20) = att dx => dz = (2ax + 2b)dx => 2(ax+b)dx = dzIntegration and Use in Business.Problems ||525 © 1 Put z=logx : 24 (ozs) - set ans.} z logx Iustration- ee ie the following with respect to x: 8x? x WwW saa}, oe & ey rH oak ie \ 1 Solution: (a) I= {{x' +2)? x’dr ae Put z=x°+2 HE le +2)= Hayy dea sears dea Now 2 2 =a +2 +e [x +2=2] [Ans] xdx ) I= rar Put ¢=3x" +1 a8 br +i)= fe y95 de=6ule2 xde =F iis i ees tease +c526 ||Business Mathematics apiite=Liv tite (3x? +1= 2] [Ans.] 8x? i e Is.aF oes Put c=x°+2 pe Sole Ba3y 2 de=3r'de= a= % F 3 Said = Fae 8 +0==xX—— 27 +0 3 ye -2 ea (ez=x°+2) [Ans] Put z= x°+2 pe a) BE cain ee dk dx a 3 1 att 3 2 Now [= ad fe tae at z Fonte te =" age a& 3 1 323 9 Zz Ze 4 E = Se 12} +e [-x'+2=z] [Ans] Veen “11: Find the value of the foflowing integrals: \\ a ‘ . < =f) e‘(1+x) ach fs sin 2x 2 dx, (dy |———dx. ae cos? (xe* logsin x aa: Sdx ORD» x Solution: (a) ie Put, z= x° 8) 5 8 ei os ae ak dk dx 6 Now J = as 4 zattantt ete 6Integration and Use in Business Problems ||527 BU w= ha Put z= xe" ae Abe ey a Now I = foSo= fee’ zdg=tanzt+e = tan(xe* i L- Ke =2| [Ans.] cotx 0° Sess put logsinx =z ens = be cos x % = cot x = cot xdx = dz dx dx de sinx dx Now [= [ide =logz+c=log(logsinx) +e {Ans.] z sin2x Put z=1+sin?x Let | = dx # Faas selec (ts sin? x) Sere 2 Le sin? ares = Sat = Pemxtonxts =, 2sin xeostde= dz = fide=togete Jog(l+sin? x)+e [Ans.] Illustration-12: Find the integral value of the following functions: tan“! x 3cos.x (a) my 80) 2M + x’ 1+sin’ x Solution : tan! x (a) Let T= es 1 iG at (Vede == [z? fiz IZ |z2dz s528 || Business Mathematics c=slanx! +e fans] 3 3 (b) Let f= ee Put z=sinx ae ee San) a a dx 1+sin? x oe 3 de : haze => cos xdx = dz a =3tan“(sinx)+c [Ans] ee Integrate a — functions with respect to x: sin(2+3log x) @ aa osx] () a aa os Solution: Put z=logx @)Let/= cer an ee =. be (log x) aif le a dx i) wy = a =3 re =3tan! ze x =3tan"(logx)+c [Ans.) 1 ao = 4 Sragroosee Los =4 [ae => cos xdx = dz =4 fede +e [Ans]Integration and Use in Business Problems ||529 @ier. pale Put z=2+3log x * 2B -F(2+3log%) =4 fsin(2+3t0g x) ax df. = 5 ined =} (-0082) = ~Zoos(2+ 3logx)+c [Ans] Illustration-14: Find the value of sinx cos. x sec? x dx, dx. 2 eee _ loam 2sinx © ‘V4—3tanx Solution: sin Put z=3+7cosx @ [—— Soe ot ft Carinae -71°3+7Tcosx lyl 1 2-7 fpde=—slogz +e => -Tsin xdx = dz log(3+7cosx)+c [Ans.] Put 7=9-2sinx | | ££ 6- sin x) | eee (9, : | oon de ta ‘ ee 2.cos x | a5 pde=-glowz | 208 xdx = de i | log(9 — 2 sin x) [Ans.] «69530 [| Business Mathematics © sec? x | Put z=4—3tanx c bar se 1 3am) | = Bases | => -3sec? xde = de =-=.> ete=-2 4-3tanx+e — [Ans.] Illustration-15: Find the integrals of the following functions with respect to x: 2 sec3xtan3x cos xsinx oO oe 2 2sec3x—5 © 5+cos* x ee Put, z=1—tanx fen) => sec? xdx = dz 1 ime = : +c [Ans] S(i-tan x)? o) ee f= feenaaae Put, z= 2sec3x—5 ~~~ 2sec3x-5 1 tL dz_d Soda a sec sxtan Sxd: “== = —(2sec3x-5 6! Teee aq wg O80 3X tan 3xdx = = sec3x —5) =4 plas Se eesti 6.42. dxIntegration and Use in Business Problems ||531 1 => 6sec3x tan 3xdx = dz oo = log(2see3x —5)+c [Ans] © Let! COs XSINX 4 Put, z= 5-+cos" x +08" X aa 1 es _& a : 2... BaF (re0s x) rfl a : aa ES = =2cosx(-sinx oe a (—sinx) =-Hlogz+e=—5 log+ cos" Neches 1S SOME STANDARD INTEGRALS Formulas: fa - IMlustration-16: Evaluate the following: (i) oe lee “ = dx Solution: (i) Let 1= [-———> nee eee =f ae 2 Lode ==f S (* a2 : 3 ( 1) 14 x+=| + 3 9582 || Business Mathematics oe aia" 3 idee +c [Ans.] es dx ii) Let l= = 2 ea Be oid a4 i wee 3 44 2 2e-) Saini fam sf] ee dx Ilustration-17: Evaluate the integrals: (i) Gi) eee ome 6x—x? 243x—2x? Solution: (i) Let I= Face 6x-x? =3 3 ee =33in-(252 ian 24 a oe 124)? =(243)? v24 + thee = sins J a°-x a Gi) Let T= pa - e 24 3no2 {143 x-x? x Tes) rc a 2 1 dx eee Ls dx yk ae =—=sn = sin" = a 95 3) By 5 i © eee 3Integration and Use in Business Problems ||533 INTEGRATION OF SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS [llustration-18: Evaluate the following integrals: : z dx. = dx. - dx is lee leas ~ ae Solution: : 3 dx : x nS =tan— @Let eee Put 2=tan> dz_d(, x =>—=—| tan— dx dxl 2 dnl x = ==sec’ = 2 8 2 +02 . ao le jo nse a dx 2 x2 54527-4442 *92' +1 1+2° 2 2 dx = [4 —dz = = tan "Gz, = = di lee ye 3 2) a +z ae 2 = ‘(Stan [Ans] , a 1 ii) Let 1 = (——— put z=tan% ».dz=—sec”= Gi) ee ut z= tan «d= see! Fax =dz=>| shew 2s x 2tan— 2S d= => = 1+ tan? = ie e ss =dz 5 i1+z' =f 1+z Ge S07. 445 as 4442" +102 ‘L+27, 1+z°‘534 ||Business Mathematics ef 2dz I 2dz y dz elas app ee wy Peers 42? +10z2+4 {e+321) 2 +3) o 4 4) \4 5.3 =A, fit+2z 1 | ee 1 ae = Flo 222) 5253 esa 3h ge a= Pi 4 4 1 14+2tan— ==log| (Ans.) 4+2tan— dx Put z= tanx ii) Let [= }—_—_—__ o | Saas : = Stanx) 3% =sec*x dz s 5 = Fa(t+tan x)>2=(1+2") dx =>dx= 1 l+z 1422 1 1 1 = = dz=— dz =— ~ 124227 -62 Sra taes 2 Frcs 1+2? eo NS OE ee es Vavs | 3 V5) WS “22-3445 a2 eeIntegration and Use in Business Problems ||535 INTEGRATION BY PARTS Let u and v be two functions of x. From differential calculus, we have E(w)= u—tv—. x Integrating both sides w. r. to x, we have uv= fuox+ frien dv du Tr ing, we get (u——dx = uv— ]v——dk.... ransposing, we gt fu” pa Iru= f(x) and 2 = (x) then, v= JO (x)dr dx From (i), we get filo ( ar= slolfo @)as}- f € rlalfo (9) as} ‘Therefore, the integral of the product of two functions is equal to: First function xintegral of the second function —integral of (the derivative of the first x integral of the second function). d Formula: fuvdx =u [vdx— ] —(u) fvaxy] dx fuoac=i fas f Zl] Illustration-19: Integration the functions: x*e* Solution: [x%e‘de = x? fe*adx— fee) feras| ax =x'e'— [(oxe")dx= ae" =o xfer {Lefea ax] = x7e* -2{ne* — fe*dx)=x7e" —2xe" +2e° +0= (x? -2x +2b% +c fAns} Illustration-20: Integration the functions: (i) xsin.x (ji) x° cosx Solution: (I) Let J = [xsin.xdx = x fin xdx— f{Ltoyfamsts cos x)— fa (cos x))dx = —xcos x + Joos xdx = -xcosx+sinx=sinx—xcosx+c [Ans] iyLet 1 = Jx° cos xdx = x’ foos xdx— {Ele foosxasha =x? sin (Bx? sinadx = 2° sinx—3[ x? foinx- [J 2(0") fin axe dx =x°sinx—3[-x? cosx- fQ2x(- cos x)}dx|536 || Business Mathematics =x sinx—3[-x* cosx+2 frcos.xdr]= 2° sinx +3x" cos x~6 frcos.xdx d =x" sinx+3x? cos.x~6) x [os xdx— [1 (x) [cos xdx bdx J ym) =x'sinx+3x? cosx—6[rsin.x— fsin xdx| =x? sinx+3x? cos x - 6[xsin x—(~cos x)] =x sinx+3x” cos. x—6xsin x—6cos x =x sin x-6xsin x +3x? cos x—6cos x = (x? ~6x)sin x +3(x? -2)cosx+c [Ans] Ilustration-21: Integration the function: (i) xlogx, (ii) (logx)? Solution: (i Let = fxlog.xdx=log x [xd — fe (log sala Me x? 1x? x? x? x? x? : =—logx-——— =—2logx-— =—(2logx-1 = —(logx* -1 Floge-3 = =Aatogr-5=*lopx-1) = 2 logs’ —loge) = ie io =) +c [Ans] Gi) Let 1= f(logx)' dx pe = fliogx)*(dx = ee fidx- {{-£toex? fuas}ax Sie Jrtogx.~ de = x(log.x)’ ~2 flog ade = x(log x)’ -2flogx(l) de = x(log x)’ - og fs = {Loe nash | = x(logx)’ - 2 stogs = esa] = x(logx)’ - 2[rtogx- faya| = x(logx)’ -2xlogx+2x+c [Ans]Integration and Use in Business Problems ||537 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTION Ilustration-22: Integration the following function w. r. to x: ot Oe (x=3) (x+1)’ (x +1) (+2) +3) Solution: (i) Given I = | dx (x=3) (+1) x A B Let (yaa) (ee) G23) eel) A B ses => (x-3) (x+ Wega Ga) (=2) +0] AS +E moins tan sey (x-3) (x+1)] => x=(x+DA+(x-3)B. Putting x =3 in (1), we get ()=>3=6+1A+G-3)B =>3=4A >A= > ..{L) Putting x=—I in(1), we get ()=>-1=(-1+1)A+(-1-3)B > -1=—4B =B-+ Tleayea)” “hres peal Paley tlea =F tog(e— a)e2 Alog(s+1)+e a bee ain =i hoete- 3) ie = “log( 3) (e+1)+e Ans} (ii) Given = f 1 A dx x +1) (x +2) (x +3) a ee (+1) (+2) (+3) (+i) (x+2) (#3) => L=(x+2)(x+3)A +(x 41) (x+3)B +(x4+1) (x +2 [Multiplying both sides by (x +1) (x+2) (x+3)] let putting x=—1 in )(1), we get ) (-143)A + (141)! -14+3)B+(C1+1) (-14+2)¢538 || Business Mathematics a12A=A=4 Putting x =-2 in (1), we get (=> 1=(-2+2) (-2+3)A+(-241) (-2+3)B+(-241) (-242)C =1=(-1)B>B=-1 Putting x =—3 in (1), we get (1) 1=(-3+2) (-34+3)A+(-3+1) (3+3)B+(-341) (-342)C 1 =1=2C =>C=— 2 1 Ss Seay (+2) (x43) B Cc - {raat eos =a iy so +h) 3 dx =~[log(x +1)—2log(x+2)+log(x+3)]+¢ = jlost« + 1)=log(x +2)’ + log(x+3)]+c ( 5 fees [Ans] Illustration-23: Integrate the following functions w. r. to x: 0 -1) (x-2) - a x+12 Gin 2x=1 (x +3) (x+4) (x+5)’ x? 13442" (x+1) (x-1) (2x41) poo (x=1) (x-2) Solution: (i) Given [ = lecaries Cai} eae (eo) a2) A Be (x+3)(x+4) (x45) (+3) (44) 45) => (x=1) (x-2)= (x44) (x+5)A+(x+3) (x +5)B+(x4+3)(x+4)C. [Muttipling both sidesby (x+3) (x+4)(x+5)] wat x=-3 in (1), we get (1) (-3-1) (3-2) =(-3+4) (-3+5)A > 20=24'> A=10 Putting x =—4 in (1), we get Qa 4-i) C422 (2443) 445) = 30=-B=>-30=-30 Putting x =—5 in (1), we getIntegration and Use in Business Problems [539 (=> (5-1) (-5-2)=(¢° +3°)(-5+3)(-5+4) (x+4)C = 42= 20> Cea 1)(x-2) I Faye) 3) A B ae 1 3 1 1 “(yeaa =e liga Saas 10log(x +3)—30 log(x 4+4)+21log(x+5)+e¢ [Ans.] dele ie Toi3x+42 x@—7x-6x+42 (x-7\x-6) x+12 A B Let ———— = G6) &-7) G9) (1) (Multiplying both sides by (x-7)(x-6)1 => x+12=(x—6)A+(x-7 Putting x=7 in (1), we get (I) 7412=(7-6)A+(7-7)B =919= A= A=19 Putting x =6 in (1), we get (=> 6+12=(6-6)A+(6-7)B>18=-B > B=—18 l= eee on Ieoatecal =A fy hea =19log(x-7)-18log(x -6)+C [Ans] 2x-1 es s can Given, = EG i) Gaal) Let 2x1 A > B . ede) EH) G1) GH) = 2x-1=(x- 1) Qx+1)A+(x41) 2x+1)B+ (x41) ( x—1)C.... [Multiplying both sides by (x +1)(x— Hex+1)I Puttingx =—1 in (1), we get @>2C1 De1=C1-1) (241) -3=24 A=-> Putting x =1 in (1), we get () > 20)-1=(1+1) 2+1)B>1= 6B = B 2 1 Putting x=—- in (1), we get540 ||Business Mathematics a= {-4)-1 -(-$+1(-4-1} =-2-(3)(-2}es-2--3c =c=2 2x-1 A B GC alee nC ae “Ie [One “Alecay a ine *Chery D2 = Flog(s+1)+ 10g lige = ~F ogc +12 log(x -1)+2 log(2x+1)+C [Ans] Illustration-24: Integrate the following functions w. r. to x: Oe an can (=1) Gx+2)’ —- 2 Solution: Given, J = [Te ere » Pa aay clea 1) Gx+2) Asia A B GC. S ae (=1) Gr+2) G+) (1) Gx+2) = ~4=(x-1)3x+2)A+(x+1) Bx+2)B+ (x41) (x-1NC...... (Multiplying both sides by (x +1)(x —1)'3x +2)] Putting x =—1 in (1), we get ()=> (0)? -4=(-1-1) (-3+2)A Seren a Putting x =1 in (1), we get ()> Qf -4=(1+1) @+2)B > -3=10B =B=-3 Putting x=-2 in (1), we get 2 (-3) ~42(-$41](-Z-ajem$-4-(2\-SJes-B=-Seoc-2 3 3 3 9 33 5 5Integration and Use in Business Problems {|541 A B Cc 1 1 1 “(pater eal yt hae ey” = Sivgle +1) toga) toon +2 $)+e = Fogle +1)-Ftog(s—1)+ F toa +2) +e [Ans] 2 5 se ee a (ii) Given T leeayese) Ga os A B Let ———_5 = 1+ — + “Gaa)@-b) (=a) (8) => x2 =(x—a) (x-b)+(x-D)A+ (xa... by(x—a)(x-b)] Putting x =a in(1), we get _..{L) {Multiplying both sides ()> a? =(a-a) (a—b)+(a—b)A+(a—a)B > a’ =(a-b)A > A= Putting x =b in (1), we get ()=b? =(b-a) (b-»)+(b-a)A+(b-a)B > b? =(b-a)B abe te ean A B 1 t “pas i = lecta Ete B Gy ac b* ey ba) Retest A log(x-a)- mars log(x —5){Ans.] 2 a log(x-b) = log(x —b) i, =x+ o } Fundamentals rules of integrals:- 1. Find the value of the integrals: (@) J5x°dx, ) flax? +327 —2x+ 5) dx, (©) ffx? -1) dx, (@) [3x7 +4x? ~3x+ 8)dx 2. Evaluate the followings: oe a [OSs fae.542 ||Business Mathematics a bein x, (b) ee dx. : oo 4. Integrate: (a) (2*-3e%* +3" Jax, (b) (ees e 5. Integrate the pee functions with respect to x: o) 2 + (b) VI-Fsin 2x . Ssin? x = x bx? + 3. Byahiate (a) Get PR Eg x +14 6. Find a function whose derivative is: (a) eae (b) Fe 7. Integrate each of the following functions with respect to x: as Beh tae e* —2e% +3 ee at @——=, wo _—.. € € 3 x x 8. Evaluate: (a) |——dx, (b) [——dx. oO 9. Evaluate each of the following integrals: @ [[se 242-1}, lo) (= : (1x) 7 10. Find a function whose differential is ANSWERS: 5 L wax! +¢,(b)x*+x?—x? Os +x-+0,(d) atoge +E sate 1 s 3 = 2. oe - Seo ye © os 2 ABS +240? -16x7 +6 z ax* blog.x _cx* ee eek te 'b) atanx + bsecx+c. 4k k 4k ” 5 23 2 sen +c, (b) ef 430" Se 40, 3. (a) 4 (@ log.2 2 2 log,3 3; (@) ~Zeoseox+Ftanx +e, (b) sinx-—cosx+c go i 6. (a) v($ x °-8} 0, () Gxt 42x? +e. Lacs eon 2.@ te —e* —3e* +0, (b) eS += te.2 8.(a) x—log(x +1) +e, ) FF tatlog(e-l)+e Integration and Use in Business Problems ||543 at awk ‘ Lae 27 3p, 9. (a) x —2logxt 56 x+C, () a - a 10. pe 2 3 Method of substitution: 54) v 2 a 5. Evaluate the following: (a) ee (fie sin(e*}ix, (©) ey a x find te integrals ofthe following functions with respect ©: (a) sinxcosx, (b) sec" xtanx (6) tan’ xsec” x. find the value of (a) fx(x? +1) dx, () HES © fx’ Riis Find the functions whose derivatives are: (a) sin x cos” x, Be sec? x. (©) me man's Find the value of the following integrals: (a) [fan (b) — 4x (0) [Ss a ANSWERS Ty = . (a) = Sows ete, () . @), abe +1) +0.) Ssint re.) AG +5) tc. @) Floe(s tanx+1)+o, )-cose")+e © ae 4 x tan‘ x +c,(c) +c. eToat (@) — xtc, (b) e&™ +e (c) -2c0sVx tc. T 2x' +1 oar (a) en = +c, (b) Lene = ho; = Standard Integrals:- le f di f dx é dx Dx? —Ixt1* "1 745x—3x? ” T544cosx x7dx 5x-2 [ pe eRe dis : aa a eae oa544 ||Business Mathematics ANSWERS 2 1 6x-5 1. tan'(Qx-1)+e. 2. =sin! Jee. ¥3 Vi09 aie gg eal 3. tan Sale 2y2 S 2 Cea 3 V5, (2x-1 4. —log(2x’ -2x +3)+~tan7 +e Soe -2043)+ Sn (28= 2. . 5% stan—|+ 6. >tan”|—tanx |+e pe! (3 x) : 6 pete ae Integration by parts:- Integrate the following functions w. r. to x: 1 xtsinx, 2. x%e™, 3. logx, 4, x*logx, 5. xtanx, 6, * sin(bx +c), 7. 2, : (x+1) i teat : 3 SE, 9, SO 10, xsec'x, 11, xsec?x, 12. cotx 13, +xloex) Wise 1k S * Integration using partial fraction:- Integrate the following function w. r. to x: 3 1. x 2. 1 3 x 4. cosx (x=1)2x+1)’ “ x-x?" ~ (K=a)x—b\x-c) * (1+sinxX2+sinx) S 1 é sin2x S 1 4sin 2x (sinx + 1)sin x +2)sinx +3) 3sin x + sin2x ]EFINITE INTEGRALS ‘oncept of definite integral and area under a curve are related to each other. In particular, uppose y= f(x)is a continuous function defined on a closed interval, I=[a,b] and £(x)2 0 (non-negative) for all x in I. Then for a, ‘ bel, the definite integral. [f(x)dx is the area under the graph of y=f(x) and above the x-axis between the lines x=a and x=b, as shown in the figure. Definition: Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on the closed interval, I=[a,b] and F(x) be an anti- derivativeIntegration and Use in Business Problems 545 > of f(x) in the same interval. Then for a,beL the value f(x) dx=F(b)—F(a) is called the D definite integral from a to b of (x). In f ‘f(x)dx, the numbers a and b are termed as lower and upper limits of integration respectively. Working Rule: . For evaluating the definite integral ff(x)dx = F(x) * =F(b)-Fla) Gi) integrate Jelc)ax without considering lower and upper limits as usual. > : Gi To calculate F(x) . first replace x by the upper limit b obtaining F(b) and the replace x by the lower limit a obtaining F(a). Subtract F(a) from F(b). This gives the required value of definite integral. The value of definite integral is unique and well defined, because in its evaluation, the constant of integration disappears. & 10 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL ze Reeate the order of the limits of integration changes the sign of the definite integral. file) ae=— fro) ae v7 2 If the upper limit of integration equals the lower limit of integration, the value of the definite integral is zero. [f(x) de= Fla)~F(a)=0 3. The definite cel can be expressed as the sum of component sub integrals. i) ae=f700) dx++ [roan asbsc. 4. te sum or difference of ee definite integrals with identical limits of integration is equal to the ae eee of the sum or difference of the two functions. > [ne o)afel x) dx= Ire £a(x)] dx 5 The definite integral of a constant sas a function is equal to the constant times the definite integral of the function. fr) dx=k { f(x) dx 6. If £(x) is continuous on [a,b] then {r@) ac Jfla-x) ax a 3 =-71546 ||Business Mathematics 1 Dlustration-25: Evaluate f (Gx-2)-dx : 2 1 Solution: [(3x-2)'de 3 1 = fx’ -12r44)ar= 3 (6.1 6.17 +4.1)-(.29-6.2? +42) =(3-6+4)-(24-24+8) =1-8=—7 (Ans) 2 ig 1 12.4 4x =[x' -6x° +44] 2 b 3 Ade Mustration-26: Evaluate [-— vx e4 Solution: [x dx i Mlustration-27: Evaluate fee -x dv iy 2 Solution: {(2x” 4 ae melee |) = 2(V4 - V1) =2(2-1) =21 =2 (Ans) x ay - w a4 3s 3 a eeIntegration and Use in Business Problems ||547 wv Iastration($9: evaluate ie px ‘dx : Solution; [= =|In. af; =Ine~Inl =Ine-0=Ine =1 (Ans, i = ae 3 Mlustratic uate (i) fe 2dx Gi) fe*dx ~ ‘ ‘ acon Sa ate (i) fe Gi Je Ny oe 5 Solution: |—— a ca =|In(x + 2)(* = 1In16-In8 = mnie =In2 (Ans.) 1 inosine log x dx p ei ~ 1 Solution: flog.x dx = fltoe 2) ()as=Hlog sf, ~ flea =|xlog a! -[2f, = 1.10g1-0-(1-0) =0-0-1+0 =-1 (Ans) (+ logl=0)548 || Business Mathematics 1 strato) atu Jxe+i)de é -w ca fe Date = fle ee 2 oo 228s. Solution: Jae =lle txldc = + 21,7 So ae) 4 Se [6°+1ns)ax ‘ RY) eS wane Solution: (3° +In x)de — - 4 ete 2p dx+ Jnsae=[) shina f[4s}ax 1 = yy 6-3*)+ 4in4—2In2)-Lf! Ss pa *0M2-21n2)-(¢-2)= 2 soina2 (Ans.) ee ye -tasteationgs) Evaluate ioe: de mn? = es Let, l+e* =z Solution: ie See 3 =] 0 [ind = [© =)nef =in3-in2=in2 (ans) mes 2 o 2 - 5 Hastration-6e:\evaluate foe.) oes NG 5 Ws Souths pe © AN Le 14x? =< ution: . fet 2 Dads = dz 26, 6 z 2 5 TX sf sting? =in26-ins =In= (ans) Le] 5 [26 52Integration and Use in Business Problems ||549 w : Mustration4{7) Evaluate foxVi004.7 ae vi Ac a 8 = Let 100+ x* =z Solution: [6xV100 + x” dx : J 2xdx = de j < aden te “ da _ Az? : = | 6vz.=35 | 02 | a 2 = z_| 100 | 6400 2 ho =3.2{ (e100) - coop} = 2480) -( (10)'}= 2(51,200-1000) = 2(50200)= 100,400 (Ans.) 2 —— fe \4 : w 4 a =[log)x|~ = log|-2]—log|-3] =log2—log3 =log (Ans.) wW Masiraon() \ Solution: BS == ae si =5leels* +f, [: (Ba = ltl] = (los op ee) = los = woe on) aS Mustration-40; Evaluate [xe‘dx 3 2 Solution: fxe‘de 3550 ||Business Mathematics 2 set = iz @fe as| ax =|xe'[, = (2e -0)-(e? ~e9) = 2e? ec? +1 =e? +1 (Ans) - jeter Tilustratiog-4) faluate - (e+) Se Ce = fe 1) ae pc eek 3 (x41) dit] (xl) E Joon rtietnasore a 7 x(1+ log x)" Illustration-42; Evaluate Suppose 1+ log x= z eet Sh ie md toe z x=1=> 7=1+logl=1 x=e’ => z=I1+loge’ =1+2Ine=3 Illustration! 4 dx Solution: [—; dx =4 = Sey ~ahical asa a) 1 E i a SHog——1 We 2 (Ans: 085 log. Zz 85 (Ans.)Integration and Use in Business Problems ||551 h Illustration-44: Compute the value of the following integrals: [./2x+3 dx ; 4 in Solution: Let [= [oxeBax => V2x-+3.2dx Let, z=2x4+3 j j 3a ee ax dx jw wo! aa ‘ - | og dt® [+f ee ts 255] Ps, | Llane 20 Bert ts 4 aoe , 3s 1 log 9 - log 4J=—k = =—.2 =k alos log 4]= toe )- alee ) i vod 3)=2 oe [Ans]552 ||Business Mathematics 13.11 BUSINESS APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION We know that for any function f(x), the marginal variation denoted by Mf can be obtained by differentiating the function f(x) w.r.tox i.e. Mf -£ = f(x) (a) Find the cost function when marginal cost is given. If the total cost of producing x units of an output is C(x), then the average cost (AC) per unit and marginal cost (MC) are: AC = S CO) ana MC= <- C(x). Note that, marginal cost is the ee of the total cost function f (x) with ae to x. Thus, total cost is the integral of the marginal cost function with respect to x, ie. C(x )= Jucax+ k The value of constant of integration k can be obtained in terms a fixed cost or initial overhead, ic. ie marginal cost function of a product is given as: MC=1.075-0.004x, where x is ind the total and the average cost function of the firm if the cost producing 5 units is x ‘olution: Given MC=1.075-0.004x - \ Integrating w. r. to x, we get o - C= fo 075— =0.004x)a = 1.075x= 008d k= 1.075x-0.002x* +k, k is a constant. When x= 5 the fixed cost _ 2 Tk. - 81.50. Therefore we have 81.50 =1.075x5—0.002x5* +k = 76.175 Hence the total cost is given by C=1.075x-0.002x?+76.175 and average cost, Ss 2 Nea ee 1.075x —0.002x* + 76.175 =1.075— 0.0023 4 28.278 175 [ane x (6) tied the Sotsl revenue function and ddaaard tudcion her the marginal revenue function is given. If p is the price per unit and x is the number of units of an output, then demand function is given by p= f(x). The total revenue R is given by R = px x= xf (x) ‘The marginal revenue (MR) with respect to demand function is given by MR = FR), Hence, the total revenue R is the integral of MR with respect to x. ie. R= urax+c where ¢ is the constant of integration whose value can be calculated in terms of initial demand, i.e. R=0 if the output x is zero. Further; the average revenue (AR) is given by AR= 8@? xIntegration and Use in Business Problems [553 Problem-2: The marginal revenue function of a firm is MR = 28q— e°4, find the total revenue function R(q). What initial condition you would take to determine the constant of integration. Solution: Given MR = 289 - e°** eo R= [MRdg = [(08q-6°*) dq = 149" - 4 @° + k, kis a integration constant, = 14q? - Se"? +k if q=0, then R(0)=0. Therefore, we have 0=14x0-5xe? +k>k=5 Hence, the total revenue function R(q) is given by R= 14q? — Se" +5. {Ans} (©) Find the consumption function when the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is given. For the consumption function C= f(x) where C is the total national consumption and x is the total national income of a person, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is given by MPC 2 dx ‘That is, MPC is the derivative of the consumption function with respect to x. hence, the total national consumption C is given by the integral of MPC with respect to x, Le. C= [MPCax + k, where k isthe constant of integration whose value can be calculated if the value C is known for some x. Further, if x=c+3S, where S is the savings, then the marginal propensity to save is MPS = oy eS dx, dx Problem-3: If the marginal propensity to consume is given by: MPC =1.50+0.20y”, where y is the income, find the total ‘consumption function. Given that C(10) = 4.80 Solution: we have MPC = < =1,50+0.20y~ then the total consumption function is given ly by C= [upcay= fl-s0+0.20y-)ay=1.50y-"29 +4 ‘when C(10) = 4.80 => C = 4.80 for y=10, we have : 480=150x10-220 +k => k= 1018 Hence, the total consumption function is, C = 1.50y- p20 10.18 [Ans] y -72554 ||Business Mathematics Problem-4: If the marginal propensity to save (MPS) is 1.5 +0.2x”, when x is the income. Find the consumption function, given that the consumption is 4.8 when income is 10. Solution: Given MPS = 1.5+0.2x? = SS op= [MPS d= [(1.5+0.2x7 araise+0{ =) Now P=4.8 when x=10 -. 480=15x10-S20 + k= k=-10.18 Hence the consumption function is: P = 1.5x- 22 ~10.18 x Problem-5: The marginal cost function of a product is given by < = 100— 10q + 0.1q”, where q is the output. Obtain the total and the average cost function iq : of the firm under the assumption that its fixed cost is Tk. 500. Solution: Given ae. 100-10g+0.1g? = MC iq Integrating both sides w. r. to.q, we have C= [MCdg = [(100-104 + 0.1q? Jag g¢ g 2,0 =100q-10xL+0.1x£ +k =100q—5q? + +k... “ z 3 pel Now the fixed cost is 500, ie., when q=0, c= 500. £-500 = 1000-504 x04 k= k= 500 3 Hence total cost function is C = 100g —5q? +551 500 J Average cost function is AC = © =+(1009—5q? + © +500 qq 30 Problem-6: The marginal cost function of manufacturing x shoes is 6+10x-6x2. The total cost of producing a pair of shoes is ‘Tk.12. Find the total and average cost function. Solution: Given MC = 6+10x-6x? = <Integration and Use in Business Problems 555 where k is @ : 2 = [tC de= flor10x— 6x2) dr=6x410x7 6 de 2 constant. Now when output, x=2 then cost =12. 2 3 2=6(0)+ 102 6x 2b eka t2-12-20416=-4 __ ‘The total cost function is: C = 6x +52" — 2x4 Further the average cost function AC is given by AC= © 6452-20 —— [Am z = Problem-7: The marginal cost function of a firm is given by MC = 30000" +50 , when x is quantity produced. If fixed cost is Tk. 80,000, find the total cost function of the firm. Solution: The total cost function of the firm is given by TC= [(MC)dx +k, where k is constant of integration. 03x «TC = [(3000e"** +50 )dx +k = 300% 55 450x+k =100002* +50x+k when x=0, TC=80,000, therefore, we have, 80,000 = 10,000-+k => k= 70,000 =. TC =10000e"** + 50x + 70,000 Probler € marginal cost is given by MC=4+ Sx+ Fe -* where x is the quantity produced: Find the total cost of production when x=2, if Fixed cost 's Tk. 6. Solution: we have, MC = 4+ 5x? + 3 e One a> TC = [MCax= [| 4+5x° +567 |ax 2 2 aes = S Se “4k, where k isa integration constant, Given that when output x=0, total cost (TC)=6 115 g440-3.c0,1353+/2 = 74.28.63 Ans) ee 2556 ||Business Mathematics Problenkg§y/ff the marginal revenue function for output xis given by MR = ara find ar the total revenue function and deduce the demand function. Solution: Given MR =—°__ 4.5 (x+2) Total revenue function is given by R= [MRax = te a sha x 6 6 = | det 5 [de =-—__ + 5x4+k uo j Gay Since total revenue is zero at x =0, we get 0=-Sikok=3 6 o R=3- +5x x+2 3x+6-6 3 Also we know R= pxx=> p= soe ses oS x 2a Hence p=—>_+5 is there juired demand function. [Ans] E x+2 a (qd) Relation between Profit, Marginal cost and Revenue Suppose the marginal cost and the marginal revenue functions of a firm are given. We have to find the maximum profit of this firm. Now question is, how to calculate the maximum profits? By equating marginal cost to marginal revenue, we can find the output that maximizes total profits. To calculate total profits at this output, we have dP_ dR. dC dR _dC =o 02 <== = MR=MC dk dx dx de dx Where P, R, C and x represent the total profit, total revenue, total cost and output respectively. Again, Bae oe ae dx dx dR dC Integrating, we have P = [— dx — —dx+k=R-C+k grating, ve P= f e = Where the constant of integration k can be found from the additional information given. Profit is maximized when marginal revenue equals marginal cost, given the assumption of pure Competition. Total profit is the integral of marginal revenue minus marginal cost from zero quantity to quantity for which profit is maximized.Integration and Use in Business Problems ||557 Problem-10: The marginal cost of production of a firm is given as C(q)=5 + 0.13q. Further, the marginal revenue is R'(q)= 18. Also it is given that C(0)=Tk. 120. Compute the total profits. Solution: For maximum profits, marginal cost=marginal revenue. ie, C'(q)= Rg) 5+0-134= 183 q= 22, =100 Also P(q)= JR'(a) da- [c'(a)aa= R(q)-C(a) - Now R(q)= JR'(q)4q= fisdq=189+%,, K, isaconstant Put k, =0, as under pure competition, total revenue =Pricex quantity. -R(q)=18q and C(q)= [C(@) dq= f(6+0.13¢) dq= a5q1 ag +hk is a constant, From the information C(0)= Tk. 120, we get C(0)=5x0+ 72204 k, =120 ky =120 2C(q)= sq+ Eg +120 = 5q-+0.06q? +120 Hence profit, P(q)= R(q)— C(q)=18q — 5q - 0.065q" - 120 = 13q— 0.065q? - 120 =. when q=100, total profits is P(100) = 13 -100 — 0,065(100) -120 =1300-650-120= — {Ans] Problem-11: The sunrise co. Ltd: Has approximated the marginal revenue function for one of its products by MR=20x-2x°. The marginal cost function is approximated by MC =81—16x+.x°. Determine the profit maximizing output and the total profit at the optimal ‘output. Solution: For Profit-maximizing output, MR = MCi.e., 20x—2x? =81-16x+ x" = -B1436x—3x? = 0 x? -12x+27=0= (x-3) (x- 9)=0= x=39 NowMP=MR-MC= 52 = MR-MC= 200-28 -81+16:—2° =-3x? +36x—81 2 For maximum profit, <> <0 - To verify this, we first find ee -{(¢ = 4 (3x? +36x-81)=-6x +36 det dx\ dx) dx : Now when x=3,2-2 =-6x3+36=18>0 and558 ||Business Mathematics @P when x=9, =-6x9+36=-18<0. Therefore, at x= 9, profit is maximum. 9 9 9 Total profit, re~ [aas={( ax? +36x—8i)ix= ais 0 = [9° +1859? -81x9]=0 ie no profit [Ans] itom Co. Ltd. Suffers a loss of Tk.121.50 if one of its special products does not self,” Marginal revenue is approximated by MR=30—6x and marginal cost by MC =~24+3x. Determine the total profit function, the break-even Pints, and the total profit between breakeven points. Solution: For total profit, we first determine marginal profit MP = MR- MC = (30-6x)-(-24 +3x)=54—9x 2 Total profit function, TP = [MPdx= {(54—9x)de = 54x - = ey Since a loss of Tk 121.50 occurs when there is no sale, k must equal —121.5. Consequently, total profit function equals: P(a)=121.504541—-2.7 Solving for break-even points, set P(x)=0 => 0 =—121.54 54x -3r 2 = ROOF 02 9st 1081 4269-0 x1 “1204270 => (x-3\(x-9)=0> x=39 Integrating the profit function between break-even points will give total profit between break- even points. 9 iS rea {(-iiseste-2.? 3 2 -[-ts0 = Tk.162. [Ans]Integration and Use in Business Problems ||559 CONSUMER’S SURPLUS Suppose P = f(x)=D(x) be the demand function for a commodity, where P is the price which the consumer is willing to pay, and x is the quantity of the commodity. Obviously this function is the decreasing function because as P. increases, the quantity x is which the consumer is willing tobuy decreases. If p, is the market price and x, is the corresponding market demand for the commodity, then the consumer expenditure will be X,P,. Now Consumer who would be willing to pay more than P, {itis also the price at which producer is willing to sell) will gain. The total expenditure of the consumer for buying the quantity x is felxx. The net gain to consumer is represented by the area below the demand curve and abové the line P=Pp.This area is called the consumer’s surplus. In other words, consumer's surplus is the Fig: Consumer’s Surplus amount which a consumer is willing to pay for a commodity rather than go without it, minus what he would have to pay actually for it at the market price. CS is evaluated as: ‘Consumer’s surplus= i F(x)dx— pox = [reac PoXo a @ Remarks: 1. under pure competition, the price P, is determined by equating the demand and supply functions and from this relation the demand X,y is calculated. 2. under monopoly, the price P, is determined by the relation MR = MC. From this price value P, , we obtain the corresponding value of X, and then the consumer’s surplus is calculated in the usual way. Problem-13: The demand law for a commodity is P = 20- q—q?. Find the consumer's surplus when the demand is 3. Solution: Here p= f(q)=20-q-q° “When the demand g, = 3,the price p) = 20-3-(3) =8 ; Consumer's surplus = (a)da~ pod = [00-a-2") dq~(8x3) o é560 ||Business Mathematics Problem-14: The quantity sold and the corresponding price, under a monopoly are determined by the demand function p=25—x’ and the marginal cost MC=15+x in such a way as to maximize profit. Determine the corresponding consumer's surplus. A Solution: Revenue, R = xp = x(25-x’)=25x-x°, Therefore, Marginal revenue (MR) = & = Ses ~x?)=25-3x? ix The profit is maximum when MR = MC. ie. 25-3x? =15+x => 3x7+x-10=0>x " w But quantity cannot be negative, hence x # 2. ‘ ‘Therefore, when m= F then py -25-(3) = 25-23-20 51 51, #-Consumer's Surplus = {(25~ x?) dx— pyxy = fes-#) )ate~3e20 j j 5, 343 3 * = ifs) 4 e| pe | NE 2{3)-4(8) J- J eae 3 27 2 3\3 a alintegration and Use in Business Problems \561 PRODUCER’S SURPLUS Suppose p = g(x)= s(x) be the supply function for a commodity. If-p, is the market price and X, is the corresponding market supply for the commodity, then the producer's revenue will be XoPo. Now producer Picture. P who would be willing to supply the commodity below the market price py (it is the price at which consumers is willing to buy) will earn the revenue as shown in figure. The total revenue of the producer for supplying the es gaa quantity x is Jelxiex. é The net revenue to producer is represented by the area io amet above the supply curve and below the line p=po- This area is called the producer's surplus and PS is evaluated as: e % Producer's surplus = pop — [ f(x) dx = x Po— f(x) ax 3 3 Problem-15: If the supply law is p=(x+2) and the price is fixed as pp =25, find the producer's surplus. Solution: Given p=(x +2) and p, =25. Now p=(x +2)? => 25= (x) +2) > x, +2=5>%, 5 Producer's surplus = Xop— (x +2)'dx =3x25- f{x+2)rax =75~ j 3 Problem-16: If the supply curve is p=~J10+ x and the quantity sold in market is 6 units, find the producer’s surplus. Solution: Given p=V10+x If xp =6, then p, = ¥10+6 =4 JX) =6 and py =4 ‘ Hence producer's surplus, PS = %5 Pp — I p(x)dx = 6x4 — [/10+x dx 3 3 12.78 = ne =24-2[16)*—Gop?]=2.42 {Ans.] o562 ||Business Mathematics Problem-17: Determine consumer surplus and producer surplus under pure competition for the 2 demand function p=36~x?and supply function p=6+—, where p is the price and x is P ply P=64— quantity. Solution: Under pure competition, market equilibrium conditions can be obtained by equating the demand and supply... Demand = Supply 132 = 36-x 3645 oF a0 94's xem =%, “Py =36-(2v6) =36-24 =12 % oi Consumer's Surplus (CS)= [D(x) dx— py = (36-2?) dx—2V6 x12 3 é 3466 -[2sx -| -24V6 = 72V6 -16V6 — 24/6 = 32/6 lo %y 26 Producer's Surplus = py) ~ [S(x) dx = 2v6 x12- {(o« j 3 ae =2446-|ox+ 5] = 246 -12V6 — 4/6 =8V6 [Ans.] lo Problem-18: Find the consumer surplus and producer surplus under pure competition for demand 1 function p = 4 ~2 and supply function p=—(x +3), where p is price and x is quantity, Solution: Under pure competition, market equilibrium conditions can be obtained by equating the demand and supply. Si-22 Le 43) 16-a(e+1)= (043) (x+1) = 16-4x—4=x? + 4x +3 => x7 +8x-9=0 > (x49) (x-1)=0 +x =lor x=-9 But x #~9 as quantity cannot be negative. x =1 (x+3)=$(143)=2, When x =1,p = Ay 1 8 c lus = (D(x) d= ——=2 |dx-1x2 ‘onsumer surplus Joe) roe (8 ) = [Blog(x +1)-2x}, -2=8log2-2-2=8log2-4, 5 : Producer surplus = pyxy— [5(x) de=1x2— Fleta)ax : :Integration and Use in Business Problems ||563 - 1 =o-|1) eae =2-i(4es pd oh Zo ee 22 aA Problem-19: The demand and supply function under perfect competition are y =16—x* and y = 2x? +4 respectively. Find the market price, consumer's surplus and producer’s surplus. Solution: Demand function: y = 16— x* (1) Supply function: y= 2x? +4 — ...(2) ‘Subtracting (1) from (2), we have 0=12-3r = 2 ax, When x= 2,y=16-(2) =12=y, ‘Thus when the quantity demanded or supplied is 2 units, the price is 12 units. 2 Consumer's surplus = {(16—x*) dx—2x12 0 3 ees Crees ieee 3 3 3 2 Producer's surplus = 2x12 {(2x° +4) de i : 2 16 =24-|2% 44x] 224-[ 1048] = 3210.67 (ans 3 6 a 3 Problem-20: Demand and supply functions are D(x)=(12— 2x)’ and S(x)=56+4x respectively. Determine CS under monopoly (so as to maximize the profit) and the supply function is identified with the marginal cost function, Solution: Total revenue = TR = xxD(x) = (144-48 44x?)x = 144x — 48x? + 4x? MR = A (iaax —48x? +4x")=144 96x + 12x" x Since the supply price is identified with MC, we have MC = 56+ 4x In order to find CS under monopoly, i.e., to maximize profit, we must have, MR = MC => 144 -96x +12x? = 56 + 4x = 12x” -100x +88=0 => 3x? —25x+22=0=x=1=X, or x= =x when x» =1,D(x))= py = (12-2x1)° =100564 || Business Mathematics 1 \ 4 CS= f(l12—2x)' = xop, = [44 —48x-+-4x? dx 1100 3 é 2 37} =| 144x 48.44%} ~100=144-2444—100=™ units, ie Bi, 3 3 44) _ 64 9 Again when x, =2.% -(n-4 2p oe “CS = J (44482443?) ax SxS é Easy Integration: Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Mathematically, let f(x) bea given function of x such that Lay = f(x), then F(x) is called an Indefinite Integral of F(x) with respect to x and is denoted by Jf (x) de = F(x)+C. tn this case, the process of finding F(x) is called integration and f(x) is called Integrand and C is called constant of integration. Forexample: £@)=30 but PBx?de= x? +C. Constant of integration: We nave [F()= f(x) and LiF) +cl= f(x). Therefore, by definition we have, [ f(x) de = F(x)+ Coser(l) Here the arbitrary constant C (which is independent of x) is usually referred to as the constant of integration. ‘Types of Integration: Integration may be divided into two categories such as 4 (@ Indefinite integration, Example: [x°dx = = +C, which is indefinite value: 3 3 3 and (ii) definite integration; Example: fx°dx + i =26'-2°)=!2 | whictris definite Le 3 value.Integration and Use in Business Problems ||565 2 Definite Integration: Let f(x) dx= F(x)+C. then [f@dr= |Foy +e}, ={F(b)+ C}-{F(a)+C} = FO) - F(a), which is definite. Therefore the integral > J ‘f(x)dx is called definite integral of f(x) from a to b and here ais called lower limit and b is called upper limit of integration. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is the correct formula of {x" dx? ee eee OS He @ ote n+l n+l n+l 2. Choose the correct integration of fe™* dx? (a) e+e (b) sete 2+ @ Lexse 2x r 2 3, Find out the right integration of [3* dx? 3 1 =3* +c (b) —5+ —— te @ + Ot eee tose eee dx 4, What is the correct integration of ae @) Sine () Sin'= +e (©) Sin*x+c (d) Sin"3x+e 5. Which is right of lee oS Ts 1 5 1, 44x ix a) —tan’—+c (b) logy—\x+ +4)p+ —log——+e (d) tan ~ +e OF a 0 toe x ) OF Bey (d) ta 4 6. What is the appropriate formula of fuvdx? @ v fude— f £coffadfe () u frdx— fLovffuadle © » fvde— {Laff (o) u fodx— fLcnlfuas la56 ||Business Mathematics 7. Find out the correct integration of {x Sinx dx. (a) Cosx—Sinx+e (b) Sinx-xcosx+c — (¢) Sinxt+xcosx+e (d) Cosx+xsinx+c 2 8. What is the value af: wa wz (b) -t0 “705 3 9. Choose the value of 12 x*dx (a) 78 (b) 280 (©) 120 (@) 240 1 = x6 10. Which is the correct value of f (x*-2x+3)dx (@)9 (0-9 (©)0 (427 0 Which one of the following statement is true/false? a. Integrations are of three kinds. b. Anti-derivative is called integration. ¢, fatdx= +0 Ina » : 4. frodde= [fina q ; ©. fede =2e" + b £. The definite integral f ‘f (x)dx represents area of ffx) from ato b. Brief Questions 1. Mention the types of integration. 4 2. What is the value of fax? 3 3. What is the value of [2* dx? 2 4. What is the value of fe” dx? j 5. jf (u.v)dx = 7, where u and v are both functions of x. 6. What is the value of [xyx dx? 7. What is the value of fox+2+edx =? 8. Evaluate: flog xdx,Integration and Use in Business Problems ||567 1, Distinguish between differentiation and integration. 2, Distinguish between definite and indefinite integration. 3. What do you mean by constant of integration? 4, What is indefinite integration? 5. What is definite integration? 6. Why definite integral called definite ? 7. If MC = 2x45, then what will be the total cost? Numerical questions - ae ) je. © fora. @ saad: 1. Evaluate (a) f 2. Find the value of : (a) nee pu aoe j344sinx’” J Vsinx +Jcosx 2 i 3. Evaluation the following integrals: (a) —-_ las Deas el ve dx JNT-x4Vx 4 Vxde 4 . Evaluate (i) 4, Evaluate (i Jee a £ a a cos xdx 4 See Sey OE Olan pay OSS: ete) [eae he Olen ceeery os ; = rae . Gideon ee i AO eee O eee 4 > feta é 6. If marginal cost of a fitm is given by MC(q)= 2+ Se* find the total cost if C(0)= 100 Also find average cost. What will be the marginal average and total cost for = 60units? 7. ‘The marginal cost function of a firm is 100-10x +0.1x?, where x is the output, Obtain ‘the total cost function of the firm under the assumption tha its fixed cost is Tk, $00. 8. The marginal cost of production of consumer goods is found to be MC = 200 40x + Be) where x is the number of units produced. The fixed cost of production is Tk, 18,000. Find the cost function. If the manufacturer fixes the price per unit at Tk, 6800, a. Find the revenue function. b. Find the profit function.568 ||Business Mathematics 10. AL 12. 13. 14, 15, 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. ce Find the sales volume that gives maximum profit? d. ‘Whaat is the profit at this sales volume? A company determines that the marginal cost of producing x units of a particular commodity during a one-day operation is MC = 16x —1591. The selling price of commodity is fixed at Tk. 9. per unit and the fixed cost is Tk. 1800 per day. ‘What is the maximum profit that can be obtained in a one day operation? 3 3a +. The marginal revenue function of a service-providing firm is given by 7—4x —x*. Find the total revenue function and the demand function of that organization, If the marginal revenue and the marginal cost for an output x of a commodity are given are as MR =5~4x +3x’ and MC =3+ 2x respectively, and if the fixed cost is zero, find the profit function and the profit when the output is x = 4. If the marginal cost function is given by MC ind fixed cost is Tk. 2, find the average cost for 4 units of units of output, If the marginal cost function is MC=x?-16x+20and marginal revenue function is MR = 20— 2x, determine the profit-maximizing output and the corresponding total profit. Cost is in units of Tk. 1000 and x is in units of output. 2 x The demand function and supply function of a firm are given by: D(x)=25-Sx+—— and 2 x S{x)= Sx =P. Determine the consumer's and the producer’s surplus. Assume a monopoly situation. : . ae ean 25_pP Find the consumer's surplus (at equilibrium price) if the demand function. is q=-g and supply function is p=5+q. Find consumer’s surplus and producer's surplus defined by the demand curve D(x)= 20—5x and supply curve S(x)=4x +8. ‘The quality sold and the corresponding price under monopoly are determined by the demand law p=16—x* and by the MC=6+x< in such a way as to maximize the profit. Determine corresponding consumer surplus. 2 ‘The demand law and marginal cost of a firm is given by p=45—x?and MC =6+5- respectively. Determine consumer surplus. Assume that the demand and average cost curves of steel are: p=234-1.34x and AC -1- 0,83+0.85x, x is the quantity of steel demanded, Show that consumer's surplus under monopoly and perfect competition is 0.351 and 0.129 respectively. Find the consumer's surplus if the demand curve is D(x) = 50 —0.025x?. It is known that the market quantity is 20 units.