!

1
INDEX

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18 & 19TH CENTURY] -C-i

AMERICAN REVOLUTION ]1765 1791] - C-5
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 11861 1865] - C 10-
FRENCH REVOLUTION ]1789-1799] -
C 12
VIENNA CONGRESS OF 1815 C-18
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY C-19
UNIFICATION OF ITALY (1815 - 1871) C-21
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION[1917] C-22
TREATY OF VERSAILLES C-24
GREAT DEPRESSION
-
C 26
FASCISM C-28
NAZISM C-29
I CHINESE REVOLUTION
-
C 31
JAPANESE REVOLUTION
C-32
ISRAEL ISSUE -—— -
C 34
AFGHAN ISSUE - C-36
-
WORLD WAR I CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND INDIA
S RESPONSE ’ - C-38
-
WORLD WAR II CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND
INDIA S RESPONSE ’ C-40
SOCIALISM AND ITS DIFFERENCES WITH COMMUNISM
MERCANTILISM
-
C 42
C-44
COLONIALISM, IMPERIALISM AND NEO-COLON
IALISM
-
C 45

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me

/sunyanotes50
-
Page C 0
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!18th &19th Century]
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United
States, in the period from between 1760 to 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand
,

production . methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the
increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the
mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of
population growth. o arc
Jtfev* ht? 't
/Causes for Industrial Revolution
Rpflsons

.
1 Geopolitical £ cr /U ) ryui
o Conquest of Constantinopole by Turks in 1453 = After conquering the constantinopole,
turks starting dominating the silk route. Turks kept condition of “Death or Islam” to reach
Europe from East Asia. Hence, Europeans have to found new ways to reach asia for the
trade. This promoted renaissance and led to even discoveries of new routes and geographical
discoveries

o Philosophy of Colonialism: Colonies not only provided the raw material needed for the
industry but also acted as market to consume the final goods. This incentivised Industrial
revolution to revolutionize in terms of increasing output and capacity in order to maximise
profits
© Regional Rivalries: Competition for being a global world superpower between European

nations led to the need for conventional advantages in the industry.

2. Scientific
© New Inventions: The rise in scientific temperament formed a fertile ground for innovations
and newer ideas. Few acknowledgeable discoveries were
a) Spinning wheel: Ark Wright and Hargreauses
b) Steam Engines: New Comen& James Watt
• Jjinnyatinng * Innovations were required in various fields to gextract the best possible outcome
for the lowest costs, machinery and industry ensured this. E. , Powerloom
3. Economic
and their philosophy of profit at any cost
• Rise of Capitalism: The rise of Capitalists
incentivised investments in Research and development.
in world trade increased demands of European made goods
• World Trade: A significant risescale and thus the need for machinery.
which were beyond the human
•

received from colonies like India was very high during the
• Colonial Wealth: The revenues
1800s and thus investments in industrial progress were made.
of the 18th Century: paved the way for the Industrial Revolution
• Agricultural Revolutiontechniques
in Britain. New farming and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food

www.sunyaias. com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50 Page C-l

 production. This allowed a spike in population
fechniques also led to an enclosure movement. The
.
and creased health. The now W
"
agncultural revolution in Englan|(
and released labour from rural areas.
provided with agricultural surplus, raw material
Enclosure Movement
19th centuries to take
The Enclosure Movement was a push in the 18th and of a village, or
land that had formerly been o wned in common by all members food , and
at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing
change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or
hedges around
it. It played a role of catalyst in Industrial revolution. Enclosure movement
brought more land under cultivation; facilitated modern method of farming;
unleashed large human capital from agricultural labour thus provided for
workforce in industries. This workforce was ready to move where jobs were
available and wages attractive. This helped the Industrial revolution

• Natural Resources: Britain was the first to industrialize and had large supplies of coal
present in the country. Coal was a necessary ingredient in the industrial process as it fuelled
the steam engines that were used in trains, ships and all other sorts of machinery.

Salient Features
.
1 England became the epicentre of the revolution : Britain was the epicentre of the Industrial
revolution due to following reasons
a) Colonies: both market and raw material.
b) Capital: accumulated with merchants and industrialists to invest in trade.
c) Labour: Rapid increasing population, British population doubled in 50 yrs since 1780.
Also, Enclosure Movement helped in fulfilling the demand of Labour.
d) Raw Material: Britain was having good reserves of Coal & Iron. Also, colonies
were
there to fulfill the need of raw material.
e) Polity: Britain government was under influence of commercial
and manufacturing
interests. Also, stable political order and military strength made the path easy to fight
rivals
f ) Technology: which was continuously improving, helped
to meet the developments in
technology. Example, steam power.
2'
r
discowS ”
“‘ 0l i0n Pr0 Ved
*°
mCreaSmg the 0dUCti
° be reV Iu »ion within »
0n but 0n
*«'*
,her"hand : Industrial
revolution on one
Ilk
Pr
a) Steam boat: by Robert Fulton
' 0
*** Ota- revolution of new
b) Railways: by George Stephenson

3. Industrial revolution
tremendous scientific innovatbn ^ BntISh fadustry tri®ered

.
www.sunyaias.com|Mams GS Paper 1 No es|Telegram:
tme/sun
^ S -
Page C 2
 .
4 Cham reaction in Industrial revolution : One Industry led to growth and promotion of other
Industry in the Industrial revolution.
For e.g,The application of steam power stimulated the
demand for coal. The demand for machinery and rails stimulated the iron industry.
.
5 Industrial revolution also laid changes in the Agriculture pattern : There was more impetus
on cash crops rather than on food crops. This on one hand led to crop diversification while on
other hand led to peasant exploitation

Impact/Evaluation of Industrial revolution f ‘ + ’ implies positive impact and implies negative impact]
1. Political
® Growth of Liberalism:
Promotion of an economic system based on free enterprise, the
private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference. (+)
o British Empire: Industrialisation was one of the key reasons for the rise of Britain as an
empire and dominated the world for over 100 years. (-)
o Geopolitical Rivalries: The growth of Britain pushed many regional neighbours to contest
for powers in the colonies most notably Germany and Russia which later led to the World
Wars. (-)
o Colonial Ruin: Industrialisation in Europe led to extreme exploitation of Indian agriculture
and textile industry and led to the collapse of the native Indian economy. (-)
2. Political Movements
® Marxism: At the height of the industrial revolution, Karl Marx wrote Das Capital and The

Communist Manifesto and argued capitalism was inherently unfair and he expected the
workers (the Proletariat) to overthrow Capitalism. (+)
o Suffragette movement: Not directly related to the industrial revolution, but the late
Nineteenth Century saw the emergence of women’s groups seeking to gain political rights for
women. (+)
© Trade Unionism: The poor labour conditions led to the birth of trade unionism in the future

to secure the rights of workers. (+)

• Nationalist movements: The industrial revolution helped create stronger national
movements. For example, the industrial revolution was a factor in changing Italian society
and encouraging the growth of a united Italy. (+)
3. Social
• Urbanisation: Moving from rural agriculture to work in factories in cities and urban
areas.(+)
reforms were undertaken on the back of ideas of
• Religious reforms: Many religiousirrelevant practices of catholic religion like sale of letter
rationality. People started opposing
of indulgence. (+)
rates increased in Britain as farmers were forced from farms
• Rise in Poverty Rates: Povertypoor wages. (-)
to the cities and into jobs with
period saw labour working rates at more than 15 hours per
• Poor Labour Condition: Thisbenefits . (-)
day without proper wages and
crowded housing, inadequate sanitation, and
• Poor Social Growth: Low wages resulted in
inadequate diets. (-)

Www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper1 Notes |

Telegram: t me/sunyanotes50 -
Page C 3
 a huge surge of slavery and slave ,
trade from Africa to Europe as well as tf e
• Slavery: It led to
-
in the 1850s. .( )
North American colonies before being abolished from Britain and Europe t
The period also saw a huge flux of immigrants
• Immigrat ion:
America to seek better working conditions. -
()
hours for very low pay. They were ajs
• Child labour: Many children worked long
susceptible to maimed limbs, poor health and early -
death . ( )
tion of farmlands as a result of the encloSUre
• Rise of Aristocracy Class: The consolidapetitioned the government to own lands that
movement, in which wealthy aristocrats
communities used to share. (-)
4. Economic
Open Trade: It led to the emergence of the modem free and fair trading
regime between
•
nations.(+)
• Transportation: The rise of steam power, e.g. steam trains, railways and steam -powered
machines helped establish faster trade routes and connections between continents. (+)
• Mass production of goods: Through increased efficiency, reduced average costs and
enabled more to be produced. (+)
• Scientific Advancements: Due to the availability of machinery, modem technological
advancements like automobiles, heavy machinery and larger steamships could be built(+)
• Pollution: Rapid industrialisation had a cost in terms of pollution and began the greenhouse

> gas-based global warming on earth. (-)

Modem society and industry today is a product of the industrial revolution both in its positive effects as
well as negative, it has undoubtedly made life easier worldwide with innovations but at the same time it
has caused pollution, disease and created wars of economic interests.

www.sunyaias.com | Mams GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: ime/sun

SS'
^ Page C-4
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION!1765 - 1791] colonial North
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in
ndent states
America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independence from
indepe
that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), gaining
and establishing the United States of America, the first modem constitutional liberal
the British Crown
democracy.

t of Ameri ca : America was discovered by Chistopher Columbus in 1492JatatoJabacoo

blishmenfrom
EstaCotton
and America were usually transported to Europeans. This is known as beginning of
Colonial period as Queen Elizab 1 sent chartered companies to North America for settlement. First
eth
colony setup in 1607 was Virginia and consecutively 13 colonies were established. Also, Many of
the
British colonies that eventually formed the United States were settled by men and women, who, in the
and fled
face of European persecution, refused to compromise passionately held religious convictions
Europe.
1
$o a 0-
’
ppasnns/Causes of the revolution .. . po Lt fi
1. Social Causes no
o Diversified Society: The American society was diversified into multiple European
ethnicities which was against British Cultural dominance,
e Detachment: Although America was outcome of set up by migrants from Europe but over
the generations, they no more have feeling of attachment with Europe of Britain.
therly treatment to
• Disappointment: from the attitude of Britain which was giving stepmo
Americans and were exploiting people as matter of right and dominance.
2. Political Pains
s were first founded by people trying to escape
• British Interventionism: American colonie d in the
religious persecution in England. As the British government became more involve
freedoms.
affairs of colonies, people began to worry that they would once again lose their
as they were
• Gentleman’s resolution: Americans demanded for representation in Parliament
also paying taxes.
n Britain and France during 1756-1763, forced Britain to impose new
• 7 Years war : betwee
steps further more increased the demand of
taxes in form of sugar duty and stamp duty. This
taxation without representation”
representation in Parliament with the slogan “No
ce: The American colonies were economically and socially
• Vacuum of Political Indepbeenden independent from the British Crown as well.
independent and sought to politically
can people sought to reflect liberal principles of a democracy
• Ideas of Liberalism: Amerimonar chy.
against the British Colonial
Throu gh protes ts like Boston Tea Party (1773), where tea cartons carried by
• Protes ts -
sea, Britain’s right to levy taxes was eroded over time
British ships were thrown at the
3. Economic Pains to settle here
Polici es: As per Quebec Act of 1774, traders were not allowed
• Weste rn Land
the permission of the British government.
or trade with the natives without
: The Amer ican colonies were under the burden of high taxation after the high
• High Taxat ion
war.
cost of the British-French
Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50 Page C-5
www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes |
 .
4. Role

•
.sr

Thomas
2KS2C

Paine : He published
-
for the American colonies from Britain
• Benjamin Franklin: He tried to awaken
'»
"
«**

—
rrr
~
:r ,"; ,i““ “ »>
* “ “l»“ ” H
-
a pamphlet called “Common Sense advocatmg independence

masses through philosophical societies „

or Independence”
• Henry Pattrick: He provoked people by saying “Give me deathand Milton caught popular
• The enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Harrington
imagination

Phases of American Revolution: Not important section

• Grinville’s Policy of imposing taxes and increasing restriction on American trade gave birth to
rise of Sons of liberty and Daughter of Liberty
• Boston Massacre: British PM Rockingham’s declared of abolishing stamp duty, but new
finance minister in order to show British assertiveness on Americans increased import duty.
This led to resentment in American colonies and Samuel Adam organised mass protest in
Boston. Britain made blunder by taking military action against the protest, leading to Boston
Massacre, 1970.
• Lord North’s Tea Policy: British companies want to sell tea in America without toll taxes. This
made imported Tea cheaper than the smuggled Tea. This enraged Samuel Adam and led to
formation of Boston Tea Party. Many Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic
following the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea party served as a catalyst for
the revolutionary
war to break out in the following years that eventually translated
into American independence
from British rule. George III, infuriated by the Boston
Tea Party, ordered the British navy to
close the port of Boston
• First Philadelphia Convention : In 1774, representatives
to
, fzthe ,
First continen ai
from every colony except Georgia

he Um ed ft0nt 0f 12 C0l0nies sent 0Ii ^ p*

*** * *
branch petition to Britain with
“
. Britain should remove all restrictions on
I
trade and commerce.
.J ’

^
s uId given representation in British
Parliament
convention, Geo m
«o fight. The
... ~ ^^
'
outle
ntlmyto
drafted the declaration of Independence
^
W
10 n July
’
^ -
V*8'*'01110 demands made after 1* Philadelphia
» option but
where Thomas Jefferson

www.sunyaias. com | Mains GS Paper 1 NotiT| Td

^^^ unyanotes50
Page C-6
 • War of Independence: in which several battles like Battle of Concord, Lckington etc were
fought. Americans were helped by
France in 1781 , where France sent Lafayyate to fight from the
side Americans. Eventually in 1783, British troops surrendered to Americans. Treaty of
of
Paris,1783 was signed by U .S. and British Representatives, ending the War of the American
Revolution.
, Third Philadelphia Convention: This was the
outcome of Independent America where
a) 13 countries came together to give birth to
America
b) Man made Constitution was adopted with some unique features like:
Federation
- Bill of Rights

salient Features and the Impact of the Revolution

.
1 Immediate Impact
® Treaty of Paris: The Peace of Paris, a collection of treaties signed by both sides, ended the
war. Britain recognized the United States of America as an independent country and ceded
territory to the new United States.
• Complete Independence: It created the independent United States of America and brought
the lstBritish Empire to an end.
2. Substantive Impact
• Age of Liberalism: The American Revolution brought the era of liberal democracies based
on liberty and equality, the first impact was on the French Revolution in 1789.
•
Constitutionalism: American Revolution led to the lstwritten constitution in the world
Democratic Upsurge: US emerged as one of the first democracies in the modern world and
also helped the ideas of other nations.
Fundamental Rights: The constitution included a declaration or “bill” of rights in their
constitution designed to protect the rights of individuals and circumscribe the prerogative of
the government.
Increase in Political Participation: Political participation grew as more people gained the
right to vote. In addition, more common citizens (or “new men”) played increasingly
important roles in local and state governance.
Global Trade: The Revolution opened new markets and new trade relationships with other
nations, especially with the Americans.
Rise of External Power: American Revolution led to the US to emerge as an external power
balancer to European regional rivalries.
3. On India
Inspiration for Gandhi Ji:In his call to Indians to resist British domination, Mahatma
•
Gandhi often referred to and drew inspiration from the American revolution
Freedom Struggle: It also shaped the values in our freedom struggle especially in the
•
revolutionary movements of the Indian national movement. Moderates in India used ideas
like “No taxation without representation
Constitutional Values: The values of constitutionalism and democracy were similarly
•
accommodated in Indian Constitution. Some of the values incorporated are

,
^ s»yaia,com |Mams GS Paper I Note | W
:
• -
Page C 7
 :
.
M
^^ ^ H
“If aS .^
«racya»dR «» ,
basic structure ofInd Consume
Federalism: which is
_ _,
j inriifin
au o

Revolution : American struggle for independence

s
mlers from the West.

- =s=
i
.
3 st§
Revolution, along with extravagant spending practices by Kmg Louis XVI left the country on the
verge of bankruptcy. , . ,
Royal absolutism: While colonists revolted against the British monarchy, the French aimed to
reform the absolute rule of Louis XVI.
• Unequal rights: Like the American colonists, the French felt that specific rights were only
granted to certain segments of society, namely the elite and aristocrats.
• Enlightenment philosophy was a major influence: One key ideological movement, known as
Enlightenment, was central to the American uprising. Enlightenment stressed the idea of natural
rights and equality for all citizens.

In many ways the American Revolution played a vital role in establishing the foundations of modem
liberal democracy and its values. For the next hundred years nations in Europe and also in other parts of
the world have seen the American Revolution as the key inspiration in their national struggles.

Reasons for Industrial Revolution in America fReadthis after Nanolean Chanterl

a) Potential of Industrial Revolution in America
• America was rich in Natural resources: Example: Pennsilvania region
• American colonies emerged as an area of mines and plantation during Britiain hegemony
• Development of mechanised agriculture in America in the last 18* century > Availability of Labour
-
• Politically slrong values of Republic Federation and Liberalism promoted Industrial revolution.

0 Infrastructural revolution in America acted as catalyst

• Macadamised Road for Industrial revolution

anal etc

d) Technological developments
• Watham System of 1812: promoted
textile industry
' ^ of making steel promoted
heavy industries and steel sector
www.sunyaias.com |Mains tit; Paper 1 Notes | Telegram
: tme/sunyaaoteshtl
Page C-8
 e) Cotton Textile reaction to stock exchange in
• Continental policy turned Europe as a market for USA. It ultimately gave birth
USA

^00
. _ A
fljHPr
Need of Capital
/Mmk
All these
'’Sgg&gave birth to
Stock Exchange
gfes Industries need in USA

# ,„ Capital

-
Gave
^
T Ur
promoted Iron
and steel Industry
as these were
needed for
f

'

promotion to machines
Cotton textile
Industries in
order to meet
^ Continental demands of
P° licV Europe
turned
Europe as
new market
for USA

' Page C-9

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GsTaper l Notes |
lelegiam: t.me/sunyanotes50
 states s
and form the Con
war was the status of slavery.

= --
Reasons/Causes

• sms~ ;u-
1. Economic . h <,iflverv from the southern states, while the
„„
upon slave labour.

. Polr
2‘ P°U
Federalism: Since the Constitution was first written there had been
arguments abou ,
how much power the states should have versus how much power the federal government
should have. The southern states felt that the federal government was taking away their rights
and powers. u
• Federal Rivalries: As the United States continued to expand westward, each new state
added to the country shifted the power between the North and the South. Southern states
began to fear they would lose so much power that they would lose all their rights.
• Election of Lincoln: Lincoln being a anti-slavery candidate thretened the end of slavery for
the southern states and thus the South triggered the war and seccesation on his election.
3. Other Causes
• Bleeding Kansas: In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the United States
Congress. The act made slavery legal in the new territories, but it was not unanimously well-
received.
• Harper’s Ferry Raid: The raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859 by John Brown, a devoted
abolitionist. Despite him being caught and executed for his act, the relation between
southerners and northerners were strained considerably.

Phases of American Civil War

1 ) Missouri Agreement, 1820: This legislation stopped northern
state attempts to forever prohibit
slavery's expansion by admitting Missouri as a slave state and
for legislation which prohibited slavery in the remaining
Maine as a free state in exchange
36 30 parallel except for Missouri. Louisiana Purchase lands north of the
2) Backdoor Antislavery Activities: There were
efforts in
a) Newspaper ‘Liberator’: This was published various ways:
by Garrison and it declared crusade against
slavery system

3) V i o l a t i o n A g r J e T e n T t n" e m0t i o n a t feeUnSs forslaves

Missouri Compromise was repealed by the
Kansas-Nebraska Act The art i
g m the new territories and
of Missouri Agreement ^ * was the violation

the concept of integration of

USATrachievI t h e 's a m e,' “ America was necessary for
www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes] telegram:
sunyanS
tme/
Page C- 10
 a ) Blocked the external support to Southern states: Lincoln was diplomatically active
and he ensured that southern states
should not bring external military support. Hence, He
imposed naval blockade of Atlantic along with diplomatic agreement with Britain.
-
b) Changed the Issue : Lincoln diverted minds of the people and tried to gamer emotional
support by saying that: slavery is not an issue, but sacrifice of the ancestors for
unification of Americans
c) Imposed Internal Emergency : With this, civil rights were curtailed and volunteers were
used to spread the message
d) Brought 13th Amendment Act,1865: It abolished slavery in USA

Impact of the War

1. On USA
® Slavery Abolished: The end of the war and the victory of the union forces led to the end of
slavery in all states of USA through the 13th amendment.
o Federal Centralisation: The end of the war established a more powerful and centralized
federal government, and laid the foundation for America's emergence as a world power in the
20thcentury.
o Universal Citizenship: It provided ' citizenship to all bom and naturalised in the US
including all former slaves.
o Equality: It prohibited states from disenfranchising voters “on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
2. On the world
o Ban on Global Slave trade: In the decades after the Civil War, then, the United States was
able to use its newly-found moral standing to end, once and for all, the Atlantic slave trade
and to pressure Spain to end slavery in Cuba.
• Global Human Rights: With the end of slavery, the US began to take leadership for a global
regime of just human rights and protection of such rights.
3. On India
® Increased demand for Indian cotton: As cotton exports from the USA declined, Britain
relied heavily on Indian cotton exports thus boosting the Indian sector till the war lasted.
• High cost of domestic cotton: Weaversexportsin India were starved of supplies and forced to buy
to Britain.
raw cotton at higher prices due to heavy
• Credit Availability to Ryots: As the British frantically turned to India for raw cotton, the
ryots in the Deccan countryside were suddenly given access to large amounts of credit.

The Civil war played a vital role in the recognition of human rights by a nation and perhaps for the first
time highlighted the concept of equality of all citizens. The legacy was further entrenched in subsequent
American engagements on the global front where they encouraged the propagation of democratic values
based on liberty and equality.

"
^ sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Nrta I Telegram:
tme/smyanolaSO Page C- ll
 FRENCH REVOLUTIONP -
789 17991

ponodof radical 17». Many oTfe

rrrs"“
The French Revolution was a

fratemite reappeared in other revolts

.
* ptases i,ke L ,bcrte’
^
Reasons/Causes
rulers led Political crisis
L
T Dnpragmatic PoUcies ' of the ntlers: Incompetent
to

Louis XVF S de iteo/tii toink f

. '
^ ^^ , sent his army A ’*and * ® ®®
bankruptcy
b)
betwlu Monarchy
coumct &The conflict
NobHity:
nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis
Monarchy
between the the
and bankruptcy.
2. Economic: Economy in Crisis
© Pain to Primary Sector: The French
society was deeply divided due to the prevalence of
feudalism. Feudal Lords greatly exploited the labour of serfs
or tillers, who enjoyed no
freedom of occupation. This impacted primary sector badly.
• Weakening of Secondary Sector: France lacked natural resources and poor primary sector
also hampered purchasing power of France. These factors led to weakening of secondary
sector.
tertiary sector led to poor
• Unsupported Tertiary Sector: Poor conditions of Primary andcrisis .
condition of tertiary sector and ultimately entire economy was in
• Extravagant Life of Royals: The extravagant expenditure on luxuries, first by Louis XV
and then by Louis XVI, compounded the economic crisis facing the nation and was one of
the primary reasons behind the revolution.
• Fiscal Issues: More than two decades of warfighting between the English and French from
1714 to 1763 had pushed France into a financial crisis. The situation was worsened further by
the cost of financing the American revolution from 1776-1783.
• Poor Agricultural Output: The inefficient and corrupt rule of the Bourbon dynasty had
failed to increase agricultural productivity. It led to high prices and the situation deteriorated
further by recurrent floods during the 1780s.
• Irrational Taxation System: The wealthy and middle classes hardly paid any taxes in
France under the monarch and it was the poor farmers and workers who paid
most of the

——
taxes and thus impoverished themselves. France under the
Estates system was divided

3. Social

sr.
and Baron de Montesquieu questioned
**•»
-
ke Jean Jacques Rousseau
’ of
the traditional absolute authority
divisions of society like the Estates System the monarch and
-
tteIonar hatlSeS ° Govt refUsed
^
f the Doctrine of the divine and
absolute right of '

on a social contract

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes '

TefrJam: t.me/sunyanotes50
-
Page C 12
 c) Montesquieu in his Spirit of Laws proposed a division of power within the
.into lorce
government, between the legislature, executive and judiciary. This was put
in the USA when 13 colonies gained independence from Britain.
d ) Didronot prepared Encyclopedia of problems faced by France.
e) The American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important
example for political thinkers in France to implement the same at home.

phases of the French Revolution

• Demand of Estates general: When Louis XVI imposed new taxes, people demanded formation
of estates general. The Estates-General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French
estates of the realm, to propose solutions to France's financial problems.
• People as National representatives: Estate general had one vote each with 3 estates. Louis XVI
agreed to invite estate general with the hidden agenda that clergy and nobles will side towards
the king and they Louis XVI would get 2 votes out of 3 to win the mandate. People understood
this step and declared themselves as national representative aspiring to frame Constitution for
France. Louis XVI neglected this development and dismissed sympathisers of common people
giving signal that he won’t accept people demands.
• Storming of Bastille 1789: The Bastille prison was stormed by the 3rdEstate(Commoners) and
all political prisoners freed. This incident led to formation of National guards. This was taken as
victory of common people and
i. 4th August Declaration: Large number of nobility surrendered their privileges.
ii. Establishment of National Assembly
® Constitution of 1791: was adopted by National Assembly with following features:
a) Constitutional Monarchy
b) Law of clergy
c) Human & Civil rights declaration
d) New Economy Pattern: New currency assignye, acceptance of mixed economy and
Nationalisation of Lands
• National Convention: New constitution created confusion in France. Also, Louis XVI tried to
escape France and Roman empire along-with Prussia adopted Pilnitz declaration. As Louis XVI
tried to fled France, Monarchy lost moral ground to be the head of the state. National assembly
become the head of the state and it organised National Convention to handle the situation in
France.
Pilnitz Declaration, 1791
This was the joint declaration issues by Holy Roman Empire and Prussia ,
urging European powers to unite to restore the monarchy in France and
asserted Monarch’s divine right to rule

French King Louis XVI had been reduced to a constitutional monarch during
the French Revolution. The French government largely interpreted Pilnitz
declaration as a threat to its sovereignty, and a series of provocations ensued,
culminating in France declaring war on Austria in 1792.

• Constitution of 1792: National convention adopted new constitution. In 1792, newly elected
assembly was called the Convention. It completely abolished monarchy and France became a
republic. All men of 21 years and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.
• Jacobins & Girondists: New Constitution further created confusion and conflict and divided
National assembly into two factions, Jacobins or radicals (belonging to lower class) and

Www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/ sunyanotes50 Page C-13

 Instead ol making concensus, tu
upper class ). anarchy in Irance . ^
Girondists or liberals( belonging to middle and . This created
started pulling National convention in their own direction power and started Rci
events , he captured 0f
Emergence of Robespierre: Out of the ongoing
• Terror
-

—
( 1793 94 ) in France

•
Terror.
Political Goals of Robespierre: Robespierre
French revolution lies in eliminating the people who
«
«* * > were jsrssrsa;
Revolution.
monarchy and were against the virtue and honour of the French
Policy : The period of the Jacobin rule known as the Reign of Teitor,
• Terror as Government
time in history that terror became
under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, was the first
to achieve a higher political
an official government policy with the stated aim to use violence
goal.
• Irrational thoughts of Robespierre:
- Robespierre believed that qualities needed for a democratic government were virtually non
he believed would
-
existent in the French people. He was of the opinion that those who
never possess such qualities needed to be eliminated from society. This made him continue
the push towards the Reign of Terror.
- Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment . Robespierre
followed his policies so obstinately that he began to loose support of the people.
• Dictatorship as the Outcome: Committee of Public Safety was set up. As a wartime measure,
the Committee was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative
efforts. Its power peaked under the leadership of Robespierre, who established a virtual
dictatorship and ordered executions.
• Intensity of this Phase: Reign of Terror is marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the
revolution.” The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine
and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.
• Execution of Robespierre: Robespierre was executing even the people from National
Convention through various laws. Robespierre soon came up with the list of enemies of
revolution. Upon fear of getting executed, the members of the National Convention voted to
arrest him. Robespierre was arrested and executed through same guillotine process
, bringing end
to Reign of Terror.
The Reign of Terror was one of the most significant events of the
originally carried out to stop supposed threats to revolution but French Revolution. It was
ended up displaying the excesses of
the revolution and the heights of violence.

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyan

^f 5(
PageC- 14
 NAPOLEON 11799-18151

Pj nf Napoleon - Reasons
^7 Political Opportunity: The Revolution abolished the social discriminative class system and
offered equality for opportunities for talented men like Napoleon , i.e., it brought the principle of
career open to talents where Napoleon was promoted.
9 Power Vacuum: The Revolution Government of Directory that was too weak provided a power
vacuum that Napoleon used to come to power, i.e., they had failed to fulfill people’s demand.
• Innovation : The role of Scientific and military advancement was crucial to his rise to power.
The Scientific and new innovations brought in better maps, roads weapons and more mobile
Artillery. It made it easier for Napoleon to organize a coup.
e Influential: Napoleon’s rise to power was due to his close personal relationship with leaders of
the French Revolution, brought him closer to the revolutionary leaders and politicians like
Robespierre
• Personality: Right from childhood, Napoleon had a sense of responsibility, enduringhadthebegunfact
that he was from a poor family. Before coming out of the military academy, he
making plans to liberate Corsica.
• Achievements: Napolean was made Commander-in-Chief, after marrying Josephine., With this
role, he went on Italian Expedition from Austria which was very successful. Later although
being defeated in Egyptian expedition, Napolean was treated as hero in France. He organized
Sainklu convention and became first counsel of France for 10 years in 1799.

Reforms bv NB : [Please divide these points yourself into Bad and Good ones]
• Peace with Europe: Wrote to Austria and England, Treaty of Amiens between England and
France, leading to peace and followed by similar treaties with other European nations
• Economic Reforms: Superficial, to improve income of state
a) Primary sector: Promotion to Irrigation, increase in fertility and bringing mass land
under production.
b) Secondary sector: Reforms in this sector, especially the Industrial revolution was
completely neglected. Hence, French economy still remained backward and weak.
c) Bank of France: Napolean established Bank of France to improve currency system, but
it became safe haven of Napoleon’s wealth
• Political Reforms:
a) Plebiscite: Napolean conducted plebiscite in France, where 36 lakh people voted in
support and 1562 people opposed the idea of making Napolean as Ruler of France.
Hence, Napolean became the ruler of France -> Back to Monarchy & Autocracy?
b) Provision of four Houses was introduced
c) Voting System: Everyone above 30 years elected electoral collage and from this
Napolean nominated members of all the houses.
d) Bureaucracy: All appointment, transfer and promotion were in hands of Napolean
Unique feature of Political reforms was from outside it looked democracy but was Autocracy in Practice
• Napoleonic code: Codified laws on secular lines. Civil code, Code of Criminal Procedure, Penal
Code, Commercial code etc were part of Napoleon code
• Education Reforms: He established modem structure of education: Primary, Secondary and
Higher Education. Education was secular in nature. However in Primary school, “Napoleanism”
was taught to children in concealed manner. Established Normal schools for training of teachers
for higher education where they were taught devotion and dedication towards Napoleon state and
religion.
• Cultural and Religious Reforms: Some of them are:
Www-sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: tme/sunyanotes50
-
Page C 15
 b) sZed L
^'
" .
ion of Honouraward to satisfy the sentiments of his supports This award j

c) Concordat Agreement, 1801: tried to solve dispute between Pope and state Pope Was
declared formal head of religion in state, Catholic religion as religion of majority.
,

France wanted growth and development but Napoleon instead of emphasising on nation and
Nationalism, he prompted Napoleonism. So, he is termed as “Destroyer of French Revolution ’ and
because of this he created internal enemies in France.

Reasons for Decline of Napoleon OR Blunders of Napoleon

• War with Europe: To distract mind of people after the failure of above superfacial reforms
Napolean turned wars into National profession. Many wars were fought and limited resources
got invested in useless wars rather than in growth and development of France. This was the pain
for people in the long term.
• Sense of Unity: Continuous wars against European nations generated sense of unity among the
nations against Napoleaon or France. Some notbles wars were
a) Battle of Austoliptz: Napolean defeated Austria and Russia.
. b) Battle of Iaana: Napolean defeated Prussia and destroyed Holy roman Empire,
c) Battle of Iaaloo: Napolean destroyed combined forces of Austria and Prussia
This united front of nations defeated Napoleon in 1813
I • Continental Policy(CP): NB was defeated in Trafalgar square, in retaliation he adopted CP,
commercial war against Britain, and by Berlin, Milan and Fontabaillo declarations, ended trading
relations with Britain. Also compelled his allies to follow this policy. This brought huge
disruptions in Europe’s economy.
• Trouble with Spain : One of the Napoleon’s largest allies was Spain. Napoleon in order to reform
the political system of Spain, attempted to install Napoleon’s brother, Joseph II, as king, replacing
Ferdinand but the Spanish people rose up. Land reform done by Joseph II united Feudal lords against
him. Spanish people foughtagainst the French invasion. Spanish Guerrillas along with the
British
troops who had successfully liberated Portugal kept the French pinned down in Spain for years
prolonged friction is termed as “Spanish Ulcer”. Napoleon once said "Spanish ulcer was
. This
the cause of
my ruin".
• War with Russia : Final blunder was war with Russia: Earlier, France had
Russia through treaty of Tilsit. Russia ’s Tsar rejected marriage proposal of
friendly relations with
Napoleon with Russsian
princess and left Continental Policy.Later, Napoleon held great
durbar at Warsaw and attacked
Russians. Russians rushed towards Siberia and Napoleon followed
Russia towards Serbia. However,
Serbia turned to be graveyard of Napoleon and 2/3rd Napoleon
army was destroyed here
• Battle of Leipzig(1813)&Battle of Waterloo(1815):
Nations united and former an alliance which defeated
Following Napoleon’s setback, European
NB in Battle of Leipzig and finally in,
Battle of Waterloo (Belgium)

Hence, Napoleon is termed as meteorite of France,

class, his failure was equally rapid. because like his immediate emergence in power

Evaluation of French Revolntinn

*
. snZC, fiC.IdhealS
ra
Spread of , . Prm0: Liberalism
» Liberalis
like Elected head ofstate 2 houses, legislat
VfxnS ’
is a political and moral
ures
philosophy based on liberty and
'
“hbertyequality, fraternity”
hereditat y •*«
** » * overthrown with the slogan
*
.
www sunyaias.com|Mains GS Paper 1 Notes| Telegram: tme/
simyanotes5 o
"

Page C 16
*
 Secularism: State affairs were differentiated from that of religion. On 12 July 1790, the Civil
9
. • ot
ruo t t unon -.
the Clergy introduced an initial severance following the nationalisation of the
TWS challenSed Law of clergy and promoted religion of reason.
** Franchise UAF):France became the first state in history to grant universal
°
male suffrage ^
\ ictory of Humanism . National Assembly abolished slavery in France and its dominions.
o
njf nfMou ern0National Etlucati n : through formation of National Education council
* NTern ism: °Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion or
o

rS ?? ” ^
I
. 110 places these obli8ations above other individual or group interests. The
initiated the movement toward the modem nation-state and played a key role
m the birth of nationalism across Europe
• Base for early Communism: The French Revolution didn’t directly produce 19thcentury
Wn as Socialism and Communism. However, it did provide an intellectual and
°
social environment m which these ideologies.
Hevobltion. The early 19th century was dominated by the effects of the French
Ppvninti on
an e Napoleonic Wars. In the decades following the peace of 1815, many
*6^ C0Untnes were beset by social conflicts as their populations sought to assert their
rights

Evaluation of Napoleon
• Export of French Ideals: He played a crucial role in transmitting the french ideals of liberty,
equality and fraternity throughout Europe.
• ‘Dalhousie’ of Europe: Napolean played important role in creating larger European states by
eliminating small states. He gave promotion to Italian and German unification by destroying holy
roman empire.
• Napoleon Contributions: in field of Law, Education etc
• Colonial Rivalry: His time as emperor also saw a colonial struggle between European powers
and its impact was felt in colonies like Egypt and India.
• Nationalism: He promoted Nationalism throughout Europe and first established a post-
revolution French National identity.

WWw- sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

PageC-17
 VIENNA CONGRESS OF 1815

Congress was to provide a long-term peace

French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Reason for formation

• Restructuring of Europe „ .
of war : among the victorious countries
• Distribution of achievements
• Fulfil the interests of victorious powers like Austria, Russia & Britain
a) Austria wanted the main role in Central Europe
b) Russia had eye on Eastern Europe
c) Britain wanted to suppress France for its economic interests

Provision and Features of Vienna Congress

• Principle of Legitimacy: This was aimed at strengthening monarchy. State destroyed by
Napolean to be given back to rulers. In this,
a) France was given to Louis XVIII
b) Holand was given to Orange dynasty
c) Papal states was given to Pope
• Principle of Compensation : to distribute the achievements of war.
a) Russia got Poland and control of Finland
b) Austria got Lombardy and was reinstated as guardian of german states.
c) Britain emphasised upon the peace of Europe just to safeguard its economic interest.
• Formation of Alliances: Many alliances like Holy Alliance, Quadrupple Alliance and finally the
Concert of Europe was founded.

Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe refers to a general consensus among the
Great Powers
of 19th Century Europe to maintain the European balance
of power and the
integrity of territorial boundaries. It has members: Russia,
Prussia
Austria and even France which joined the alliance after compensation, Britain
..
• Suppression of Nationalism: Vienna Congress finally
decided to suppress nationalism as
“ luppressti
w
” 8 f°rCe reV
^ “^
0 S 3 teeat
° ‘ ,
F r e-g ReV0lt 11 NapleS
° ’

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/

sunyanotes50
Page C-18
 UNIFICATION OF GERMANY wars
In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck, then Minister-President of Prussia, provoked three short , decisive
against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of
prance. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire.
pgqcnns for German unification
1. Situation in that area
• Same culture, race and religion: The people in that area, from Baltic Sea to North Sea and
from Itlay to France have same culture, race and religion arousing the feeling of unity.
• Resource rich: Regions of Westphelia, Prussia, Boehmia and Rhineland were rich in
resources. These were being exploited by other nations and were the reason for unity.
2. Exploitation: These regions were initially exploited by Holy Roman Empire and then by Austria
after the formation of Vienna congress. This ignited sense of unity against exploitation and led to
rise of Nationalism.
.
3 Promotion by Napoleon: Napoleon destroyed Holy Roman Empire. He created state of
Westphelia from smaller states. It gave promotion to trade and commerce and led to
development. This conveyed a message to Germans about the outcome of German unification.
.
4 Role of Intellectuals
o German philosophers like Fichkte
and Hudror emphasised on German culture, race and
language and also started promoting the philosophy of Germans as entity.
• This philosophy was taken to its peak by Neitzche and task of German unification was
completed by Bismarck
Phases of German Unification
1. Political Integration: Napoleon in 1806 established Rhine confederacy with more than 350
German-speaking areas into 39 states. This was in many ways the precursor to a unified national
identity. Later, Austria created German Diet, comprising of 38 states majorly in German region.
Under this, common issues can be solved by 2/3rd Majority. This led to political integration of
German states.
2. Economic Integration: German Diet formed custom union of German states, known as
Zollvarein. This custom union promoted trade and commerce and let to economic integration of
German states.
3. Role of
i. Revolution of 1830:France was epicentre for this revolution. Charles X, successor of
Louis XVIII was aristocratic in nature. Facing this, Louis Philip emerged as ‘CITIZEN
KING’. This led to demand for constitution for people in all over the Europe.
ii. Revolutions of 1848: This refers to a series of republican revolts against European
monarchies. In 1847, Britain faced Economic depression. It impacted entire Europe. At
the same time, Karl Marx brought Communist manifesto and appealed the working class
to change political order in Europe.
After these revolutions, Europe’s ruling class agreed to provide Constitution to the people of
Europe. German was no exception to this.
4. IInd Frankfurt Parliament: Representatives of German state were called to decide
Constitution. Important decision of this was German federation an single Constitution for this
federation. These were to be done under the leadership of Prussia, but the King of Prussia
Wilhelm IV discarded the developments. This ended the chance of peaceful German unification
5. Role of Bismarck: After the death of Frederick William IV, Kaiser William I was appointed as
monarch in 1858 took forward the objective of German unification, appointed Bismarck as prime
minister by 1861. In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck, then Minister-President of Prussia, provoked

Www- sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

Page C-19
 three short, decisive wars against Denmark
, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller (;Cr 9 1,
states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In
1871 he unified Germany into a nation S(' e- >
forming the German Empire.
: In 1863, Prussia and Austria j0 j
- Snatched Holestinc & Schleswig from Denmark Schleswig and Holstein. Denm * |
hands as an offensive against Denmark over the control of r( ^
was defeated and territories were shared among them .
- Battle of Sadovc,1866: Fought against Austria
- Battle of Sedan, 1871: Fought against France

Effects of German unification

1. Immediate Effects
with Russia for 3 years and
• Bismarck resignation - Germany signed a reinsuranceII treaty
Bismarck wanted to have a renewal but Kaiser William rejected it, which was followed by
the resignation of Bismarck in 1890-91, which triggered many events.
• Entente cordiale - In 1894 Russia entered an alliance with France, by 1904 Anglo Frencb -
alliance called Entente cordiale was formed.
-
• Triple entente By 1907, triple entente was formed by Russia, France and Britain.
2. Subsequent Effects

I -
• Resulting WWI The counter alliances led to a reaction to secretive alliances of Germany.
An arms race with naval expenditure by Germany and simultaneous increase by Britain,
France, Italy led to world war I.

I • Changed Power Dynamics: The unification of Germany fundamentally altered the delicate
"balance of powers" established by the Congress of Vienna with the creation of a large,
wealthy, and powerful nation-state in central Europe.
• German Nation: It is perhaps most significant because it transformed Germany into an
important world power of both the 19th and 20th centuries.
• German Colonialism: With a unified Germany emerged a scramble for colonies in Africa
and Asia like East Africa, German Papua and German West Africa.

Conclusion
The German Unification also served as an important sign of the emergence of modem
nation-states in
Europe and shaping the current modem national identities. It is often also seen as one of
the key reasons
for the inevitable rise in German territorial aspirations and the 2 world wars.

.
www sunyaias.com |Mains GS Paper 1 Note| Megram:
Page C-20
 UNIFICATION OF ITALY (1815 - 1871)
Napoleon Mazzini contributed to the unification of Italy which was divided into a number of
, Garibaldi and
states. It was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different
Italian Peninsula into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s
states of theagainst
and 1830 designatedthe outcome of the Congress of Vienna, it reached completion in 1871, when Rome has
s
officially the
capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

jjpggnns for Italian unification

• Territorial Unity: Italy was divided into a number of states by the 19 th century, Sardinia,
Lombardy, Venetia, kingdom of two Sicilia (Sicily and Naples), Papal States, Tuscany, Parma
and Modena.
• Cultural Unity: Similarly like Germans, Italian people although divides into different above
territories but share same culture. This provided them a sense of unity
• Exploitation: These territories were economically exploited by Russia and France, thus creating
a sense of nationalism to challenge the exploitation
« History of Italy: Itlay has remained a center of Renaissance, so, rationalism was inherent in
Italian culture.
• Promotion by Napoleon: Napoleon destroyed Holy Roman Empire. He integrated all smaller
states into 3 bigger states.

Fvents leading to Italian unification

0 Carbonari Movement: This was a secretive movement initiated in Northern Italian speaking
areas but its reach was quite limited.
• Mazzini’s Young Italy movement: In the 1830’s Mazzini young Italy movement took out
protests for the unification of Italy but was suppressed by Austria.
0 Cavour role: Cavour was appointed by Emmanuel II as Prime minister to lead the process of
Italian unification under the monarchical leadership of Sardinia. He sought allies with the British
and France against Russia over the Crimea question. Britain offered neutral support for conflict
with Austria. France offered support to Sardinia if attacked by Austria.
0 Role of Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 : With these revolutions, people wanted to respect the
wish of the people. Revolutionary councils were established in 1860. Plebiscite was held in
Italian states, where all states except Sicily, Naples and Papal states joined for Italian
Unification.
• Redshirts and Garibaldi’s role: Garibaldi captured Naples in 1861, agreed with piedmont
Sardinia for united Italy under monarchical leadership. In 1861, Italy was formed but without
Venetia and Rome. Garibaldi and his 1000 armed troops named Redshirts managed to bring a
coup in Sicily, Garibaldi aimed for Italian Unification.

Effects of Italian unification

• Stood as inspirations: The success of the revolutions and movements inspired the revolts in the
rest of the world.
• Growth of political democracy: This led to the gradual growth of political democracy and
increasing people’s participation in-country political life.
• Independence movements: This led to the triumph of democracy and at the same time
imperialist conquests were revolted by the people, the two mighty revolts being the 1857 revolt
of India and Taiping rebellion in China.

WwW- sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50 Page C-21

 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION|1917|
The Russian Revolulion took placein * 917

^ '
c edthe Bolshevfe he
^^
iew
'commurhst government created
Vlalr
^^
'L ' 1 group of revoluti
the country oi tlic Soviet Union
' .
^
Reasons/Causes
„
,,, of government in w ich
L
“ ocratic Monarch: Widespread suffering under
autocracy is a for

. .. a X
one
P rPMon"
0
* "S a s II clung to autocracy despite changing ,imcj

. the
TC5SWar ,1905 ), also led
^
. ^tanFacfon ^
G TheC fcftfte queen, Tsarina Alexandra, in
wasn’t popular, and as a German princess, raised suspicions as
control during the war
to where her true
in Russia
loyalties
against the
. She
lay.
autocratic
• Rise of Marxism: Marxism had emerged as a popular movement
monarch and against the degradation of peasants and workers.
2. Economic
, but the peasants continued to live in misery
• Bastard Fuedalry: Serfdom was abolished in 1861appointed
known as “Bastard Fedualsry” meaning royally land captains who exploited the
farmers.
• Fiscal Crisis: The state exchanger was bankrupt due to the spendthrift ways of the Tsar,
expensive wars, the burden of maintaining a large bureaucracy and army and due to lopsided
methods of taxation.
• Food Shortage: Underdeveloped railway systems led to food shortages and rising prices, with
workers increasingly abandoning cities to seek food.
• Poor Worker Rights: Workers lived and worked under appalling conditions, with no political
rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. They did not even have the right to form
Trade Unions.
3. Social
• Nordinik Movement: This movement aimed at revolutionary awareness of the masses and
awaken them to rebel against the monarchy.
• Intellectual Movement: The presence of intellectuals also helped shape the awareness of the
masses.
- Makism Gorky: In his famous novel ‘mother’ presented the critical condition of
labourer s m Russia
- Leo Tolstoy and Lenin also made contribution in this
fields
'the ^
^
1 5111 revolulionary movement, which played important role in
1 awakening ople

- abelieved in. the philosophy of

XTU 1
Nihilism
Nihdtsm j

individualism
corrupt officers and awaken the people. Eg . , , nd their objective was to attach
?
P , Lenin
r
s brother Alexander made an
Czar Alexander III attempt on

on masses, Nihilism and

e in awakening the people
• Class Oppression: The social causes of
the Russi —

www.sunyaias.com |Mains OS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram:

Page C-22
 . Urbanisation: The rapid industrializatio
poor conditions for urban industrial n of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and
workers.
• Compulsory Military Service:
being sent off to war. Conscription
Conscription across Russia resulted in unwilling citizens
stripped skilled workers from the cities, who had to be
replaced with unskilled peasants.

of the Russian Revolution

RUPhase: Emergence of Soviet
• Awakened Classes: After the defeat to Russia in 1905, the masses became aware and
protested against the absolute monarchy,
in response the monarchy established a “Duma” or
a Russian Parliament.
• Neglect: Due to vast differences between the parties in the Duma, the Czar neglected their
opinions and resorted back to absolute monarch
y.
• World War: During the war, a severe food crisis led to protests outside the Royal Palace, the
Czar sent the army to control but the Army itself
sided with the public.
o Birth of Soviet: Once Army
sided with the Soviet, In 1917, the monarchy effectively lost all
control and the Soviet (People) became the power centre.
2nd Phase: Emergence of Provincial Government
• Provisional GQvemment : As the Soviet labourers lacked polity skills they allied with the
Duma and formed the provisional government.
• Failure of Provisional government and Rise of Lenin: Soviet and Duma got support from
the capitalist class. Hence, now they were in dilemma as they have two opposite goals
of
helping fanners and labourers on one side and helping capitalist class on the other side.
Hence, Provincial government failed to solve crisis by getting itself engaged in wars. People
of Russia were again in crisis. This provided the grounds for emergence of Lenin
3rd Phase: Emergence of Lenin
• Lenin: Lenin was in exile, and due to the provisional government not being able to form a
stable government, he moved back to Russia. Some of the Proposals by Lenin were:
a) Immediate end of war
b) Regulations and management of Industries in the hand of working class
c) Production and distribution in nation will be controlled by the state.
d) + Soviet will be the state.
4th Phase
• November Revolution 1917:Leriin raised the slogan of peace, prosperity and development.
He occupied political and administrative structure of Russia and this was November
revolution of 1917.

Outcome and Consequences of the Russian Revolution

1. Political
• First Real Revolution: Russia revolution proved to be first real revolution because for the
first time, power came in the hand of working class.
• The era of Communist: The birth of USSR begins the age of Socialism and communism, as
many nations start seeing a rise in communist political parties and worker movements.
• Threat to Capitalism: The capitalistic west was threatened with the rise of communism in
the east and its attractiveness to colonial nations like India. Eg: Bhagat Singh in India
• Rise of Fascism: The threat of communism led to rising of ultra-nationalistic regimes in
Germany and Italy to counter the threat and eventually led to the 2ndworld war.
2. Economic

-
WWw sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50
Page C-23
 ’

is that it allows
A onomic control
'
Victory within jUst
v
• Russian Industrialisation: The
to move 25-30 per cent
ferin to the
" II .
was formc<
decade.
Reduced Poverty: The poverty rates in Russia
declined after the USSR S
•
people enjoyed a generally better life.
3. Social
were not recognised in Russia till the 1970’s and thc
•
. Poor human rights: Human rights

communism and was openly hostile to the West.

10 legitimise its existence base
^
^
In many ways the Russian revolution was one of the most significant
even*
many of the outcomes of the modem world including the course of the
world war, ^ nns race*°
nudeararm
and the cold war.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an
end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

14 Points by Woodrow Wilson

1. Abolition of secret diplomacy:
2. Free navigation at sea for all nations in war and peace;
3. Removal of economic barriers between states.
4. All-round reduction of armaments;
5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of the populations concerned;
6. Evacuation of Russian territory;
7. Restoration of Belgium;
8. Liberation of France and restoration of Alsace and Lorraine;
9. Readjustment of Italian frontiers along the lines of nationality;
10. -
Self-government for the peoples of Austria Hungary;
11. Romania, Serbia and Montenegro to be evacuated and Serbia given access to the sea -
12. - -
Self government for the non Turkish peoples of the Turkish Empire and permanent gening of the Dardanelles;
13. An independent Poland with secure access to the sea;
14. A general association of nations to preserve peace.

.
Terms of treaty of Versailles
Germany to lose territory in Enrope; Gemtan Territory in Europe
was to be divided between the

www.sunyaias.com |Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | leiegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Pace C 24
 . War Reparations & Unaffordable compensation: Germany
damage done to allies, though the
amount was not fixed, it was
was to pay war reparations for
decided later in 1921 as £ 6600
million.
• Limit on German armaments: The armaments were strictly limited to a maximum of 1 lakh troops,
no conscription, no tanks, armoured cars, thus effectively curbing their military.
• Permanent demilitarization of Rhineland: The Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized.
This meant that all German territory on the left bank of the Rhine, together with a 50-kilometre strip
on the right bank, was to be closed to German troops and was to be occupied by Allied troops for at
least ten years.
• War guilt clause: This clause fixed the blame on Germany and allies for the outbreak of war, and
wanted to have a trial on war crimes on ex Kaiser.
-
• League of Nations: The league was formed to
and ensure world peace.
handle situations of this kind further between nations

firmans Objections
• Dictated peace: Germans were not allowed into discussions, this would have led to lesser harsh
treatment to them, they were just supposed to sign.
• Not based on 14 points: Germans claim that the treaty terms were not based on 14 points.
• -
Unable to create Greater Germany Germany wanted to develop into Greater Germany with the
German population of Sudetenland, Austria into single geography but this was forbidden by the
treaty.
• —
Loss of African colonies German colonies of Africa were lost as mandates to Britain and France,
they annexed them in this name.
• Complete disarmament and war guilt - Germany objected to complete disarmament and also as
the sole reason for war, but allies wanted to obey it to gain reparations.
• War reparations - £ 6000 million is a huge indemnity on Germany which turned into default very
soon, allies were dependent on tLi; to pay to the USA. This was later changed to £ 2000 million.

Impact of the treaty

• Germany resentment: Germany was temporarily weakened but made it resent and aggrieved,
and violated the treaty.

• Rise of Nazism: Hitler rise as a German leader and the development of political anti-
communist and anti - Semitic racist superior ideology called Nazism led to the worst crisis in
humankind
• Division of Colonies: France and Britain got the majority of former ottoman and German
colonies, which created more resentment with other colonial nations.
• Franco-British Dominance: This was seen in the case of rewarding the support of Japan and Italy
in the war, the failure of which led to them allied with Germany in the second world war.
• German Economic Crisis: The period after the treaty saw hyperinflation and economic crisis in
Germany, a trigger point for the second world war
• League of Nations: The role of the League was so negligible in preventing world war II and
hence not a successful organisation
• World War H: To raise German power as superior over Europe with Nazism led to the second
on the world powers
world war which had drastic effects

WWw sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

- Page C-25
 «0 peace
•
League ofNa onS
It was international peacekeeping
«
organisation" lmedasares Ult of Paris
acted as+

=
conference, which ended the World War
. stop evil actio

= = ^
tQ
Positives: Community power and publicly
sn action.

.s x«5S rs a TSia
takmg
not have military of its own + Difficulty m
v
unanimous votinpfinsteaH of consensus
^ -a the victors was a
'
) compromise
goa s that
The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting nor conciliated, nor was it
left no one satisfied, and, in particular, Germany was nei ause 0f World War II
.
permanently weakened. The treaty has sometimes been cite
as ^

most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.

• Stock Market Crash of 1929: Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had
lost more than $40 billion dollars. Even though the stock market began to regam some of its
losses, by the end of 1930, it just was not enough and America truly entered what is called the
Great Depression.
• Bank Failures: Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured
and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings. Surviving banks, unsure of the
economic situation and concerned for their own survival, stopped being as willing to create new
loans.
• Poor Consumption: With the stock market crash and the fears of further economic woes,
individuals from all classes stopped purchasing items. This then led to a reduction in the number
of items produced and thus a reduction in the workforce.
• American Economic Policy with Europe: As businesses began failing, the government
created the Smoot -Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a

.
high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign
countries along
with some economic retaliation.
• Drought Conditions: While not a direct cause
ha Missbnippi Vallsy in 1930 npsofannh

^
.
Deptessiop was lare ly oaussd bjOta d

^ ^^tontfroST L !? °
return to the gold standard at the pre-war gold price e natlons
f '
s
Pf ®55 00' lhe
after World War I to’^ '
• Protectionism: Protectionism, such as the ,
American Smnn -H , ,,
Hawley
indicated as a cause of the Great Depression with ?“‘
C0 U tnes enact
Tariff Act, is often
g protectionist policies
yielding a beggar thy neighbour result. ’ “ “
www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50
Page C-26
r
'

Itemj y/ Actions taken

^
• Deficit Financing: Borrowing against natural
very useful to the US economy.
resources and financial institutions proved to be

• Promotion of Public Works: Creation of

capital assets to boost public expenditure and revive
the economy.
• Welfarism : The depression showed the flaws
of a capitalistic system and brought the concept of
the welfare state to strengthen the social sector of the economy.
e Cooperation: Competition between large industries proved to be fatal for the economy and thus
cooperation between nations was envisaged.

r^inhal Impact of the Great Denrc^inn

*
^
! j ynresulting
?ns°!debts ^nt of German War Debt: Germany announced it could no longer keep paying
buropean nations and
government operations.
from World War I (1914 1918). This led to economic problems in other
-
the United States, reliant in part on those payments to fund their own

• Unemployment: By 1933 unemployment rates in Europe were soaring. Of the available

workforce m each country, unemployment rates were 26.3 per cent in Germany.
* CS Sm The economic hardships of the Great Depression led to the
^
Aesta lhzation of
European politics. The nations one by one, led first by the United States
an t en Britain, turned inward to try to solve their problems apart from other nations.
• U tranationalism: The lack of economic and political cooperation fueled the growth of
nationalism. Nationalism is when a nation places its needs significantly over the interests of
other nations.
On India
• Prices Crashed: As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. The fall in
agricultural prices led to reduction of farmers’ income and agricultural exports. Wheat prices
in India fell by 50 per cent.
• Farmer issues: Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers as the colonial
government refused to reduce revenue demands.
• Burden of Taxation: The government did not decrease their tax and so, many farmers and
landlords became more indebted to moneylenders and corrupt officials.

The Great Depression paved the way for world war II and also led to the emphasis on welfare aspects of
the state. The depression is generally seen to show capitalistic failure as well as the early norms that the
market can correct itself.

www-sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: Une/sunyanotes50 PageC-27

 FASCISM
izcd by
£
Fascism is a form of far-right, authoritarian uitr ationahsm charactei

^
suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of s
prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

Reasons for Rise of Fascism

y•
hjch ’c

^ bjoc

war it didn ’t get control over

Disappointment at Versailles: Italy in spite of valiant e or s c

.
©

“ ar: The world war had profound effects on

decrease in lira and increased! the cost of living five times. Unemployment
an
with 2.5million ex- servicemen didn’t find jobs.
Contempt for the Parliamentary system: As there is a proportional
. nf -
,
had also ncreased*
^-
stcm a
^
^
• large number of parties were present in the parliament with no consensus and policy stability
• Strikes in 1919 to 1920 - There was a wave of strikes in the period when the unification of Italy
was completed. This led to chaoswith taking over the lands of landlords, noting taking place all

• Political Disillusionment: People were politically and socially disillusioned and sought a
powerful leader, the gap which Mussolini fulfilled .
• Leader’s role: Mussolini was seen as a protector of private property and rights. His ideology of
providing stable governments, anti-church and anti-communist stood for the time, similar was
the case for Hitler.
• Lack of opposition - There is a clear lack of opposition unity among socialists and communists
against fascists. The anti-fascist forces failed as a resistant force.
• Hypernationalism: Nationalism at the cost of scapegoating Jews and other minorities was an
established feature of Fascism.

Features of fascism
• Stable and authoritative government - At the time of crisis and need, it provided a strong and
stable state in the form of a ‘corporate state' where employers and workers were organised with
the help of government officials.
• Extreme nationalism - This led to an emphasis on the strong and superior state rebirth after a
period of decline.
• One-party state - There was no place for democratic debate where the only party is a fascist
party. It also involved the cult of charismatic leader Mussolini in the lines
of Hitler. The fascist
party is anti-communist with concentrating on wealth and businesses.
•
Economic self-sufficiency - This was very important for the development
of the state in which
. the government must direct the economic life of the nation though not
Modern forms of propaganda - This period saw the rise
marches, songs and displays in contrast with old practices
in the Marxist forni
of new forms of propaganda like
to mobilise forces behind the leader.

particular ilori“blmg btmed and capcToaTed SZ'

and with a

^ sZdto ! *" '0

Outcomes of fascism
*
“8ed ^ 8° Venlment SUb8idieS

www.sunyaias. com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes

;
50
’ there is “ - ease in silk, ho

Page C-28
.
 e Battle of lii a Mussolini revalued lira to achieve self-sufficiency. This had a mixed result, for
industries like steel and iron raw material became cheaper. But in international markets, Italian
products became so costlier.
© Battle of wheat - Mussolini to achieve self-sufficiency in food, encouraged wheat production
and raised import tariffs so to achieve self - sufficiency which had side effects also.
9 Battle of births - Mussolini encouraged high birth rates, 12 members of a family, but this was
not interesting to the people of Italy,
o Land reclamation - This was encouraged to increase agriculture for self-sufficiency, pontine
marshes near Rome were an example of this.
o Public works programmes - This was encouraged to decrease unemployment, with the
construction of motorways, roads, railways and stadiums etc.
© Racial supremacy - This led to the rise of racial identities similar to Nazi Germany which grew
as axis powers as the cause of world war II.
G World war II - The second world war was due to the nationalism and racial superiority
ideologies to gain control over Europe and the world.

Tin <nlved problems by fascism

o Shortage of raw materials -
Though it emphasised coal and oil, it failed in self-sufficiency,
always dependent on Nazi Germany.
—
o Southern regions backwardness Northern regions were favourable for wheat and southern
were for dairy and arable farming, with the battle of wheat this was disrupted and led to the
economic backwardness of the the southern region.
G Great Depression - The Great Depression
led to huge debts, unemployment and bank crisis.
G Failure of government - There was no welfare
state approach which was due to the failure of
government in social services.
G Corruption - There was rampant corruption
which was due to Mussolini single handedly
without delegating powers to others.

Fascism is still a field where no objective analysis exists mainly due to the horrific nature of these
regimes, but it is generally regarded as a reactionary policy and saw relevance only during the interwar
period. Since the World war a few cases of Fascism has been seen in Peron’s Argentina, Salazar’s
Portugal.

NAZISM
Nazism, officially National Socialism, is the ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and
the
Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently
as Hitlerism. referred to

Reasons for development of Nazism

• Treaty of Versailles: The humiliation imposed by the treaty of Versailles fuelled the revenge of
Germany.
• Handover of SAAR & RUHR regions - Between 1921 and 1925 the regions of SAAR &
RUHR were handed over to France to pay war indemnity was a humiliation further.
• Weak Weimar Leaders: The weak and ineffective rule of Weimar republic failed to address
German issues and its economy.

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

Page C-29
 .. “
•

.^
Great depression - The Great depression
, S“
s r.;£ r s
c
“
the rising power of Hitler.
‘
« »r

—
of 1929 further

-
disrupted the German

n ^ rwin’s

.
r ‘social nrtegrat on in
USSS*”

imperialism. They felt the

„
economy

I,H«*
^

natural selection, Herbert Spencer’s

Aryan race was

„
^
-—
made easier for the Nazis

^, . .
make the Jews
on -The
SmTan the political scapegoats.
Germany

*5; '“"'
“ fSSSS ~ p « «> *
“, "
parliament and rule by decree to Hitler. So, all political parties
were anne excep e Nazi

building, home of the

• Reichstag Fire: The Reichstag fire was an arson attack on the Reichstag
German parliament in Berlin, on Monday 27 February 1933, precisely four
weeks after Adolf
Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany

Features of Nazism
• Military conscription: In 1935, Hitler introduced military conscription,clear where teenagers got
inducted into the army. This largely increased the German army and a violation of the
Treaty of Versailles.
• The knight of long knives: This was launched by Hitler in 1935 to unleash the top communist
leaders and Hitler’s rivals in Nazi party.
• Remilitarization of Rhine: Hitler gave orders for re-establishing the Navy and forming the Air
force, and sent troops to remilitarise the Rhineland region.
• Austria annexation: In 1938, Germany annexed Austria as a clear violation of the treaty of
Versailles; the League of Nations didn’t take any action and simply ignored it.
• Annexing Sudetenland: Hitler sent troops to occupy German speaking areas of Sudetenland, on
appeal of Czechoslovakia, Munich peace conference gave the Sudetenland region to Germany

-
and held that no further occupation must take place. But, they tried to annex the whole of

.
• Czechoslovakia.

Greater Germany ambitions: Hitler despite strong anti- Communist

feelings, signed a
!rato
" “
Wandre eimu
Impact of Nazism
• through
Reconstruction: Hitler wanted to reconstruct the economy for
full production and employment
state
programmes .
• World war II: In 1939, Germany invaded Poland, the
war started between France and England
• Tripartite pact:This was signed between Germany,
Italy and Japan strengthening
,

to international power. Hitler’s claim

www. sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50'

Page C-30
 • Holocaust: The systematic murder of
the Nazi regime.
European Jews due to anti scmitic feelings harboured by
-
• Territorial Expansion: Hitler’s Lebensraum ( living space ) to support a vastly increased
German population and form the basis for
“ ”
world power.
jvaluatioji
9 End of world war II: Germany was crushingly defeated at Stalingrad by the Soviet Union.
Japan was also defeated by the US in 1945 by bombing
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
® UNO: The formation of the UN was primarily due to the need for an international body based on
national cooperation to prevent the rise of any person like Hitler in the future.
• Ban on Nazi Symbols: Most nations banned the use of Nazi symbols or glorifications to Hitler
or other Fascist leaders.
• End of Colonialism: The end of the second world war was also the end of colonial powers and
many colonial nations like India gained independence
from European nations.
• Cold War: The end of Nazism led to the ideological contestation between the liberal west and
the communist east, and also a nuclear arms race.

rnnclusion
It is generally considered that Nazism was an interwar ideology and thus no real substantive study of it
has been done apart from the Hitler regime, nevertheless the regime provides a good example of the
totalitarianism and authoritarianism which can inevitably lead to loss of world peace and loss of millions
of lives.

CHINESE REVOLUTION
Chinese were under European subjugation since 1498, the west had commercial relations with china and a
rift appeared when the Chinese demanded compulsory silver for exchange.

Causes for the Chinese revolution

1. Economic causes
• Mandatory silver - Chinese in trade with European powers demanded mandatory silver, in turn
Europeans went for opium.
• Inculcation of opium - Opium was used as a medium of exchange between Europeans and
China which hampered its economy and also Chinese culture and society.
2. Political causes
• Expansion of trade - Europeans wanted a trade expansion with China by getting access to its
ports and areas such as Hong Kong to Britain.
• Want of more Chinese territory - Europeans wanted to have more access to Chinese territories
to trade due to its resources, so went for wars, defeated it and gained access to more Chinese
territory.
• Boxer uprising, 1899 - China in the late 19the century was disintegrated under European powers
as German china, British China, French China etc. But this was integrated by the boxer uprising
of 1899 which fought against the foreign powers in China and led to the economic integration
with the USA.
3. Social causes

Wvvw-sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50 PageC-31

 hsinchunn ’ who wanted to eliminate i(|0j,
Taiping rebellion - This was organised by Huan strong such that it controlled Nanking rc
^.
‘
• so
and nature worship in China. The rebellion was made China under different Europ'0*1
for 11 years. The two opium wars and the
rebellion
powers. and exploitation awakened China by
Young China movement - The defeat , suppression . Kang Hsu Tse was known as
1

• Fathc
Young China movement for cultural and political reforms democracy. This in the 2nd half 0 -w
f
and w
modem China who emphasised on modern education revolutions.
century prove to be a turning point of china through
its

Revolutions
incompetent Manchu dynasty rulers
• The first revolution, 1912 - The revolution was due to movement made the last Manchu and
pressure from outside and pressure from the young china of national
ruler
voluntarily leave the throne. Dr. Sun yet Sen was elected as the first president assembly
of China to raise jts
and he emphasised on Nationalism, employment and economic empowerment
power and he stood up as Milker of modern China.
• 1949 revolution - This revolution of 1949 saw the birth of communist china or people s republic
’

with the power centre at Mao.

Outcomes of revolution
The outcomes of the revolution was its participation in the world wars which was devastating.
• World war I - In world war I, China extended support to Britain and China was seen as a force
against military fascism of Japan, so China was given membership of league of Nations and in 1921
USA organised Washington conference in which European powers surrendered their rights over
China and it got its independence.
• World war II - In 1937,Mao organised Long March and in the same year Japan attacked China. The
second world war made Mao gain the support of masses and the rule of chiangkei sheik failed to
counter the personality of Mao.

China was never under the direct rule of western powers and so it had an awakening even before than
India which was also a victim of western imperialism.

JAPANESE REVOLUTION
Japan became the victim of western imperialism in the second
half of the 19th century. The extra
conscious Japanese revolted in just 14 years of slavery and fought to
raise as a world power.
Reasons for the Japanese revolution
1. Political reasons
• Subjugation to Europe - Japanese wanted to self liberate themselves from
of Europe so as to protect their identity. the subjugation
• Meiji restoration,1868 - The development of Europe was based on
economic development, to achieve this Japan modem education and
1868 .
ended feudalism with the Meiji restoration of
• Korean issue - Japan so as to raise as a world power got
Korea which led to the war with China. involved in the internal affairs of
• Treaty of Shimonoseki - This treaty gave Japan control
interests over the regions of Manchuria, over Korea and attacked Russian
with Russia Sakhalin islands and port Arthur leading to a war

.
www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Wegram: .ma/
sun
^ S? Page C-32
 2. Economic reasons
• Poor economic status - The poor economic status of Japan made it get subjugated by
European powers
• Dependence on imports - Japan as a nation depended on oil , the ironof the USA faced
difficulties when sanctions were imposed
.
3, Social reasons
• Seif empowermen t - Japanese wanted
to have modem education for both boys and girls in
order to develop as a supreme power.
® Constitution of polity - A Parliament
with two houses was established with the emperor as
supreme authority and he appoints
ministers and officers.
• National army - Japan developed a
national army which led to military fascism and
Shintoism(divinity of ruling class).

jopnn Revolution
The Japan revolution was in phases, wars with many other powers.
—
• First Sino - Japanese war In 1894, Japan wanted to rise as a power in Asia and became
involved in the internal affairs of Korea. This was not interesting to China and led to the first
Sino - Japanese war of 1894 - 95 in which China was defeated. By the treaty of Shimonoseki of
1895 China accepted Japan's dominance over Korea.
• Russian - Japanese war of 1905 - The treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan control over Korea
which attacked the Russian interests over the regions of Manchuria, Sakhalin islands and port
Arthur. This was seen as an advantage by Britain and signed an alliance with Japan in 1902. In
1905, war happened and Russia got defeated and the treaty of Portsmouth was signed with the
mediation of the USA. This treaty gave Japan control over Korea and Port Arthur and raised the
power of Japan as a world power, resulting in the occupation of Korea in 1910.
• Paris peace conference, 1919 - Till 1910, the internal developments of Japan tensed west but
when Japan claimed German territories in China like shantung, the USA resisted it for which
Japan kept quiet. The economic depression, 1929 and emergence of Hitler and Mussolini in
Europe made Japan revive its imperial policies for its population, immigrations, and
industrialisation.
• Second Sino - Japanese war - Japan targeted Manchuria in 1931 and wanted to have China
under the military control of Japan. This was against European powers and US interests and with
international pressure and threat of a league of nations, Japan attacked China in 1937 leading to
the second Sino - Japanese war.

Outcomes of the revolution

• USA and Japan - USA alarmed by the rise of Japan imposed economic sanctions like ban on
export of iron and oil, freezing Japan accounts in the USA. As a retaliation Japan attacked Pearl
Harbour in 1941,Japan wanted Asia for Asians and New order of having Asian countries under
the guidance of Japan.
• World war II - US dropped bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima ending the second world war
and Japan imperialism too. But, its occupation of Eastern Asia led to the crisis of Korea and
Vietnam.

Conclusion
Though Japan was raised as a power to resist Western imperialism, it turned imperialistic and caused a
great loss to humankind in the name of the second world war.

^sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t me/sunyanotes50

•
.
Page C-33
 ISRAEL ISSUE
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most
enduring conflicts, with the Israeli occupy
of conflict . Various attempts have been
of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching 54 years
resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli-Palestinian peace
process. ^
Phases onsracli State ]£ _ zj0nistorgaiiisation which had the aim of sclllmg jews
^ ^
the historical homeland of Palestine-Israel DV
^
of Britain, France, Italy, and Japan endorsed the British mand
• Apr . 1920 : The governments
. The Mandatory ^
for Palestine and also the Balfour Declaration at the San Remo conference
be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made
on November
of the
8 1917, ^
by
the British Government, and adopted by the other Allied Powers , in favour
establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.
and the Balf0
• July 1922: The League of Nations further confirmed the British Mandate Ur
Declaration.
• 1937: Lloyd George, British prime minister when the Balfour Declaration was issued , clarified
that its purpose was the establishment of a Jewish state:
• July 1937: The Peel Commission: The Commission recommended the partition of Mandatory
Palestine in part because "Partition enables the Jews in the fullest sense to call their National
Home their own; for it converts it into a Jewish State."
the British Mandate
• Nov. 29, 1947: U.N. General Assembly resolution 181, the one partitioning
of Palestine into two, uses the term Jewish state 27 times in its text and 3 times in the footnotes.

Reasons for Arab-Israel Conflict

• Formation of Israel: The State was of Israel was created in a land historically held by the
Ottoman Empire known as Palestine, it had a Jew minority and Muslim Majority.
• Jerusalem: Both Judaism and Islam have been antithetical to each other since antiquity over
claims of the holy city of Jerusalem.
• Non Recognition: Most Muslim majority nations do not still recognise the state of Israel and
only recognise Palestine, however that has changed as many Arab nations have recognised it.
• Balfour Declaration: The British government issued the Balfour Declaration, which stated that
the government viewed favourably "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
Jewish people.
• Arab-Israel Wars 1948: The Arab Israeli war of 1948 saw an increase in Israeli territory and an
increase in disputes with Syria, Jordan and Egypt.
• Intifada: Israeli response to Palestinian Intifada or resistance has been very harsh which has
been condemned by the Arab nations.
• Ki,PpUri
. 197I: Syria and
Mfar staged a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the

r ^^^ ‘ ,
'
^ ^ S ateS 0 send to ps t0 rein rce the
EOTtians and S ° *
• Support to PLO: Arab nations have supported the PLO
, which was seen as a terrorist
massacre!”” “ “ C nduCted muitip e
° hiJacki>g8 »d also the Munich Olympic
Arab Recognition
•

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

nr
"
-- - * *»
Page C-34
 . Jordan : In October 1994, Israel
cooperation, an end of hostilities,
and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual
the fixing of the Isracl-Jordan border, and a resolution of other
issues.
0 Abraham Accords: The Abraham
Accords are a joint statement between the State of Israel, the
United Arab Emirates, and the United
States of America, Subsequently, the term was used to
refer collectively to agreements between Israel
respectively. and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain,
9 Sudan: On 23 October 2020, an agreement
Sudan and Israel. was announced to normalize relations between
• Morocco: Morrocco also recognised Israel
and normalised relations in 2020 after the Abraham
accords.
• Rest of the World: As of December
2020,
Israel. 28 UN member states do not recognize164 of the other 192 UN member states recognize
Israel.
Conclusion
In the aftermath of the Abraham Accords, it is increasingly being seen that Arab nations are
normalising
relations with Israel as part of evolving geopolitical common concerns regarding the rise of Iran as a
disrupter in the Middle eastern power balance.

WWW;Sunyaias. com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Page C 35
 1
AFGHAN ISSUE
power came after a blitz by «
The collapse of the Afghan government and the Taliban 's recapture of
militant group that stunned many Afghans and the world . It is c ap er in
theJatMt our ryW ,
.,
^
foreign invasions, c v |
42 years of instability and bitter conflict. Afghans have lived through
insurgency and a previous period of oppressive Taliban role.

Phl
#
*
1921: The BritishTbeleaguered in the wake of World War I , are defeated in the Third British
Afghan War (1919-21 ), and Afghanistan becomes an independent nation. Concerned
Afghanistan has fallen behind the rest of the world , Amir Amanullah Khan begins a rig0roiJs
campaign of socioeconomic reform. .
^
than an emirate, and proclaim
• 1926: Amanullah declares Afghanistan a monarchy , rather

• 1933 : Zahif Shah becomes king. The new king brings a semblance of stability to the country m
the rules for the next 40 years

Soviet Influence .
• Saur Revolution 1973: Khan overthrows the last king, Mohammed Zahir Shah, m a military
coup. Khan’s regime, the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, comes to power. Khan
abolished the monarchy and named himself president. The Republic of Afghanistan is
established with firm ties to the USSR.
• -
1975 1977: Khan proposes a new constitution that grants women rights and works to modernize
the largely communist state.
•1978: Khan is killed in a communist coup, They proclaim independence from Soviet influence,
and declare their policies to be based on Islamic principles, Afghan nationalism and
socioeconomic justice.

Soviet Invasion
• 1979: The USSR invades Afghanistan on Dec. 24 to bolster the faltering communist regime and
Amin and many of his followers are executed.
• 1980: Babrak Karmal is installed as Afghanistan's Soviet-backed ruler. Groups of guerrilla fighters
known as mujahideen or holy warriors mount opposition and jihad against Soviet forces. The ensuing
war leaves about 1 million Afghan civilians and some 15,000 Soviet soldiers dead.
• 1983-1989: The U.S., which had previously been aiding Afghan mujahideen groups, and Saudi
Arabia covertly funnel arms to the mujahideen via Pakistan through the 1980s. Saudi Islamist Osama
bin Laden makes his first documented trip to Afghanistan to aid anti-Soviet fighters
.
• 1988: In September, Osama bin Laden and 15 other Islamists form the group
to continue their jihad, or holy war, against the Soviets
al-Qaida, or “the base”,
• 1989: The U.S., Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union
guaranteeing Afghan independence and the withdrawal of 100,000
sign peace accords in Geneva
Soviet troops.

sp5 pSS
Post-Soviet Withdrawal

| '
*,
S«3S£
traditional Islamic values.
=
Shah Masood, legendary guerrilla leader, leads the
troops into the capital
ed ISia iC mUi ia the Taliba
” ’
Most Afghans, exhausted Kby years of drought, famine -
”^ es ^ to power on promises of peace
and war, approve 0f the TahbTfo' upholding
-

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Page C 36
 —
nmnEm
V 1997: The Taliban publicly executes

•
•
Northern All .
Alliance,
Najibullah. Ethnic groups in the north, under Masood ’s
and the south, aided in part by Hamid Karzai, continue to battle the Taliban lor
control of the country.
1999: The U.N. The Security Council imposes terrorist sanctions on the Taliban and al -Qacda .
2000: By now considered an international terrorist, bin Laden is widely believed to be hiding in
Afghanistan, where he is cultivating thousands of followers in terrorist training camps.

US Invasion: Following unanswered demands that the Taliban turn over bin Laden, U.S. and British
•
forces launch airstrikes against targets in Afghanistan October 2001.
2001: Hamid Karzai, a royalist and ethnic Pashtun is sworn in as the leader of the interim
• government in Afghanistan. Karzai entered Afghanistan after living in exile for years in
neighbouring Pakistan.
« 2004: Presidential elections are held. More than 10.5 million Afghans register to vote and choose
among 18 presidential candidates, including interim leader Karzai.
• 2011: U.S. forces overtake a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, and kill al-Qaeda leader Osama bin
Laden on May 2 local time.
• 2014: NATO officially ends its combat mission in Afghanistan. U.S.-led NATO troops remain to
train and advise Afghan forces.
• 2019: U.S. and Taliban sign agreement on a peace deal that would serve as the preliminary terms for
the U.S. withdrawal from the country by May 2021.
• 2021: The Afghanistan government collapses as the Taliban takes over Kabul and announces their
interim government.

Current Issues
• Extremism: There is a risk of the Taliban regime harbouring terror groups as it did during its
first takeover.
• Women Rights: The Taliban are infamous for violating women rights and subjecting them to
conservative norms which restrict their education and right to choose.
• Destabilise Region: The Taliban had many foreign factions fighting within it, with its takeover,
return back to their home nations and engage in terror activities
these foreign fighters could
notably in Kashmir.
• Minority Rights: The Taliban’s Sharia regime may pose a threat to the existence and the rights
of minority groups residing in Afghanistan.
• Terrorists in Cabinet: The interim Taliban government includes many hardliners that are on the
UN sanctions list due to their terror links and activities.
• Pakistan’s Proxy: Pakistan has used the Taliban in the past as proxies in their attacks against
India, this is a real threat again as the Taliban is largely backed by Pakistan
• Future of Indian outreach: The Future of India’s development projects and economic
initiatives will be impacted as terms of the agreement in Afghanistan change.
• Political Dissidents: Those who have worked for the previous Afghan government and Military
face the risk of being executed by the current Taliban regime.

Afghanistan is regarded as the graveyard of empires, or a nation where no victor arises. Thus historically
Afghanistan has seen endless wars and conflicts with no real winner, even today the Taliban regime
cannot be seen as a lasting event as geopolitical interests are very large and constantly influence Afghan
Polity.

^ amyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes |

telegram: Page C-37
 .
-
WORLD WAR I CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND INDIA S RESI ONSJ
World War 1 also called the Fits! World War or Great War, was an international c o n f l i c t i n 19
IS embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia , the Unite
other regions.
tates, le 1 e East, ^
Causes
.
1 Direct Causes
• Assassination of the Archduke: Following the assassination, Austria Hungary issued
ultimatum to Serbia, which was rejected and led Austria -Hungary to declare war againsant
Serbia, with German support.
• Complex Alliances: The alliances promised that each country would support the other if
war
ever broke out between an ally and another Great Power, this complicated the foreign
policy
of various nations.
• German Factor: Germany offered Austria -Hungary unconditional support in the wake
of
the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. This “blank check,” via unconditional support, sought
military and political triumph in securing the Balkans.
• Serbian Nationalism: Nationalism was one of many political forces at play in the
time
leading up to World War I, with Serbian nationalism, in particular, playing a key role.
2. Implicit Causes
• German Millenarianism: Millenarianism is a belief held by a religious, political or
social
group or movement that a coming major transformation will occur, after which all things
be changed. For Germany, leading into World War I, historians report that the Spirit
will
of 1914
was high, with support from the German population for participation in the war.
• European Expansion: The expansion of European nations as empires (also
known as
imperialism) can be seen as a key cause of World War I, because as countr
ies like Britain and
France expanded their empires, it resulted in increased tensions among
European countries.
• Balance of Power: For more than a century, the British held domin
and thus Germany was seen as a rising power and in challenge
ant power over the world,
to the British hegemony.
• Colonial Competition: Germany saw itself in a position to defeat
the British and the French
and inevitably take over all the colonial possessions.
• Imperial Opportunism: Imperial opportunism, in the
form of the Italian attack on Ottoman
Libyan provinces, also encouraged the Balkan wars
of 1912-13, which changed the balance
of power in the Balkans to the detriment of Austria
-Hungary.
.
3. Marxist View
Imperialism: The war was fought with a view
expand capitalism.
to capturing more markets and colonies to

Consequences

.
1. Immediate Consequences
Breakup of Ottoman Empire: The ottoman
replaced by a democracy, the former provin
empire was defeated and
ces of the large empire
the Sultan was soon
British and French mandates. F were divided between

was

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes| Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Page C 38
 the
* 0f reparation 10 be paid by Germany and
,
fdeIiberations for na '°nS
*
toavtid
2. Others
JiVna glotelSsca
8 ed
“ 3 P atf0rm
' °
• Rise of Communism: A far-left and often explicitly Communist revolutionary wave
occurre in several European countries in 1917-1920, notably in Germany and Hungary.
• se o ascism. The treatment meted out to Germany and many other nations by the allied
powers, e to heavy disillusionment in their societies notably in Italy and Germany, this led
to e rise o yper-nationalist leaders like Hitler and Mussolini.
• oun ation of World War 2: The humiliation of Germany would prove to be Hitler’s key
motivation m waging the second world war 20 years later.
• Rise of US . WWI saw the entry of the US after years of isolationist foreign policy, it also
had very net losses and became a powerful voice in global affairs.

pwtia in World War I

1. Contributions
• Military Support: The Indian army fought under the command of British forces. Over one
million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were
wounded.
o Funding: As high as 100 million British Pounds (present -day Rs 838 crore) was gifted by
India to Britain to fund their war anticipating dominion status and home rule in return.
• Material Supply: As much as 37 lakh tons of supplies and jute for sandbags were sourced
by the British from India. India supplied all sorts of material for the war, including clothing,
weaponry including tanks, armored cars, guns etc.
• Political Support: The Indian National Congress supported the British in the First World
War because the Congress leaders hoped that as a consequence of this effort India would get
-
the status of a self governing dominion under the British throne.
2. Outcomes
• Revolutionaries: Many Indian revolutionaries saw it as an opportune time to end British rule
in India like the Ghadar Party.
• Impetus to the National Movement: The unfair treatment given by the British for Indian
help in the war (the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) gave an impetus to the
Gandhian mass movements that followed.
• Attitudinal Shift: The world war ended the myth of the indestructible power of the British
Empire in India as the British faced many humiliating defeats during the war. This raised the
self-confidence of Indians.
• Rise of Socialism: The formation of the USSR after the war also led to the rise of
communism in India with the formation of CPI and imparted a socialist influence on the
freedom struggle.

German Responsibility for the War

1. For
was significantly responsible for the outbreak of World

—
• Regional Interferences: Germany
War One in 1914 she created a lot of tension between her and other Great Powers, such as in
.
^ »aias,om | Matas GS Paper 1 No es | Tele^am: Page C-39
 Schlieffen P|an >
the Franco Prussian War, ‘Weltpolitik’
, imperialization of Morocco , ‘
- and
the Naval Race 1906 - 1912
of .
because she invaded Belgium in August i 9|
• Belgian Invasion: Germany has been blamed
.
when Britain had promised to protect Belgium Germany to protect Austria from Serbi
German Protection to Austria: This prompted
aa
•
its ally Russia.
complex of Germany in the family
• German Colonial Ambitions: The small empire
European empires, saw an opportunity to reconfigure
the balance of power in their favor
an aggressive war of conquest.
2. Against
Serbian Nationalism: Serbian nationalism and expans ionism were profoundly disruptjVe
• . extraordinarily irresponsible
forces and Serbian backing ror the Black Hand terrorists
for me
Austria-Hungary bore only slightly less responsibility for its
panic over-reaction to
assassina tion of
assassination ui the heir
uic n&u to
—
mw Habsburg
w the 0
throne. ^
• Aggressive Foregn Policies: France encouraged Russia's aggressiveness towards Austria -
Hungary and Germany encouraged Austria intransigence. Britain failed to mediate as it had
done in the previous Balkan crisis out of fear of Germany's European and global ambitions.
• Austrian Ambitions: Austrians saw the assassination of their Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and his wife by a Bosnian Serb as an excuse to conquer and destroy Serbia, an unstable
neighbour which sought to expand beyond its borders into Austro-Hungarian territories.

WORLD WAR II - CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND INDIA’S RESPONSE

World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world
- —
during 1939 45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers Germany, Italy, and Japan and the
—
Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union. The war was in many respects a
continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of the disputes left unsettled by World War I.

Causes
1. Immediate
• German Invasion of Poland: The German Invasion of Poland in 1939 was regarded as the
immediate cause of the war, as it brought Britain and France to
declare war on Germa
• Hitler’s Expansionism: Hitler’s expansionism saw him annex Austria into the Germanyn .State
and also several violations of the treaty of Versailles.
2. Implicit Causes
• Humiliation of WWI: The humiliation of Germany and the unfair
imposed on it was a dominant factor in the expansionism terms of reparation
.
•
Great Depression: The enormous reparations
put on Germany in the Treaty
also increased the debts. Coupled with ineffec of Versailles
tive governments in many of
States led to slow reconstruction and poor these European
economic growth.
• Failure of League of Nations: The establishment of the League
which nations could settle their disputes, of Nations as a forum in
making and was largely seen to be British
howev er the league lacked unanimous decision
and French dominated.

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Page C 40
 * Fascism: The rise of Hyper Nationalism in Europe led by Hitler and
Mussolini also
compounded the war.
0 Failure of Appeasement: An example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement
of
September 1938. In the Agreement , Britain and France allowed Germany to annex areas in
-
Czechoslovakia where German speakers lived.
0 Japan’s Militarism: In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the economic depression and
in order
to produce more goods, Japan needed natural resources for its factories. The Japanese army
invaded China, an area rich in minerals and resources.

Conse uences
1. Immediate Consequences
0 Allied Occupation: The victory of the allies saw them occupy the lands of former
Nazi
Germany and Japan to facilitate a democratic government to be formed.
• Age of Superpowers: With the Nuclear bomb, began the age of Nuclear superpowers with
US as the first superpower.
• Europe in Ruins: There was economic and social degradation of Europe after years of
fighting and immediate funds were needed for the reconstruction.
e Formation of UN: The UN was fonned as a global body for negotiations and as a platform
to resolve bilateral and multilateral issues.
2. Others
with the USSR
• Cold War: With the US achieving nuclear weapons, it began an arms race world .
which resulted in both nations challenging each other in different parts of the
• Bretton Woods: The Bretton Wood institutions of World Bank and the IMF were set up to
aid in the post war recovery of Europe and to extend credit and aid to other nations facing
financial stress.
• End of Colonial Age: The end of world war II also saw the. end of many colonial empires
and the independence of many nations like India from Britain
• National Movements: The end of thefrom world war also gave impetus to national struggles
around the world to gain independence despotic colonial masters.
• Division of Europe: After the war, Europe was divided along ideological lines - Communist
East and Liberal West. The Communist nations of Eastern Europe were divided by what was
known as the Iron curtain.

India in World War II

1. Contributions
• Military Support: In 1939 the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. It took in
volunteers and by 1945 was the largest all-volunteer force in history
, rising to over 2.5
million men.
levies, such as the eponymous "War Fund", imposed a crushing
• Taxation: British taxes and , essentially financing Britain's war in Asia.
burden on India's poverty-stricken peasantry
• Prisoner of War: Some 75,000 Indian soldiers were captured by Axis powers during the
Second World War.
2. Outcomes
struggle intensified during the war years in the form of the
• National Struggle: The National
at removal of the British from India.
Quit India movement which aimed
lelegam. UMtajmoteSO Page C-41
WwuuWiM.com I Mains OS Paper 1 Notts |
 and rice supp]
, when critical grain
• Bengal Famine: An estimated 3
were diverted to the war front.
million Indian s died

ath
^
of the war, also helped end col0nial
in the afterm
• Independence: The rise of democracies independence.
notably the British and led to Indian
currency took a nosedive, economic imbalances a
empires most
• Economic Issues :
exchang
The value
proble
of
ms
Indian
and the development of exchange control
. ^
to currencies e

German Responsibility lor the war

.
1 For
effectively came at a calculated cost 0f
• Firsf Aggression: German invasi. on of Poland
starting a war with Poland’s allies
to power, his main agenda was to
Violation of Treaty of Versailles: When Adolf Hitler rose
• foreign policy.
shake off the terms of the treaty. He embarked on an aggressive
the main causes of World
Rise of Hitler: The rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party was one of
•
War II. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism. He
espoused two major causes
- creation of a Greater Germany and conquest of territory in Eastern Europe (Lebensraum)
. ^“ , „, ,
An i-Comi em Pac between Genttany, Japan and Italy agan t cornm« «
,
A Pa
-
regimes of the time and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Nazi Soviet Pact) served to
TT.
strengthen Nazi Germany adequately to take on Allied nations in World War 11
2. Against
^
• Failure of League of Nations: The primary aim of the League of Nations was to prevent an
armed conflict similar to World War I. It, however , turned out to be a weak organization
incapable of effective action. Germany withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933.
• Anglo-French Apeasement: This is mainly because they failed to stop Germany in the
beginning when they still had the chance. Instead , they decided to follow a policy of
appeasement and let Germany get away with whatever it wanted without any kind of
opposition to try to prevent war.

SOCIALISM AND ITS DIFFERENCES WITH COMMUN

Socialism is a populist economic and political system based on
ISM
public ownership (also known as
collective or common ownership) of the means of production.
Those means include the machinery,
tools, and factories used to produce goods that aim to directly
satisfy human needs.
Factors leading to Socialism
• Industrial Revolution: The fast pace of the industrial revolution led
rich while others becoming poor. to some sections becoming
• Opposition to Liberalism: Socialism developed in opposition to
individualism & capitalism which neglected excesses & abuses of liberal
societal rights for individual
• Exploitation of the working class: With the
dawn of the Industrial age
rights
workers deteriorated and they were made to , the conditions of the
work in poor conditions
with very less wages.
www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes ] Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50
Page C-42
r

• of !
hequllkyh societial 386
^ CaUSed poverty amongst the working class and a manifestation

pi resof Socialism
public Ownership: A socialist
• production and distribution.
economy is characterized by public ownership of the means of
, Central Planning: A socialist economy is centrally planned which functions under the direction of a
central planning authority. It lays down the various objectives and targets to be achieved during the
plan period.
• Equality: In a socialist economy, there is great equality of income distribution as compared with a
free market economy.
• Objectives. A socialist economy operates within definite socio-economic objectives.
e Central Conti ol: A fully planned economy is by implication a controlled economy. Government
controls the main aspects of all economic activity.
• Economic Stability: Another important merit is the economic stability which a socialist economy
has. A capitalist economy is often suffering from economic fluctuations resulting in a lot of
unemployment and wastage of resources.
• Removal of Monopoly: Since under socialism all means of production are owned by the state, both
competition and monopoly are eliminated.
• No Class Struggle: No sections are discriminated against. There is no special favor in any class.
Therefore, there is no scope for anything like the class struggle which is a characteristic of the
capitalist economy.

Differences Between Socialism and Communism

Contemporary communism is an offshoot of socialism and is sometimes called revolutionary socialism
for advocating the takeover of governmental powers by the working class through revolution rather than
incremental reform.
Communism Socialism

Ownership All economic resources are Individuals can own personal property
publicly owned and controlled by but all industrial & production capacity
the government. Individuals hold is communally owned & managed by
no personal property or assets. democratically elected govt.

Social All class distinctions are Class distinctions are diminished.

Structure eliminated. Society in which Status derived more from political
everyone is both owners of the distinctions than class distinctions.
means of production and their own Some mobility.
employees.

Individual From each according to his ability, From each according to his ability, to
to each according to his needs each according to his contribution.

SSlwhu | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes 11 =. = ,

leg am: Un /su»yano es50 Page C43

t
 -
socialism relies principally
on
Economic Economic planning coordinates all Planned investment
to determine and
Coordination decisions regarding investment, planning
decisions. Planning may be
production and resource allocation. production
Planning is done in terms of centralized
or decentralized.
physical units instead of money.
for the welfare of
Welfare Supports widespread universal The state will be
the society without any
social welfare with an emphasis on everyone in
public health and education discrimination
Class Class is abolished. The chances of Classes exist but differences between
possible for
one worker earning more than the them are reduced. It is
other are nonexistent. some people to earn more than others.

MERCANTILISM
Mercantilism is an economic policy whereby a nation aims to maximize exports and minimize imports.
Originally adopted by European nations between 1500 and 1800, mercantilist nations implemented policies
such as tariffs and subsidies in order to boost exports and make international imports more expensive.

Factors leading to its rise

• Economic Factors: Towards the end of the 15th-century Domestic economies were giving way to an
exchange economy. Agriculture was giving place to industry. Trade became very important and it
-
changed the foundation of the socio economic setup of the middle ages.
• Political Factors: Each nation wanted to preserve its independence and considered other nations as
enemies. In order to create a strong and powerful state, the Mercantilists tried to regulate the political
and economic activities of the people.
• Church. Initially the Roman Catholic Church controlled the political and economic activities of the
nation. But after the Reformation, the authority of the Pope was challenged
.
• Innovation: The discoveries of compass and printing press were of great importance, with the help
of compass navigation led to the discovery of new countries. Thus

—
new countries opened the gates to
a variety of raw materials and markets.

Features of Mercantile States

•

. -
Accumulation of Gold: Nations saw gold as protection against
invasion and a lack of gold would

-
inevitably lead to the nation’s demise
• rr rc” .
•
“i " - 1

Monopolies: The state had a monopoly in the

-
...
rsirzszr
fact that it was th*
colonies so it was only able to import or export to
the mother country
*•
**

^ ‘° “PPly *° ^
S
*

www.sunyaias.com |Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegn t.me/sunyanotes50

Page C-44
f
lSJ0- Which Stresses 80vernment regulation and monopoly often
lead to
wript
eX, encyarfdcViolat
^^
8111
•
ng
Hun an Rights i ° ns: Mercantilism brought about many acts against humanity, includi
• slavery and an imbalanced system of trade.

• Distress to Colonies: During Great Britain's mercantilist period, colonies faced periods of inflation
and excessive taxation, which caused great distress.

,
East Ind a ComPany: In 1600, the British government created the ‘East India Company’ which was
• a state-sponsored monopoly for the East Indian spice trade. Whilst privately owned, it was grante
d
monopoly powers in the market until the British government revoked these in 1813.
• Arbitristas of Spain: The Spanish people were suffering and domestic business was suffering due to
imports. In turn, the arbitristas suggested stricter regulations on imports and tax subsidies
to
agriculture workers.

COLONIALISM, IMPERIALISM AND NEO-COLONIALISM

Colonialism is a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored,
conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world.

ppasnns for Colonialism

• Seeking Wealth: Based on the success of Spain, the first colonists believed that gold and silver
the
existed in great abundance in the Americas and in India. These early adventurers came to
colonies in search of precious metals.
as well
• Mercantilism: Colonial settlements presented new business opportunities for merchants
as for the general upliftment of the society.
started a major
• To Spread Christianity: During the Age of Discovery; the Catholic Church
s. This policy
effort to spread Christianity in the New World by converting indigenous people
was most notable amongst the Portuguese.
te natural resources to
• Natural Resources: Many of the European nations did not have adequa
support their rising populations and thus the search for colonies.
and knowledge of various new routes
• Navigation Technology: The discovery of the compass
es.
also helped in increasing the attraction of newer coloni
concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, the
• Marxist View: In a Capitalist system, wealth is
, and capitalists have no choice but to invest
possibility for investment at home is exhausted
, weak nations.
abroad, establish colonies, and exploit small

Features of Colonialism
1. Economic
wealth took place through unrequited exports and state
• Drain of Wealth: Drain of
expenditure on armed forces and
civil services.
has remarked that the British empire in India stole
o Data: Foreign Minister Jaishankar
over $45 trillion.
| Telegram: tmtamymotesS) Page C45
""'MWas.com | Matas GS Paper 1 Notes
 only the
Colony
colonies was one - sided and benefited
• Unequal Trade: Trade in these
exported them to
other nations inclu j ’
who obtained raw materials from the colonies and ^
maintained a high trade
with India.
Fhor“ f the colonial period, the
British
^
very high taxation on the natives thus disillusioning them ft0 ni
• High Taxation: There was
starting any enterprise themselves,
10 /1 lths of the land revenue on
o Example: The
zamindars.
Brtisih had imposed a tax of
^
Economic Imbalance: The colonies as a market of their
produced goods and supplier of raw
• economy became always against the
materials and during this exchange the balance of
colonies.
2. Social
part of the mother country, the rights
• Subordination: Colonies were always a subordinatemore than the natives.
and privileges enjoyed by the colonists were always
punishments and
• Human Rights Violations: Colonists frequently meted .out harsh
treatments to the natives. Example: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Divide and Rule: They used tactics like divide and rule to divide the social fabric of the
colony based on communal or cultural lines to propagate their colonial purposes.
3. Political
• Domination: All major political decisions were made by the colonizers, the views of the
natives were hardly ever entertained.
• Lack of Rights: Colonizers almost never respected the rights of the native population and
neither provided them with any rights to empower them.

Impact of Colonialism
1. On Colonizers
• One-Sided Trade: During this period, the prevailing economic wisdom suggested that the
empire's colonies could supply raw materials and resources to the mother country and
subsequently be used as export markets for the finished products.
• Military Might: With the use of vast resources and manpower, the colonists improved their
military capabilities and effectively fought many wars with the security of the colonial
wealth. Example: Britain in the World Wars.
• Spread of Religion: Colonies were an easy area to propagate the religious beliefs of the
. colonizers.
Economic Development: The wealth of natural resources and a large
the flow of wealth from the colonies to Europe and aid in
export market ensured

-— - —sts -
Economic development.
• Expansion: The wealth from the colonies further
increased the greed to acquire more
colonies.
2. On Colonies
•
•
-
,ir'‘
www.sunyaias.com f Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50~
-
Page C 46
r
• Slavery: Colonialism fn thc development of the slave trade in many colon
ics,
including America The | nieS provided mm, cotton, and other products heavily demanded
•

by imperialists in Africa ^ °
• Poverty: Due to the drain nf Wea tl and destruction of native industries, thc native
'
population gradually d their trade
* nt povcity- Example: Indian Craftsmen who lost
•
11J
and livelihood with the
^ ^ ^ °
• Commercial isatio n of Aericmh !!!!.?^ ? tlSh*
, .
1 16 colomsts Put more emphasis on growing cash
crops
neglecting the food C nCerts ofthe colonies.
. Racism: All natives were "° ^ S Cia ly
° ‘
olntr *
. cTumlV '
immpnspK t
S atUii

16 C
°
bel W
. °

° '
Eu

^
stl uctmn. Loss and destruction of culture and land, colonialism contributed
*

and destmction of cultural norms and values. First of all the native
n CS Were made inferior to the languages of the colonial masters.
R sk f t ylsease. the colonial masters brought with them some diseases which were not
'

Known Dy the people of the colonies. Some of the diseases with which they came were
communicable and some ofthe natives contracted them.

nifferences between African and Indian Colonialism

Indian Colonialism African Colonialism

History Existence of National consciousness Lack of a prior civilisational

due to past ancient civilizations consciousness due to diversified
history (Mauryas, Guptas, Mughals) tribal roots.

Social Colonial powers built social No such prominent institution was

infrastructure like schools to educate made to educate the Africans
Indians to serve under British
interests.

Method of Decolonisation process was largely Decolonisation was a result of

Independence peaceful and a result of protests and warfare and tribal conflicts,
o Example: Algeria was liberated
public awareness
in 1962 only after a bloody civil
war with France but India was
decolonized because of protests
by leaders such as Gandhi.

Mostly dominated by British and

Administrate Administration had both Indians and
European officers
n British persons in later part of
colonization.
Decolonisation usually resulted in the
India underwent a division of and
its
Independence amalgamation of multiple tribal
historical landmass into Pakistan kingdoms.
later Bangladesh
• Example: Nigeria underces went an
amalgamation of provin into a
country

<.me/Smy*>otes50 Page C47

| Mains GS Paper 1 Notes
^
| 1e
 IMPERIALISM
that a nation makes to take over the lands of another nation either by force or
Imperialism is the policy within the country. B
take over those lands , they start setting up their own colonies
cy . To
find. The other three types me u e .
diploma
one type of imperi alist policy you might
colonies are only
Imperialism
Differences between Colonialism and
Imperialism
Colonialism
Is expanding the empire using soft and
Definition Is owning a region politically for
powers for reigning control and
economically exploiting the people in the hard
exercising power
region.
ds the economic and political
Purpose Is the method for the economical Expan
exploitation of the people power by extending their empire

Colonialism is where a country conquers Imperialism means creating an empire,

Policies
and rules over other regions. It means expanding into the neighboring
exploiting resources of a conquered regions and expanding its dominance
country for the benefit of the conqueror. far.

exercising power
Impact on In Colonialism, one can see a great Imperialism is just
regions either
Natives movement of people to the new territory over the conquered
and living as permanent settlers. through sovereignty or indirect
mechanisms of control.

Origins Colonialism has its origins when Though colonialism can be attributed
Europeans started to look outside their to trade pursuits of the country, It is
country, pursuing trade with other nations. just not like that and it involves
individual pursuits only. Imperialism
has its origins in the Roman Empire.

NEO-COLONIALISM
Neocolonialism came to be seen more generally as involving a coordinated effort by former colonial
powers and other developed countries to block growth in developing countries and retain them as
sources of cheap raw materials and cheap labor
Examples
• China: In Africa, China has loaned $95.5 billion to various countries between 2000 and 2015,

. most of the loans will not be recovered as there is no growth that will enable the payment and
thus China will then take
us* „
S « r.siss’.ssT’:.
aimed at altering, replacing, or preserving foreign an * d both overt and covert actions
preSenCe °f US
military installations in many countries
neocolonialism.
fften agaiL dXstfc
® ^
domestic support can also be seen as

www.sunyaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: t.me/sunyanotes50

-
Page C 48
 . Cold War: During the Cold war many s with its former African colonies
heavy influence of the US or the
,

nations in Latin America and Africa were under the

economic policies Soviets, and there was high interference in domestic political
and .

’"'"•amjaias.com | Mains GS Paper 1 Notes | Telegram: tme'sunyanotesSO Page C49