Independent Variable Dependent Variable:

The increase in the mass (g) of bioethanol from 10.0 The change of temperature (°C) of 200.0 ±0.1 ml of
g, 20.0 g, 30.0 g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g measured distilled water will be measured using a mercury in
using a digital balance (±0.1 g). glass thermometer (±°C), the temperature will be
measured for three trials and the average is found
What to include in Independent Variable using the formula, average= t1+t2+t3/3. With the
(procedure): measured temperature (°C), o calculate the Energy
1- What is changed. (J) released by water using the formula Q=mc △t,
2- Tools used with size, unit, and uncertainty. where Qreleased by fuel = Qgained by water.
3- The different values used (equal increment). What to include in the dependent variable?
1- What is measured?
2- Measuring tools/method: size, unit, and
uncertainty.
3- Average of trials
4- Calculations.
Controlled Variables:
1. The heat capacity (J/Kg°C) should be controlled, where the same type of bioethanol should be used
for every sample. This is due to heat capacity being a property that differs in different substances,
where a variability in it would increase or decrease the heat (J) released by the substance in a
directly proportional relationship, where Q=mc △t.
2. The distance between the 500.0 ml beaker and the spirit burner where the stand and clamp are
adjusted to the length of 5.0 cm ±0.5 cm using a 10.0 cm ruler (±0.5 cm). This distance should be
controlled due to its impact of heat transfer, the closer it the faster the heat will transfer, the
further it is, the slower the heat will be transferred.
3. The volume of water used in the beaker (500.0 ml ±0.1 ml) should be controlled, which is 200.0
±0.1 ml of distilled water measured using a measuring cylinder ( capacity of 500.0 ml ±0.1 ml). This
variable is controlled because a higher volume of water will show less temperature change and vice
versa.
Other things to control:
- Length of wick. (5 cm)
- Type of water. (Distilled water)
What to include in independent variable?
-What?
-How?  specify uncertainties, units, tools.
-Why?  Scientific Justification

Strand i Research Question and brief procedure

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of increasing mass (g) of bioethanol with an
increment of 10.0 g from 10.0 g, 20.0 g, 30.0 g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g on the rise of temperature (±°C)
from 25.0 ±0.1 °C indicating the heat transferred (J) to 200.0 ml of distilled water.

This will be investigated by preparing 5 samples of 200.0 ml ±0.1 ml of distilled water measured using a
measuring cylinder (capacity of 500.0 ml ±0.1 ml). The samples should be placed in a 250.0 ml beaker.
Using a digital balance (±0.1 g), place a 250.0 ml ±0.1 ml beaker on a digital balance, tare again, and
slowly add 10.0 g of bioethanol to the beaker. Place the amount in a 100.0 ml ±0.1 ml spirit burner.
Measure the mass of the filled spirit burner. Cut a filament to the size of 5.0 ±0.1 cm using a 10.0 cm
ruler (±0.1 cm). Place the filament into the spirit burner, supported by the narrow part of the spirit
burner. Place the spirit burner onto the bottom of a stand clamp and attach the beaker to the clamp 5.0
cm ±0.1 cm away from the beaker measured using a ruler. When the set up is ready, place a mercury in
glass thermometer (±1 °C) into the beaker ensuring the initial temperature is 25.0 ±1 °C. Ignite the
filament using a lighter, and measure temperature again using a mercury in glass thermometer (±1 °C)
after all bioethanol has run out, record temperature, finding the change in temperature using △T= Tf -
Ti. After all fuel burns out, measure the spirit burner on a tared digital balance (±0.1 g) again. Use this
formula to find the specific mass (±0.1 g) used, Mass= Initial mass of spirit burner – final mass of spirit
burner. Perform three trials for this sample, finding the accurate mass (±0.1 g) and change in
temperature (±1 °C). Repeat same procedure and tabulation for 20.0 g, 30.0 g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g
samples. To find the heat transferred to water assuming (Q) released by fuel = (Q) gained by the water,
use the formula Q=mc△t.

Strand ii Hypothesis

If the mass (g) of bioethanol increases from 10.0 g, 20.0 g, 30.0 g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g in an
increment of 10.0 ±0.1 g, then the change of temperature (°C) of 200.0 ml ±0.1 ml of distilled water will
increase, indicating the Energy (J) released by bioethanol increases too, where Qreleased by fuel = Qgained by water.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. When bioethanol
is burned, bonds between molecules break down, releasing exothermic energy which is the heat energy
gained by the distilled water endothermically. When the heat transferred is absorbed by the water
particles, they begin to move at a faster rate, meaning higher kinetic energy. Explained by the Kinetic
Molecular Theory, where the kinetic temperature is directly proportional to temperature. For this
reason, when the mass (g) of bioethanol increases from 10.0 g, 20.0 g, 30.0 g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g,
the more the exothermic energy will be produced, which in turn means higher heat energy gained by
distilled water and a higher temperature (°C). At 10.0 g ±0.1 g, the heat energy transferred by the
bioethanol is not equally as high as the energy at 50.0 g, because of the higher amount of particles that
transfer energy.Looking at the equation Q=mc△T, it is realized that when the change in temperature
increases at a higher rate, energy (Q) will increase as well.

Strand iii + iv
 Hazard Precaution

Consumption of chemicals. Sniffing, eating, or drinking Do not wat or drink in lab. It should be checked no
chemicals potentially causes health hazards. one consumes any chemicals.

Eyes and body should be protected against bioethanol The wearing of thermal gloves, goggles, and lab coat is
in case of splashes or spillage. necessary.

The use of a lighter could ignite other flammable Make sure to light up the filament in an empty, clear
materials in lab. surrounding for safety against fires.

High temperatures of water could lead to minor Use tongs or thermal gloves when handling heated
burns. substances.

Emergency equipment such as alarms, eyewash, extinguishers, etc. should be at hand and scientists must
familiarize themselves with the use of such techniques in the case it is needed.

Procedure:

1. Prepared 5 samples of 200.0 ml ±0.1 ml of distilled water measured using a measuring cylinder
(capacity of 500.0 ml ±0.1 ml). All samples should have the same volume of water, as this
variable is controlled because a higher or lower volume of water will affect the temperature
change in the experiment.
2. Poured each sample of distilled water into separate 250.0 ml ±0.1 ml beakers. Distilled water
should be used, different types of water have different heat capacities, affecting the change of
temperature (±°C).
3. Used a tared digital balance (±0.1 g), placed a 100.0 ml beaker, tared the digital balance. Place
10.0 g ±0.1 g of bioethanol.
4. Placed the amount in a 100.0 ml ±0.1 ml spirit burner.
5. Measured the mass of the spirit burner after pouring the bioethanol using a tared digital balance
(±0.1 g). This mass is recorded as the initial mass.
6. Using a clipper, cut a 5.0 ±0.1 cm filament measured using a 10.0 ±0.1 cm ruler, placed into the
spirit burner. The length of the wick must be controlled, as it affects the energy transfer
between the bioethanol and distilled water in the beaker, a longer wick would cause faster
energy transfer which impacts the change in temperature, decreasing the accuracy of results.
7. Created a clamp stand set up, where the spirit burner is below the beaker held by the clamp.
The distance between the 500.0 ml beaker and the spirit burner where the stand and clamp are
adjusted to the length of 5.0 cm ±0.5 cm using a 10.0 cm ruler (±0.5 cm). This distance should be
controlled due to its impact of heat transfer, the closer it the faster the heat will transfer, the
further it is, the slower the heat will be transferred.
8. Placed a mercury in glass thermometer inside the beaker of 200.0 ±0.1 ml (±1°C), checking the
temperature is 25 ±1 °C.
9. Ignited the filament using a lighter.
10. Measured the temperature (°C) using the glass thermometer (±1°C) now the bioethanol is
burned out, this is the final temperature of distilled water.
11. Found the change in temperature (°C) using the formula △T= Tf-Ti.
12. Measured the mass of the spirit burner after all bioethanol us burned using a tared digital
balance (±0.1g).
13. Using the mass measured in step 5 to find accurate mass (g) used in experiment using the
formula m= (M) initial – (M) final.
14. Repeat previous steps for three trials for 10.0 g ±0.1 g of bioethanol for accuracy.
15. Repeat steps 1-14 with the other masses (g) of bioethanol, changing the mass from (20.0 g, 30.0
g, 40.0 g, and 50.0g ±0.1 g) with a clear increment of 10.0 g of bioethanol.
16. All samples should use the same type of bioethanol. As the heat capacity (J/Kg°C) should be
controlled, where the same type of bioethanol should be used for every sample. This is due to
heat capacity being a property that differs in different substances, where a variability in it would
increase or decrease the heat (J) released by the substance in a directly proportional
relationship, where Q=mc △t.
17. Calculate the heat (J) using the formula Q=mc△t.
18. Record tabulate, and interpret results.