Genetics

Hair Type
•Straight hair
•Wavy or Curly Hair
Ear Lobes
 Skin Color
•Light/ Fair Skin Color
•Brown/ Dark
Hair Line
 Dimples

•With Dimples
•Without Dimples
 Nose
•High- bridge
•Low- bridge
1. Do you have all of the
traits presented?

2. Why? Why not?

 Each of us has our own
differences and similarities.
Our similarities bridge us to
other human beings and our
differences define us as
unique individuals.
Objectives:

A.State the Law of Inheritance.

B.Develop an appreciation for similarities
and differences among organisms by
sharing instances.
C.Demonstrate camaraderie among
members in the group activities.
Genetics
- the science that deals with heredity and the
factors affecting the transmission of
characteristics from one generation to
another.
 Characteristics of Living Organisms
1.Species characteristics – characteristics
that are similar within a species.
2.Individual characteristics- characteristics
that make one individual member of a
species different (unique) from another.
The traits produce individual differences
among a species.
What trait is
common
among them?

What trait/s
is/are
different
among them?
There are two factors that brings about
traits in every individual:
A.Heredity- makes possible the
transmission of genetic materials or
characteristics from parents to
offspring.
B.Environment- environment plays a
great role in an individual’s growth.
 Terminologies
•Allele- copies or forms of a gene controlling
a certain trait. It is written as a symbol.
•Dominant- stronger of two genes
expressed. It is represented by a CAPITAL
letter.
•Recessive- a gene that shows up less
often. It is represented by a small letter.
 Terminologies
•Genotype- the gene combination
for a trait.
•Homozygous- identical genotype.
•Heterozygous- unidentical genotype.
•Phenotype- the physical feature
resulting from a genotype.
Example:
Trait: Height
Alleles: T-tall; t-short
Genotypes:
TT, Tt, tt
Phenotypes:
Tall; short
Task: For each genotype below, indicate whether
it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO)
•AA •ff •kk
•Bb •GG •Ll
•Cc •HH •Mm
•Dd •Ii •nn
•Ee •Jj •OO
Task: For each of the genotypes below,
determine the phenotype.
• Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
PP __________________
Pp __________________
pp __________________
• Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes
BB __________________
Bb __________________
bb __________________
Task: For each of the genotypes below,
determine the phenotype.
• Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
rr __________________
RR __________________
Rr __________________
Task: For each of the phenotype below, list
the genotype.
• Straight hair is dominant to curly
__________________ straight
__________________ straight
__________________ curly
• Pointed heads are dominant to round heads
__________________ pointed
__________________ pointed
__________________ round
Genetics
 Gregor Johann Mendel
▪Austrian monk
▪Studied the inheritance of
traits in pea plants
▪Developed the laws of
inheritance
▪Mendel's work was not
recognized until the turn of the
20th century.
copyright cmassengale 26
 Gregor Johann Mendel

▪Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel

cultivated and tested some 28,000
pea plants.
▪He found that the plants' offspring
retained traits of the parents.
▪Said that there are ‘factors’ (now
called genes) that determine traits.
▪He is credited as the “Father of
Genetics“.
copyright cmassengale 27
copyright cmassengale 28
Mendel’s Pea Plant
Experiments

copyright cmassengale 29
 Why peas, Pisum sativum?

• They grow easily, and they

produce a large number of
offspring.
• They self-pollinate.
• They mature quickly, and
they have contrasting
characteristics.
copyright cmassengale 30
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
 Mendel’s Experiment
First: Production of the pure-breeding strains of garden
pea plants.
He allowed several populations of garden pea plants to
self-pollinate for many generations until he was able to
gather seeds that produced only one particular trait.

• Garden peas that produce only white-colored petals;

• Garden peas that produce only purple-colored
petals.
copyright cmassengale 32
 Mendel’s Experiment
Second: The crossing of the two different varieties of
pure-breeding strains.

Purple-colored flower x white-

P1 (first parental generation)
colored flower
F1 (first filial generation) All purple-colored flower

copyright cmassengale 33
 Mendel’s Experiment
Third: The crossing of the F1 generations.

P2 (second parental Purple-colored flower x purple-

generation) colored flower
75% purple-colored flower and
F2 (second filial generation)
25% white-colored flower or 3:1

copyright cmassengale 34
Mendelian principles of genetics
1.Law of Dominance
2.Law of Segregation
3.Law of Independent
Assortment
 1. Law of
Dominance
In a cross of
parents that are
pure for
contrasting traits,
only one form of
the trait will
appear in the
next generation.
2. Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes (eggs or
sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait
separate from each other.
The Punnett Square
• Developed by Reginald Punnett
to analyse test cross and
determine the probable
characteristics of progeny.
 Alleles for the Garden Pea Traits
Trait Dominant Recessive
Seed Shape Round (R) Wrinkled (r)
Seed Color Yellow (Y) Green (y)
Pod Shape Inflated (I) Wrinkled (i)
Pod Color Green (G) Yellow (g)
Flower Color Purple (P) White (p)
Flower Position Axial (A) Terminal (a)
Height Tall (T) Short (t)
Monohybrid
Inheritance
•Inheritance of
a single trait.
 Sample Problem:
A heterozygous round seed pea
plant is crossed to a
homozygous wrinkled pea plant.
Give the ratio of the genotypes
and phenotypes of the resulting
offspring.
 Sample Problem:
A homozygous green pod is
crossed to a homozygous
yellow pod. Give the ratio of the
genotypes of the resulting
offspring.
 Sample Problem:
The resulting offspring were
crossed to each other. Give the
ratio of the phenotype and the
genotype of the resulting
offspring.
Sample Problem:
In humans widow’s peak (W) is
dominant over straight hairline (w). A
heterozygous man for this trait marries a
woman who is also heterozygous.
a. List the possible genotypes of their
offspring
b. List the phenotypic ratio for their
children.
Dihybrid
Inheritance
•Inheritance of
2 traits at a
time.
3. Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles for different traits are

distributed to sex cells (&
offspring) independently of one
another
Sample Problem:
In pea plants, the gene for seed color (Y
= yellow, y = green) and the gene for
seed shape (R = round, r = wrinkled)
assort independently. A plant with
genotype YyRr is crossed with a plant
that is homozygous recessive for both
traits (yyrr). Give the ratio of the genotype
and phenotypes of the resulting offspring.
In pea plants, the gene for pod color (G =
green, g = yellow) and the gene for flower
position (A = axial, a = terminal) assort
independently. A pea plant that is heterozygous
for pod color and flower position is self-
fertilized.
a. What is the phenotypic ratio of the resulting
offspring?
b. What are the possible genotype of the
resulting offspring?
c. What is the genotypic ratio of the progeny?
A student collects pollen(male sex cells) from a pea
plant that is homozygous dominant for the genes
controlling seed shape and homozygous recessive
for the genes controlling the seed color. She uses
the pollen to fertilize a plant that is heterozygous
for both genes. Assume the genes assort
independently.
a. Give the genotypic ratio of the offspring
b. What are the possible genotypes of the
progeny?
c. What is the probability that an offspring has the
same genotype as the male parent?