CONTROLE CONTINUE L’IRRIGATION.

Continuous technology transfer control

Group II: Industrial revolution

Nans Matricules

AMAYANA AYANGMA DUCHEL CM-UDS-20ASA1709

BANTIO LANDO ALIDA CM-UDS-20ASA1736

KAMGOUO TAKOTSUE CM-UDS-20ASA1772

STÉPHANE JOSEPH

November 2024
 Table of contents

Table of contents ............................................................................................................... i

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

1 History of the Industrial Revolution ........................................................................ 2

1.1 Definition of the Industrial Revolution ................................................................. 2

1.2 Historical context (late 18th century, early 19th century) ..................................... 2

1.2.1 Causes of the Industrial Revolution ................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Stages of the industrial revolution ..................................................................... 3

1.2.3 Consequences of the industrial revolution ......................................................... 4

1.2.4 Impact on companies ......................................................................................... 4

2 Impact of technology transfer on the industrial revolution in certain countries ...... 6

2.1 Analysis of technology transfer in industrial revolutions ..................................... 6

2.1.1 Examples of successful technology transfers..................................................... 6

2.1.2 Examples of failed technology transfers ............................................................ 7

2.2 Lessons for developing countries .......................................................................... 7

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 10

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 11

i
Introduction

Context

The Industrial Revolution, which began in 18th century England, was a

major turning point in economic and social history. It marked the transition from
an agrarian, craft-based economy to one dominated by industry and machinery.
This upheaval was not confined to Europe alone, as it gave rise to a crucial
phenomenon: Technology Transfer. This technological diffusion is transforming
the global economic landscape.

Objective

The aim of this work is to generate lessons from the history of the industrial
revolution and technology transfer for developing countries.

Announcement of the plan

This presentation will focus on two main points:

• Firstly, we will present the history of the Industrial Revolution, from

its causes to its consequences throughout the world;
• Secondly, we will look at the impact of technology transfer on the
industrial revolution in certain countries.

1
1 History of the Industrial Revolution

1.1 Definition of the industrial revolution

The term "Industrial Revolution" refers to the process of rapid change in

industry that profoundly altered agriculture, the economy and society .1

1.2 Historical context (late 18th century, early 19th century)

The first industrial revolution began in the middle of the 18th century. It was
characterised by a series of landmark inventions, most notably the steam engine in
1769. These innovations significantly changed the economic, social, political and
cultural landscape of Europe, and then the whole world.

1.2.1 Causes of the industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution was caused by a number of social, economic and

technical factors. These are :

Social factors :

• Demographic growth: The increase in population provided an abundant

workforce for factories;
• Urbanisation: Migration from rural to urban areas has created a pool of
workers for industry;
• Changes in social structures: The rise of the middle class and the
emergence of an industrial elite have encouraged innovation and
investment;

Economic factors :

• Capital accumulation: Capital accumulation has made it possible to

invest in the new technologies and infrastructure needed for
industrialisation;

2
 • Expansion of international trade: The expansion of international trade
has created new markets and stimulated industrial production;
• Government policies: Government policies, such as intellectual
property reform and the creation of central banks, have encouraged
innovation and investment;

Technical factors :

• Technological progress: Technological innovations, such as the steam

engine and the power loom, increased production and productivity;
• Abundant energy: The availability of abundant and cheap sources of
energy, such as coal, made it possible to keep machines and factories
running;
• Development of transport: Improvements in transport, particularly with
the advent of the railways, made it easier to transport goods and people;

1.2.2 Stages of the industrial revolution

The industrial revolution took place in several stages:

• Beginning of the Industrial Revolution (1760-1800): The first

innovations occurred in the textile industry, with the invention of the
steam engine and the mechanical loom;
• Expansion and diversification (1800-1840): The use of the steam
engine spread to other sectors, such as transport and mining;
• Development of the railways (1840-1870): The railways revolutionised
transport and enabled rapid industrial expansion;
• Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): The use of electricity and
fuel ;
• The scientific and technical revolution (1914-1945): Scientific and
technical advances led to the emergence of new technologies, such as
aviation and electronics;
• The digital revolution (1945-1980): The invention of the computer and
the microprocessor marked the beginning of the information age;
3
 • The fourth industrial revolution (since 1980): Advances in information
technology, robotics and biotechnology are profoundly transforming
industries and societies;

1.2.3 Consequences of the industrial revolution

Economic changes (growth, urbanisation)

With industrialisation, these people invested massively in factories, enabling

them to get rich very quickly by accumulating capital. It is the constant search for and
accumulation of this new form of wealth, capital, that forms the basis of capitalism .
2

Social changes (emergence of the working class, trade unionism)

Industrialisation also changed the way society functioned by modifying the

social classes: two new social classes emerged: bourgeois industrialists and workers.
The bourgeois were the factory owners and the bosses of the workers .2

Environmental changes (pollution, environmental degradation)

The industrial revolution degrades the environment through the pollution it

generates. It altered the quality of water and air and sometimes caused environmental
disasters, such as the smog in London, which was responsible for the deaths of several
thousand people in 1952 .2

1.2.4 Impact on companies

Cultural changes (emergence of mass culture)

The Industrial Revolution destroyed communities and cultures. Rural

lifestyles were disrupted as people moved en masse to the cities to work in factories.
Extended family communities in villages provided stability. Community and family
support provided a safety net.

Political change (development of democracy)

4
 In politics, liberalism advocates individual freedom to enable society to
develop harmoniously. Monarchical regimes dominated, but liberal democracy
progressed from 1850 to 1914. In 1914, liberal democracy prevailed in northern and
western Europe. Its progress was favoured by the extension of the right to vote, the
development of education, freedom of the press, political parties and trade unions.

Geopolitical changes (colonisation, imperialism)

The industrial revolution has had a profound impact on geopolitical change.

• Acceleration of European imperialism: The industrialised countries

sought to extend their influence and appropriate natural resources
throughout the world3 ;
• Emergence of new powers: The United States and Germany have
become major industrial powers, challenging British dominance ;4
• Changes in international relations: Industrialisation has led to an
increase in trade and greater interdependence between nations5 ;

5
2 Impact of technology transfer on the industrial

revolution in certain countries

2.1 Analysis of technology transfer in industrial

revolutions

2.1.1 Examples of successful technology transfers

The reference model for the Industrial Revolution worldwide is the British
model. This sub-section presents a brief overview of the countries that have drawn
inspiration from the British model to create their own.

18th century industrial revolution

• France benefited from British technology and developed its own

industry;
• Germany adopted British technologies and became a major economic
power in Europe;
• The United States benefited from British technology and developed its
own industry;

Industrial revolution of the 19th century

• Belgium adopted British technologies and became a major economic

power in Europe;
• The Netherlands benefited from British technology and developed its
own industry;
• Sweden has adopted British technologies and has become an emerging
economy in Europe;
• Denmark benefited from British technology and developed its own
industry;

6
 20th century industrial revolution

• Japan adopted Western technologies and became a major economic

power in Asia;
• South Korea has benefited from American and Japanese technology
and has become an emerging economy in Asia. South Korea has
succeeded in becoming a major economic power in Asia thanks to a
policy of technology transfer and foreign investment;
• Taiwan adopted American and Japanese technologies and became an
emerging economy in Asia;
• Singapore has benefited from Western technology and has become a
major financial and technological centre in Asia. Singapore has
succeeded in becoming a major financial and technological centre in
Asia thanks to a policy of technology transfer and foreign investment;

Current industrial revolution

• China has adopted Western technologies and become the world's

second largest economy. China has succeeded in becoming the world's
second largest economy thanks to a policy of technology transfer and
foreign investment;
• India has benefited from Western technology and has become an
emerging economy in Asia;
• Brazil has adopted Western technologies and has become an emerging
economy in Latin America;
• South Africa has benefited from Western technology and has become
an emerging economy in Africa;

2.1.2 Examples of failed technology transfers

2.2 Lessons for developing countries

7
 The key factors for successful technology transfer in the history of industrial
revolutions and the lessons to be learned are diverse. A favourable climate for an
industrial revolution takes into account :

• The importance of investment in education and training

• The need to develop infrastructure tailored to the needs of industry
• The role of the State in promoting innovation ;
• The importance of international cooperation and partners;

To meet these requirements, interventions must be oriented as follows:

• Creating a business-friendly environment: countries that have

undergone an industrial revolution have created a business-friendly
environment, with favourable tax and regulatory policies.
• Developing infrastructure: countries that have undergone an industrial
revolution have developed modern infrastructure, such as roads, ports
and airports.
• Invest in education and training: countries that have undergone an
industrial revolution have invested massively in education and training
to develop the skills of their workforce;
• Encouraging innovation: countries that have experienced an industrial
revolution have encouraged innovation and research and development;
• Establishing partnerships with developed countries*: countries that
have undergone an industrial revolution have established partnerships
with developed countries to acquire technologies and skills;

The strategies that governments can adopt for successful technology transfer
are :

• Licences and patents: developing countries can acquire foreign

technologies by obtaining licences and patents;
• Public-private partnerships: developing countries can set up public-
private partnerships with foreign companies to develop industrial
projects;

8
 • Foreign direct investment: developing countries can attract foreign
direct investment to develop their industry;
• Training and education: developing countries can train and educate
their workforce to acquire technological skills;
• Research and development: developing countries can invest in research
and development to develop local technologies;

In short, developing countries need to build an industrial revolution policy.

This policy must be combined with technology transfer tools and

9
Conclusion

The Industrial Revolution was a major event that transformed the world
economy and initiated an unprecedented transfer of technology. This process allowed
industrialisation to spread rapidly, enabling several countries to develop rapidly and
catch up technologically. It should be noted that developing countries should draw
inspiration from the history of countries that have been able to take advantage of the
technology transfer phenomenon.

10
Bibliography

Abdelkader, S. A., & Valette, A. (1988). Industrialisation et développement

Modeles, expériences, perspectives. Revue tiers monde, 29, 463-1039.

Allen, R. C. (2017). The industrial revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Vol. 500)
OXFORD University Press.

Altenburg, T. (2011). Industrial Policy in Developing Countries Overview and

lessons from seven country cases.

Douki, c, & Minard, P. (2007). Histoire globale, histoires connectées: un

changement d'échelle historiographique? 5, 7.

https://www.toupie.org/Dictionnaire/Revolution_industrielle.htm

https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/histoire/les-consequences-economiques-de-
l-industrialisat-h1463

Hobsbawm, E. J., (1987), The age of empire: 1875-1914. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Jequier, F. (1997). Patrick VERLEY, La révolution industrielle, Collection

Folio/Histoire, Paris, Gallimard, 1997, 544 p. Cahiers d'histoire, 42-2.
https://doi.org/10.4000/ch.140

Kennedy, P., (1987), The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and
military conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House.

Hjortshøj, K. (n.d.). Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen.

https://hdl.handle.net/10419/296699

Riello, G., & O'brien, P. K. (2010, September). Regards sur la Révolution

industrielle Les perceptions du passage de la Grande-Bretagne vers une société
industrielle * (L. Pérez, Trans.).

Vries, P. (n.d.). interview with Patrick O'Brien.

Wallerstein, I., (1974), The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the
origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. Academic Press.

11