Purposive
Communication
Borgonia, Khryzlin May C.
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1. Verbal communication- Function of verbal communication
•Verbal communication helps us define reality. We use verbal communication to define everything from
ideas, emotions, experiences, thoughts, objects, and people (Blumer, 1969). We use verbal communication to
define reality, organize, think, and shape attitudes.
2. Non-verbal communication- Function of non-verbal communication
• A primary function of nonverbal communication is to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or
contradicting verbal communication. Nonverbal communication is also used to influence others and regulate
conversational flow.
3. Types of Verbal and Non-verbal communication
• Verbal Communication
1. Interpersonal
One-to-one communication takes place when individuals exchange information, such as ideas or opinions, in words. Here, two or more
people take turns sending and receiving information. The exchange of information can happen in face-to-face meetings, on the phone, or via
online platforms. Strong interpersonal communication can add value to a conversation and enhance personal interactions. When using
interpersonal communication, it's important to be mindful of your tone of voice, gestures, expressions, and body language, as they may
convey a motive behind your words.
2. Intrapersonal
Intrapersonal communication is communication that occurs internally. It may include self-talk, acts of imagination, visualization or
recall, where an individual processes their thoughts. Interpersonal communication can play a crucial role in various social and personal
functions. This type of communication can remain a personal introspection, or it can lead you to communicate verbally.
3. Small group communication
Small group communication may happen when more than two people are present. Here, the number of participants may be small
enough to allow each person to interact or converse with others. Small group communications usually focus on completing specific tasks or
accomplishing certain goals. Board meetings, weekly team meetings, and press conferences are typical examples of small-group
communication. In the workplace, small group communication may help individuals perform informal roles, collaborate, and develop a sense
of belonging.
For small group discussions to be successful, members may have to discuss a specific issue. Member attributes can play a role in small
group formations. For example, a person who understands the group's task may emerge as a leader and recruit members, then assign roles
that affect the group's structure. The size, structure, identity and interaction pattern may all influence small group communications.
4. Public communication
This method of communication usually takes place when one person talks to many people, such as a crowd. Public speeches during
election campaigns are good examples of public communication. In most cases, the information goes in one direction. There is usually a
person who addresses or conveys information to many recipients. With public communication, the speaker may try to disclose and explain
an idea to an audience. A good example is a lecturer giving a speech at an industry conference. Disseminating crucial information to the
masses via TV and radio can be an integral part of public communication.
4. Search 5 communication models and make illustration
5. Types of communication according to context
Intrapersonal
communication with oneself. Impression formation and decision making. symbols and meaning, observations and
attributions; ego involvement and persuasion. Self-talk, Visualization.
Interpersonal
Face-to-face communication. Relationship maintenance strategies; relational intimacy; relationship control;
interpersonal attraction. More research. All traditions.
Small group
Communication with a group of people. Gender and group leadership; group vulnerability; groups and stories; group
decision making; task difficulty. At least 3 and less than seven.
Organizational
Communication within and among large and extended environments. Organizational hierarchy and power; culture and
organizational life; employee morale; opinions and worker satisfaction. Hierarchy.
Public/rhetorical
Communication with a large group of listeners. Audience. Communication apprehension; delivery effectiveness; speech
and text criticism; ethical speechmaking; popular culture analysis. Speech, debate, entertain, perform, persuade.
Mass/media
communication to a very large audience through mediated forms. Use of media; affiliation and television programming;
television and values; media and need fulfillment; effects of social networking sites. Television, news, Facebook.
Cultural
religion, race, geography, age, sex, and gender. Communication between and among members of different cultures.
Culture and rule-setting; culture and anxiety; hegemony; ethnocentrism.
• Types of communication according to mode
1. Interpretive Communication
Also referred to as the “one-way communication”, in this mode, the information conveyed by the sender is interpreted by the receiver
in its original form. The target has to understand the message in both written and spoken form keeping various aspects in mind. For example,
in a class, the learners may not understand every word said by the teacher but are expected to understand the main crux of the topic.
2. Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange information through verbal and nonverbal messages. It is an
unmediated mode of communication that occurs when we interact and attempt to mutually influence each other, simultaneously, in order to
manage relationships. Although interpersonal communication can encompass oral, written, and non-verbal forms of communication, the
term is usually applied to spoken communication that takes place between two or more individuals on a personal or face-to-face level.
3. Presentational Communication
Presentational Communication is another type of one-way communication, which facilitates interpretation by members of another
group where no direct opportunity for the active negotiation of meaning between members of the two groups exists. With this mode of
communication, a person is speaking to an audience that can be rehearsed, pre-prepared, or scripted.
4. Linguistical or Alphabetic Communication
As one of the popular modes of communication, Linguistical or Alphabetic Communication mainly refers to written or spoken
communication where the sender conveys their message through writing on a paper or through speaking.
Examples: Text messages, audio messages, emails, speech, notes and lists, etc.
5. Gestural Communication
Gestural Communication has its quintessential emphasis on body language and physical movements to communicate messages. Sign
Language is the best example of the gestural mode of communication as those who can’t talk or hear are able to communicate best through
their gestures and have their own set of unique languages to converse in. While this mode of communication is mainly combined with
spatial, aural or linguistic ones, it can also be used individually given that both the sender and receiver have common points of reference
and meanings to have an understandable communication.
6. Aural Communication
As the name suggests, oral communication uses audio mode to convey messages whether it is through sounds or spoken audio. The
speaker’s voice and pronunciation need to be clear and precise with no background noise.
Example: Radio, audio messages, music, recordings, songs, audiobook.
7. Visual Communication
Visual Communication can be simply termed non-verbal communication as it comprises visual messages from the sender to the
receiver. It is one of the oldest modes of communication when the ancient people didn’t know a language to communicate with, it is through
pictures, drawings and symbols that they were able to talk and converse with each other.
Examples: Pictures, Videos, Charts, Graphs, Symbols
8. Spatial Communication
Spatial Communication elaborates upon the use of physical space in the text as well as its overall structure to convey certain
meanings and messages. The physical layout of any written text is deliberately designed to make it look a certain way and adhere to a
particular theme. Websites also use this unique mode of communication in choosing a certain font, style, design and layout to make any
website user-friendly and more interactive.
9. Multimodal Communication
Multimodal Communication can be simply referred to as communication through varied modes such as verbal, written, gestures, etc.
There are different modes under multimodal communication and it is popularly used in higher education to accentuate the learning
experience for students. Here are the major 5 modes of communication:
1. Linguistical or Alphabetic: Either written communication or spoken communication
2. Gestural: Using Gestures
3. Visual: Pictures, Videos, Infographics
4. Aural: Audio, Music, Sounds
5. Spatial: Physical coordination, positions, proximity
10. Various Cultural and Intercultural Modes of Communication
Several cultural modes of communication are specific to each area and culture. It can be symbolic usage of actions, body language,
etc. The culture of a person is not just what they eat or wear but also how they communicate.
•Types of communication according to purpose and style
1. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication encompasses all communication using spoken words, or unspoken words as in the case with sign language. It is
important to understand how to effectively communicate your ideas verbally in order to avoid misunderstandings and maximize interest
while you speak. Make sure to use the right type of language, speak clearly, know your audience, respond in the best way, and use an
appropriate tone when speaking.
2. Nonverbal Communication
What is actually being said is only half the battle — the rest lies in what isn’t being said. This means your tone, facial expressions, body
language, hand movements, and eye contact. When you make yourself aware of what the rest of you is doing as you speak, you can make
corrections and eventually use all the right nonverbal cues to convey your point.
3. Written Communication
Written communication is a form of verbal communication, but it is so different than spoken verbal communication that this form gets
its own separate type. Written communication can take the form of anything you write or type such as letters, emails, notes, texts,
billboards, even a message written in the sky! With written communication, it is important you know your audience, your purpose, and
maintain consistency throughout your written message.
4. Visual Communication
Visual communication is one you may not have heard of, but it is one that complements the other types of communication well. Visual
communication is delivering information, messages, and points by way of graphical representations, or visual aids.
Some commonly used examples are slide presentations, diagrams, physical models, drawings, and illustrations. When you use visual
communication in addition to verbal, nonverbal, and written communication, you create a very effective way for your message to be heard
and understood.
5. Listening
Listening is a surprisingly important part of communication and in order to be a great communicator, you must master the art of
listening. Remember that listening doesn’t just mean hearing, or politely waiting for your turn to speak. When others are speaking, you
should practice active listening, which means that you are engaging your mind while the person speaks, intently focusing on what they are
saying.
6. Models of communication
Linear model of communication
The linear or transmission model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.1, describes communication as a linear, one-way process in
which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message
within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather
than part of an ongoing process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does
not. The scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed by Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker,
message, and hearer. They were also influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as
telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949).
Interactive model of communication
The interactive or interaction model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.2, describes communication as a process in which
participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical
and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model
incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to
other messages. For example, your instructor may respond to a point you raise during class discussion or you may point to the sofa when
your roommate asks you where the remote control is. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the
roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two
sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication
encounter going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very
quickly and often without conscious thought.
Transaction model of communication
As the study of communication progressed, models expanded to account for more of the communication process. Many scholars view
communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don’t send messages like computers,
and we don’t neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can’t consciously decide to stop
communicating because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model differs from the transmission
and interaction models in significant ways, including the conceptualization of communication, the role of sender and receiver, and the role of
context (Barnlund, 1970).
7. Search news article- any of the ff:
a. Politics and economy
b. Health and care
c. Environmental
Guest Articles
Bright Future Facts Related to Solar Energy
By Solar Panel Installation (Philipines)
The sun is an abundant natural resource that humanity has harnessed since ancient times. Technological developments
have provided society with several ways to utilize this natural resource. In energy production, solar energy is acquired by
capturing heat and light from the sun.
Solar energy harnessing technology can be classified into two categories. These are active solar systems and passive
solar systems.
Active solar systems harness solar energy using electrical and mechanical components such as photovoltaic systems,
voltage controllers, blowers, and pumps to capture and convert the sun’s energy.
On the other hand, passive solar systems harness solar energy without active mechanical or electrical devices. Instead,
solar energy is captured by orienting a structure to the sun, selecting materials with favorable light-dispersing properties,
and developing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Solar energy is one of the world’s most popular renewable energy sources. Here are some benefits and bright future
facts related to solar power to further your appreciation for going solar.
Highly abundant energy source
According to energy.gov, solar energy is the most abundant energy resource on the planet. About 173,000 terawatts of
solar energy strike Earth constantly. That’s 10,000 times more than what the world uses as energy.
Environment-friendly
Solar energy is one of the most renowned environment-friendly energy sources. Solar harnessing technology and
power plants do not produce air pollution or greenhouse gases.
The clean energy produced by solar energy harnessing equipment far exceeds the carbon footprint associated with the
raw materials used to build them. As a result, solar energy has a significantly lower impact on the environment than other
energy sources.
Back on the grid
Grid technology allows any extra energy generated by a solar-powered home or business to be fed back to the grid.
When renewable energy resources are unavailable, the grid can supply electricity.
In addition, if your town or city has “,” you may get a credit on your power bill. This is when excess electricity generated
by renewable energy systems pulls back your electricity meter as it is fed back into the grid.
Slowing climate change through solar
Energy pollution is the highest contributor to air pollution worldwide. According to the American Geosciences Institute,
the major energy sources in the United States are petroleum, gas, and coal.
Most American homes are running on energy that produces CO2 and methane. Solar energy users can slow global
climate change by reducing the pollution from using coal and natural gases.
One of the cheapest energy sources
In 2017, solar electricity costs dropped from $0.28 to $0.06 per kilowatt-hour for utility-scale photovoltaic solar power.
In addition, residential and commercial-scale solar electricity expenses have dropped from $0.52 to $0.16 and $0.40 to $0.11
per kilowatt-hour, respectively.
This makes solar power one of the cheapest alternatives to fossil fuels, coal, and natural gas, costing anywhere
between $0.05 to $0.10 per kilowatt-hour.
Renewable energy rooftops
Rooftops are one of the most excellent locations for solar panel technology to harness the sun’s energy. As a result,
households and businesses can obtain renewable energy that would’ve been wasted otherwise.
The last decade has shown a sharp decline in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems costs. This decline was driven by PV
module efficiencies and hardware and inverter costs.
According to a report from Nrel.gov, “Since 2010, there has been a 64%, 69%, and 82% reduction in the cost of
residential, commercial-rooftop, and utility-scale PV systems, respectively.”
Solar-powered roads
Solar roads are constructed using solar photovoltaic technology. This technology can help generate renewable energy
from public roads, residential streets, driveways, and parking lots.
Solar roads can have many benefits. For example, their energy can power nearby communities, heat roads during
winter to prevent vehicles from skidding, distill water in areas with limited access to clean water supplies, charge electric
vehicles, and many more!
Where Solar Shines the Brightest
Solar energy is the most abundant energy resource in the world and has some of the most positive impacts on the
environment. This energy helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, carbon footprint, and many more!
By going solar, humanity’s reliance on fossil fuels will be reduced in favor of one of the most generous, constant
sources of energy available: the sun.
