Obj.

● What are his experiments and the results

● How he came up with the concepts he established

Gregor Mendel
● Pioneers of the study of heredity
● A botanist
● He lived in a monastery and studied a lot of plants
○ Pea plants
○ How parental plants actually transmit traits to offspring
○ He could control the subjects, unlike with animals
● Pioneers and father of classical genetics
○ Because of his extensive research
○ Classical - Transmission of that follow Mendelian Pattern
○ Modern - Traits that do not follow the Mendelian Pattern
● One of the most important/relevant person that promoted the study of heredity : Genetics
● 1866 - Time, where there are number of scientific experiments
● Mendel chose to work with pea plants (Pisum Sativum)
○ Reasons:
○ Available in many varieties
■ Pod shape, pod color, stem height
○ Easy to grow
○ Easy to get large numbers
■ Essential for researches
○ Be able to strictly control which plants mated with which
■ He already had an idea about selective breeding

Observed
● These traits are contrastic
○ If one is green one is yellow
 ● Seed coat color
○ Grey and purple
● Seed color
○ Yellow and green
● Seed shape
○ Smooth and wrinkled
● Pod color
○ Green and yellow
● Pod shape
○ Inflated and pinched
● Stem height
○ Short and tall
● Flower position
○ Axial and terminal

Terms
● Allele - All the different molecular forms of the same gene
● Dominant - Its effect on a trait masks that of any R allele
● Recessive - Allele that is being masked by another allele
● Phenotype - Observable characteristics
● Genotype - Particular alleles an individual carries
● Punnett Square - Help visualize the probability of allele and trait inheritance
● Homozygous pair - Pair of identical alleles
● Heterozygous pair - Pair of non-identical alleles

Mendelian laws
● Foundation of classical genetics
○ Even though referred as mendelian law, it is not a universal law
○ Not applicable to all organisms, although generally speaking it is applicable to most species
○ There are non mendelian law which are tackled in modern genetics
 ● Law of dominance
○ In a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic
■ Genotype which both contains dominant and recessive
○ Even if that organism contains both allele, only the dominant trait is expressed exclusively
○ The recessive allele will remain masked or latent, until such time an organism has both copies of recessive allele, that
is the time the recessive allele will be expressed
○ Alleles are represented by letters

○ Refer to heterozygous, what is expressed is the smooth one so if that is expressed, between smooth and wrinkled,
smooth is dominant
○ homozygous refers to identical allele, both dominant or recessive

Experimental Design

● In a typical breeding experiment, Mendel mated two contrasting, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization
● The true-breeding parents are called the P generation
● The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called the F1 generation
● When F1 individuals self-pollinate they produce the F2 generation
Experiment
● True breeding purple-flowered pea plants and white-flowered pea plants were crossed
● The resulting F1 hybrids were allowed to self pollinate
● Flower color was then observed in the F2 generation
Results
● Both purple-flowered and white-flowered plants appeared in the F2 generation
● In Mendel’s experiment, 705 plants had purple flowers, and 224 had white flowers
○ Ratio of about 3 purple : 1 white

●
Observations
● When Mendel crossed contrasting true-breeding white and purple flowered pea plants, all the offspring were purple
● When Mendel crossed the F1 plants, many had purple flowers, but some had white flowers
● A ratio of about three to one purple to white flowers in the F2 generation
○ There is still 75% of purple and 25% white
 ○ In the F2 generation, other organisms expressed the recessive trait

■
● Phenotype because phenotype refers to the visible trait
● The genotype
○ Purple might be heterozygous Pp or homozygous PP
○ White is only possible of pp

Integral Heredity Concepts

● Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characteristics which are now called alleles
○ There are always alternative version
● For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, a genetic locus is represented twice
○ For each character, one from each parent
● If the two alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance
○ By the law of dominance, if purple is dominant it will be expressed
● The law of segregation - the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation
○ Remember in meiosis, there is division, each of that will carry 1 version of allele
Law of Segregation
● Mechanism of gene transmission
● Gametogenesis - Alleles segregate

●
○ The probable result of gametogenesis is to carry 2 sets
● Fertilization - alleles unite

●
 ○ Union of alleles
○ By random selection whichever carried by the gametes will be combined by the fertilization
○ The only possible allele will be dominant or recessive homozygous
○ The alleles they carry will be combined
■ Dominant will combine with recessive
■ Seed will be expressed whatever is driven by the alleles
■ The heterozygous pair of alleles will expressed as yellow once the seed grows

Punnett Square
● Way to determine ways traits can segregate
● These are all probabilities
● What is the probability of their child have purple flower color
● The outer portions reffered to the product of gametogenesis
○ The inner is the fertilization
● Each gamete is written on the outer part
● 2 pure breed will only result to
○ Hybrid and dominant will be expressed

○
 ○

Law of Independent Assortment

● Mendel’s dihybrid crosses showed a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation
● Based on these data, he proposed the Law of independent assortment, which states that when gametes form, each pair of
hereditary factors (alleles) segregates independently of the other pairs
○ Always the case that traits are passed simultaneously
○ Alleles are passed but doesn’t necessarily mean that they will affect each other
■ The presence of other allele have no influence on the other allele
■ It doesn't matter if there is dominant allele for pod shape or pod color, it would happen that they could be both
dominant or heterozygous
■ This is only true for unlinked genes
○

○
 ○

Concept Review
1. Genotypes made of the same alleles - D. Homozygous

2. Different forms of genes for a single trait - A. Alleles

3. Gene that is always expressed - B. Dominant

4. Gene that is expressed only in homozygous state - E. Recessive

5. Genotypes made of two different alleles - C. Heterozygous

6. Dominant Allele
● D, L, N, R, S

7. Recessive Allele
● n, d, r, k
8. Homozygous Dominant
● AA, KK, TT
9. Homozygous recessive
● ee, qq, ww
10. Genotypes in which dominant alleles must show
● AA, Dd, EE, Jj, RR, Ss
11. Genotypes in which recessive alleles must show
● aa, rr
12. Examine the following Punnett Squares and circle those that are correct
● 1st and 4th

● and
13. What do letters on the outside of the Punnett Square stand for?
● The alleles of the parent
14. What do letters on the inside of the Punnett Square stand for?
● The alleles of the offspring
15. In corn plants, normal height, N, is dominant to short height, n. Complete these four Punnett squares showing different
crosses. Then, shade red all the homozygous dominant offspring. Shade green all the heterozygous offspring. Leave all the
homozygous offspring unshaded
 16. In guinea pigs, short hair, s, is dominant to long hair, s. Complete the following Punnett squares according to the directions
given. Then, fill in the blanks beside each Punnett square with the correct numbers
a. One guinea pig is Ss and one is ss
b. Both guinea pigs are heterozygous for short hair
17. Hornless (H) in cattle is dominant over horned (h). A homozygous hornless bull is mated with a homozygous horned cow.
What will be the genotype and phenotype of the first generation
18. In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red fruit is crossed with a plant that
has yellow fruit. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the P1 and F1 generations
19. If two of the F1 generation from the above cross were mated, what would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2
20. In humans being a tongue roller (R) is dominant over non-roller (r) . A man who is a non-roller marries a woman who is
heterozygous for tongue rolling
a. What is the probability of this couple having a child who is a tongue roller?
21. Brown eyes in humans are dominant to blue eyes. A brown eyed man, whose mother was blue-eyed, marries a brown-eyed
woman whose father had blue eyes.
a. What is the probability that this couple will have a blue-eyed child

http://www.andersononline.org/ourpages/auto/2015/2/27/46617062/1%20f%20Unit%207%20Monohybrid%20Cross%20worksheet%
20key.pdf