Janice Ng - Pro A Topic 7C: Control of Internal Environment Homeostasis, hormones, osmoregulation, thermoregulation Prepared by Janice NgOsmoregulation Jan 2022 4 The kidneys perform important roles in filtering the blood and maintaining fluid levels in the body. Each kidney contains up to a million functioning units called nephrons. Each nephron consists ofa filtering unit of tiny blood vessels called a glomerulus that is attached to a tubule. {a) The diagram shows part of a human kidney. (Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the location of a single Bowman's capsule (renal capsule). cortex o (ii) Where in the kidney are most amino acids reabsorbed from the nephron? a DA collecting duct O € loopofHenle GB distal tubule GD proximal tubule ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A(i Which row shows the correct pathway taken by a water molecule through the kidney nephron? 7 Route through nephron —————> A | collecting duct | proximal tubule | distal tubule | glomerulus GB [glomerulus | proximal tubule | distaltubule | collecting duct, DC | glomerulus | distal tubule | collecting duct | proximal tubule 3D | proximal tubule | glomerulus | distaltubule | collecting duct (b) Explain how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier to produce concentrated urine. (4) (c) Describe how ADH is involved in the control of the water potential of the blood. (a) October 2021 4 Homeostasis is the state maintained by living systems. (a) Feedback mechanisms are involved in maintaining homeostasis. Describe the difference between a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism. ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A(b) Which statement about the homeostasis of thermoregulation when the human body temperature is 37°C is correct? O) A thermoregulation is no longer required the body no longer generates any heat oooa B the body will be generating more heat than it can lose D the body temperature is maintained in a dynamic equilibrium (©) The health of a kidney can be determined by measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This method measures the rate at which a small molecule called creatinine is filtered from the blood. (Explain how small molecules like creatinine are filtered from the blood in the glomerulus. 3) (ii) In 15 hours, a person excreted 1960mg of creatinine in the urine. Calculate the GFR for this person. Give your answer to 3 significant figures. Answer (@) Intype ll Many people with type Il diabetes are overweight or obese. iabetes, body cells take up less glucose in response to insulin. ‘Some of these individuals have been given surgery to help weight loss. ‘Aclinical trial investigated the effect of surgery on the uptake of glucose by body cells in the presence of insulin. This trial used groups of people who were non-diabetic, people in the early stage of diabetes (pre-diabetic) and people who were type Il diabetics. ‘Tanice Ng - Pro ANon-diabetic 1.07 £029 1394058 Pre-diabetic 0552032 1302088 ‘Type ll diabetic 040+ 0.24 1.10087 (Comment on the results ofthis trial. @) (i) Calculate the difference that surgery makes to the mean uptake of glucose in the non-diabetic group and the type Il diabetic group. a) October 2020 2. The kidney is an organ involved in the excretion of waste materials and in the regulation of blood volume and plasma concentration. (a) The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The diagram shows a single nephron, Ww. ‘Janice Ng- Pro A()Inwhich part of the kidney are structures W and X located? a DA conex 1 © outer medulla 1 B inner medulla 1 D renal pelvis (id) In which structure does ultrafiltration take place? i} oaw cas oe x Doz (ii) Which structures form part of the loop of Henle? a GA Xonly O ¢ Yonly GB Xandy OD Yandz (b) Urea is a toxic substance that is excreted from the body. Explain how ultrafiltration removes urea from the blood. @) (0) The kidney controls blood volume and plasma concentration by regulating the loss of water in urine. ‘Some mammals have adaptations to their kidneys that enable them to live in different habitats. The table shows information about two small mammals. Urn, | ecrondtalathe | ‘emtaceitr sale Mammal | concentaton | Gievascndingoop | "themed of Henle mmol dm? brown rat 2900 36 45 Tangucorat | 5500 3s % Deduce why the kangaroo rat is more successful than the brown rat at living in desert habitats.October 2020 3 Ecstasy (MDMA) isa recreational drug that can have serious toxic effects. (@) The effect of MDMA on ADH concentration in blood has been studied. Incone study, each person in a group of volunteers was given MDMA. The MDMA and ADH concentrations in the blood were measured. The graph shows the results of this study. 50- 5 45. 4 MDMA sd Ei MoMA 3077 rtf 3 ADH concentration 9,1 ‘concentration in the blood ‘ inthe blood 74g dm ‘ i oH 2 pmol dm? 15: Teresa rst + 10 1 5 ° o 0 6 2 18 4 Time / hours (Estimate how long it takes the MDMA concentration in the blood to become 0.0 ug dm, o hours Answer (ii) Calculate the rate of removal of ADH from the blood between 4 and 8 hours. (2) ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A*(b) Taking MDMA causes a person to be very thirsty. This can lead to swelling of the brain, which can be fatal. The table shows some laboratory results for one case in which a person suffered swelling of the brain. Tae Zi a cara | Appt tatingiona | ADHeoncentron een ee prin computed Thours: mmol dm tomography (CT) 96 2 1 neal Comment on the role of ADH in MDMA-induced brain swelling. Use the information in the graph and table as well as your own knowledge to support your answer. October 2018 — Thermoregulation 5 Black bears survive cold winters by hibernating in dens. During hibernation, black bears maintain their core body temperature within narrow limits. (@) Puta cross Bin the box next to the word that completes the following statement. 0 The process of maintaining a steady core body temperature is an example of 1A. chemiosmosis © € phototropism 1B homeostasis © D respiration ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A{(b) The photograph below shows a bear hibernating in its den. The temperature in the den was -10°C. ‘Magnification x0.05 In one investigation, the metabolic activity, core body temperature and shivering of a hibernating bear were measured. The graphs below show the results ofthis investigation. ” 36 35 34 3 32 Core body temperature/*C 31 30 50 31 52 53 34 55 56 57 Days since the start of hibernation Metabolic activity /a.u. oiea une aC 50 51 52 53 54 55. 56 57 Days since the start of hibemation Tanice Ng - Pro ABs 8 8 8 Shivering /a.u. ° 50, 51 52 53 54 55, 56 7 Days since the start of hibemation “4. Using the information in the photograph and the graphs, explain how the ‘bear maintains its core body temperature during hibernation. (5) October 2017 5 Whena person is exercising, there is a change in the levels of hormones released into their bloodstream. ‘Some of these changes are essential for homeostasis. {a) State the meaning of the term homeostasis. ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A 10(b) The table below shows the roles of some hormones and the change in level of these hormones during exercise. hormone role of hormone feed adrenaline | stimulates glycolysis increase ACTH stimulates the conversion of proteins or lipids to glucose | increase ccagon | imustestbe hres gheogen nthe er incase stimulates the conversion of proteins o lipids to glucose insulin | stimulates the ivr to absorb glucose from the blood decrease aldosterone_| causes sodium ions to be taken up into the blood increase ADH increases water take up into the blood increase @ Explain how glycogen is hydrolysed. @) (6) (ii) Explain how transcription factors cause the changes in the levels of some of these hormones in the bloodstream. ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A uJune 2021 4 The kidney is involved in the process of homeostasis in a mammal. (a) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is required for homeostasis. How many of these parts of the kidney respond to ADH? + Bowman's capsule + collecting duct + loop of Henle + proximal tubule o Gai a OB e2 Ops (b) The electron micrograph shows a transverse section of part of a proximal tubule. (Source: htpsu/veterankey.com/solute- reabsorption) (Name the process by which the fluid moves from the plasma into the renal tubule (nephron). ‘Janice Ng- Pro A 12(©) Astudent compared the left renal veins of two individuals. (i) The diameter of the left renal vein of one individual was 4.71 mm. Calculate the cross-sectional area of this vein. (2) Answer mm Gi) The cross-sectional area of the left renal vein of the second individual was 0.194cm*. Calculate the difference in the cross-sectional area in the left renal vein of, these two individuals. () Answer (d) The table shows the concentration of glucose and urea in the blood plasma, ‘glomeruar filtrate and urine of an individual. Concentration | Concentration in| Concentration in urine Substance | in blood plasma glomerular filtrate _ leaving collecting duct Igden? Igdm* Ig dm glucose 150 150 0.00 urea 030 030 21.00 Explain the concentration of glucose and urea inthe urine, Use the information in the table to support your answer. @ (6) An individual produced 083cm* of urine each minute. ‘Galculate the volume of urine produced by this individual in 24 hours. ‘Assume the urine production is at a constant rate. Give your answer in dm’, to two significant figures. @) Answer dm ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A 13June 2019 3 Homeostasis is the maintenance ofa steady internal environment. {@) Negative feedback mechanisms are involved in controlling the internal environment of an organism. Place a cross Bin the box that describes a negative feedback mechanism. ‘When internal body conditions |__Effectors carry out change, sensors detect ‘responses that 1 A increases or decreasesin the amp he change ap increases or decreases in the ees reverse the change 1 € | only increases in the condition | amplify the change TD | only decreases inthe condition | reverse the change (b) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining the internal body temperature during exercise. (4) (@) Homeostasis can involve both hormonal and nervous coordination. Compare the mechanisms used in hormonal and nervous coordination in mammals. @) ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A 14June 2018** 2. Itmay comfort you to know that star-nosed moles (Condylura cristata) ate small animals, tipping the scales at a mere SO grams, about twice the weight of a mouse. They live in shallow tunnels in ‘wetlands across much of the northeastern USS. and eastern Canada and hunt both underground and underwater. Like the other roughly 30 members of the mole family (Talpidae), the star-nosed mole is part of the mammalian order Insectivora, a group known for its high metabolism and voracious appetite. So the tiny star-nosed mole with its big appetite must locate enough prey to survive cold northern winters. It finds earthworms in soil, as other moles do, but in addition it has access to a host of small invertebrates and insect larvae found in the rich mud and leaves of its wetland habitat and in the ponds and streams where it swims along the murky bottom to root ‘out prey. And seeking prey is where the star comes into play. The star is not part of the olfactory system—which governs smell—nor is it an extra hand used to gather food. Instead the star is a touch organ of unsurpassed sensitivity 7 The scientific article you have studied is from Scientific American. Use the information from this article and your own knowledge to answer the following questions. (@) The star-nosed mole needs to'‘survive cold northern winters (paragraph 2). Suggest how this mammal maintains a steady core body temperature in a cold climate. (5) ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A 15June 2017 5. Dogs have several ways of maintaining a stable body temperature. In warm conditions or after exercise, a dog will often pant. When a dog is panting, it breathes rapidly with its mouth open, as shown in the photograph below. (@) Suggest how panting enables dogs to maintain a stable body temperature (b) Body temperature in dogs is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain. {Name the part ofthe brain that contains the thermoregulatory centre. i) The panting response in dogs keeps the body temperature within narrow limits. Explain the role of negative feedback in the control ofthe panting response. (0) When a dog pants it generates a small amount of heat in its body. Explain why panting generates heat. Tanice Ng - Pro A 16June 2017 6 Core body temperature in a person is kept constant by mechanisms of thermoregulation. (0) Puta cross Bin the box next tothe part of the brain that controls body temperature, fo DA cerebellum 1 € hypothalamus [DB cerebral hemispheres [] D_ medulla oblongata (b) Inan investigation, the core body temperature, skin temperature and heat loss by evaporation of a person was measured for 25 minutes. ‘The person then ate some ice and the measurements were repeated for a further 10 minutes. ‘The graphs below show the results ofthis investigation. ww 2 a7s 8 373 ox 5 369 367 : 0 1 ah 30 eaten . Time/ min 3 260 5 g& 220. 3 180 zs 3 uo 100 fos aa i Time / min 1) Using the information given, compare the changes in the core temperature and the skin temperature. 7(id) Explain the change in heat loss by evaporation after eating the ice, 4 (€) Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures causes hypothermia. Hypothermia lowers the core body temperature which reduces the rate of ‘metabolic processes, such as chemiosmosis, in cells. Explain how hypothermia reduces the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis. (5) June 2015 (IAL) ~ Q2 (b) Suggest how the wood mouse maintains a constant body temperature when in a ‘cold environment. 6) ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A 18,Jan 2019 (LAL) - Q7 (©) 7 The scientific article you have studied is adapted from Education in Chemistry, Nobelprize.org and Science News. Use the information from this article and your own knowledge to answer the following questions. ‘6. Anyone who has had jet lag will know how strongly our body clocks govern us. Not only do the locks help to regulate sleep pattems and feeding behaviour, they are also linked to hormone release, blood pressure, and body temperature. (c) Suggest how body clocks could regulate body temperature (paragraph 6). (2) Jan 2018 (IAL) 1 Some mammalian hormones are synthesised from amino acids. (@) (Puta cross Bd in the box next to the structure where translation of messenger RNA and protein synthesis take place. o) CA Golgiapparatus EC rough endoplasmic reticulum OB lysosome 11D smooth endoplasmic reticulum (id) Puta cross Bd in the box next to the structure where modification of proteins to form glycoproteins takes place. 1A Golgiapparatus = 1 € nucleolus OB lysosome DD ribosome (b) The diagram below shows the structure of thyroxine, a hormone involved in the ‘regulation of respiration in cells. Thyroxine is synthesised from two amino acids and iodine. 1 1 ~ 4 )p—~ OH SK 1 1 HN ° (Draw a circle round the carboxyl group. ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A 19(il) Thyroxine increases the body's sensitivity to hormones such as adrenaline. Thyroxine can also inhibit nerve impulses. ‘Compare the mechanisms used in hormonal and nervous coordination inmammals. @) (i) Coll membranes contain transporter proteins that enable thyroxine to enter ‘the cell. This results in a change in the activity of transcription factors. ‘Suggest how thyroxine is able to increase the secretion of adrenaline from calls in the adrenal glands. Jan 2018 (IAL) 3. The photograph below shows a camel. Camels are large mammals adapted toa desert environment. (@) A desert environment has a wide temperature range. A camel maintains a nearly constant body temperature by the process of negative feedback. Explain what is meant by the term negative feedback. @) ‘Tanice Ng -Pro A 20(b) The table below shows the daily heat loss from a camel that had been given water to drink and the daily heat loss from a camel that had not been given water to drink. Camel Daily heat loss / kd sven water to drink 20920 not given water to drink 8368 Using the data in the table, calculate the percentage increase in the heat loss of the camel given water to drink. Show your working. Answer... — “(c) Temperatures in the desert may rise above 50°C. Suggest how the camel is able to maintain an internal body temperature within a range of 38°C to 40°C. 6 ‘Tanice Ng - Pro A 2