1. What is meant by a substance?

Solution:
A substance is a pure single form of matter. It has definite properties and compositions. Example: Iron

2. List the points of difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Solution:
Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
Particles are uniformly distributed All the particles are completely mixed and can be distinguished
throughout the mixture with the bare eyes or under a microscope
Has a uniform composition Irregular composition
No apparent boundaries of division Noticeable boundaries of division

1. Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

Solution:
The following are the differences between heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture
All the particles are completely mixed and can be distinguished Particles are uniformly distributed
with the bare eyes or under a microscope throughout the mixture
Irregular composition Has a uniform composition
Noticeable boundaries of division No apparent boundaries of division
Examples: Seawater, blood, etc. Examples: Rainwater, vinegar, etc.

2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
Solution:
Attributes Sol Solution Suspension
Type of Heterogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous
mixture
Size of 10-7 – 10-5 cm Less than 1nm More than 100nm
particles
Tyndall effect Exhibited Not exhibited May or may not be
exhibited
Appearance Usually glassy and clear Unclouded and clear Cloudy and opaque
Visibility Visible with an Not visible Visible with the naked
Ultra microscope eye

Diffusion Diffuses very slowly Diffuses rapidly Do not diffuse

Stability Pretty stable Highly stable Unstable
Settling Get settled in centrifugation Do not settle Settle on their own
Example Milk, blood, smoke Salt solution, sugar Sand in water, dusty air
solution
3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 K. Find its
concentration at this temperature.
Solution:
Mass of solute (NaCl) = 36 g
Mass of solvent (H2O) = 100 g
Mass of solution (NaCl + H2O) = 136 g
Concentration = Mass of solute/Mass of solution x 100
Concentration = 36/136 x 100 = 26.47%
Hence, the concentration of the solution is 26.47%
1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (the difference in their boiling points
is more than 25°C), which are miscible with each other?
Solution:

According to the question, kerosene and petrol are miscible, and their boiling points differ by more than 25
degrees Celsius, which is a significant difference. Therefore they can be separated using a simple distillation
procedure.
Distillation can separate kerosene and petrol since their boiling points differ by more than 25 degrees Celsius.
The kerosene and petrol combination will be poured into a hot distillation flask. Because petrol has a lower
boiling point, it will evaporate and create vapours first as the temperature of the mixture rises. A condenser
condenses the vapours of gasoline and collects them through the condenser output. In the distillation flask,
kerosene with a higher boiling point will be left behind.
Because their vapours will develop within the same temperature range if the difference in boiling points of two
liquids is not great, a simple distillation procedure cannot be utilised to separate them. Fractional distillation
separates these liquids by passing the vapours through a fractionating column before condensation.

2. Name the techniques used to separate the following:

(a) Butter from curd
(b) Salt from seawater (c) Camphor from salt Solution:

a) A process known as centrifugation is used to separate butter from curd. The process is governed by the
principle of density.
b) We can use the simple evaporation technique to separate salt from seawater. Distillation causes water to
evaporate, leaving solid salt behind, hence the production of salt.
c) Sublimation can be used to separate camphor from salt, as during the phase change, camphor does not
undergo a liquid phase.

3. What types of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?

Solution:
The technique of crystallisation is used to separate solids from a liquid solution. It is linked to precipitation, but
in this technique, the precipitate is achieved in a crystal form which exhibits extremely high levels of purity.
The principle of crystallisation can be applied to purify impure substances.
1. Classify the following as physical or chemical changes:
• Cutting of trees • Passing of electric current through water
• Melting of butter in a pan and water breaking into hydrogen and
• Rusting of Almira oxygen gases.
• Boiling of water to form steam • Dissolving common salt in water
• Making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and
• Burning of paper and wood
Solution:
The following is the classification into physical and chemical change:
Physical change Chemical change
• Cutting the trees • Rusting of almirah
• Boiling of water to form • Passing of electric current through water, and water
steam breaking into hydrogen and oxygen gases
• Melting of butter in a • Burning of paper and wood
pan
• Making a fruit salad
with raw fruits
• Dissolving common salt
in water
2. Try segregating the things around you as pure substances and mixtures.
Solution:
Listed below are the classifications based on pure substances and mixtures:
Pure substance Mixture
Water Soil
Salt Salad
Iron Air
Diamond Steel

Exercise
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
Solution:
(a) In water, sodium chloride in its solution can be separated through the process of Evaporation.
(b) The technique of sublimation is apt as Ammonium chloride supports Sublimation.
(c) Tiny chunks of metal pieces in the engine oil of a car can be manually filtered.
(d) Chromatography can be used for the fine segregation of various pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) The technique of centrifugation can be applied to separate butter from curd. It is based on the concept of
difference in density.
(f) To separate oil from water, which are two immiscible liquids which vary in their densities, using a funnel
can be an effective method.
(g) Tea leaves can be manually separated from tea using simple filtration methods.
(h) Iron pins can be separated from sand either manually or with the use of magnets as the pins exhibit strong
magnetic quality, which can be a key characteristic taken into consideration.
(i) The differentiating property between husk and wheat is that there is a difference in their mass. If treated with
a small amount of wind energy, a remarkable variation in the moving distance is noticed. Hence, to separate
them, the sedimentation/winnowing procedure can be applied.
(j) Due to the property of water, sand or fine mud particles tends to sink in the bottom as it is denser provided
they are undisturbed. Through the process of sedimentation/decantation, water can be separated from fine
mud particles, as the technique is established on obtaining clear water by tilting it out.
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble,
insoluble, filtrate, and residue.
Solution:
(a) Into a vessel, add a cup of milk, which is the solvent, and supply it with heat.
(b) Add tea powder or tea leaves to the boiling milk, which acts as a solute. Continue to heat.
(c) The solute, i.e., the tea powder, remains insoluble in the milk, which can be observed while it is still boiling.
(d) At this stage, add some sugar to the boiling solution while stirring.
(e) Sugar is a solute but is soluble in the solvent.
(f) Continuous stirring causes the sugar to dissolve completely in the tea solution, reaching saturation.
(g) Once the raw smell of tea leaves vanishes and the tea solution is boiled enough, take the solution off the heat,
filter or strain it to separate the tea powder and the tea solution. The insoluble tea powder remains as a
residue while the solute (sugar) and the solvent (essence milk solution) strain through the filter medium,
which is collected as the filtrate.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and collected the
data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of a substance dissolved in 100
grams of water to form a saturated solution).
Substance dissolved Temperature in K
283 293 313 333 353
Solubility
Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167
Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54
Ammonium chloride 24 37 41 55 66
(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of potassium

nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?

(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the

solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this
temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
Solution:
(a) Given:
Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in 100 g of water at 313 K = 62g
To find: Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in 50 g of water =?
Required amount = 62 x 50/100 = 31
Hence, 31 g of potassium nitrate is required.
(b) The solubility of potassium chloride in water is decreased when a saturated solution of potassium chloride
loses heat at 353 K. Consequently, Pragya would observe crystals of potassium chloride, which would have
surpassed its solubility at low temperatures.
As per the given data, that is
Solubility of potassium nitrate at 293 K = 32 g
Solubility of sodium chloride at 293 K = 36 g
Solubility of potassium chloride at 293 K = 35 g
Solubility of ammonium chloride at 293 K = 37 g
We can observe from this data that ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293K.
(c) Effect of change of temperature on the solubility of salts:
The table clearly depicts that the solubility of the salt is dependent upon the temperature and increases with an
increase in temperature. With this, we can infer that when a salt arrives at its saturation point at a specific
temperature, there is a propensity to dissolve more salt through an increase in the temperature of the solution.
4. Explain the following, giving examples.
(a) Saturated solution (c) Colloid
(b) Pure substance (d) Suspension
(a) Saturated solution: It is the state in a solution at a specific temperature when a solvent is no more soluble
without an increase in temperature. Example: Excess carbon leaves off as bubbles from a carbonated water
solution saturated with carbon.
(b) Pure substance: A substance is said to be pure when it comprises only one kind of molecule, atom or
compound without adulteration with any other substance or any divergence in the structural arrangement.
Examples: Sulphur, diamonds etc.
(c) Colloid: A Colloid is an intermediate between solution and suspension. It has particles of various sizes
that range between 2 to 1000 nanometres. Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect.
Tyndall effect is defined as the scattering of light (light beam) through a colloidal solution. Examples: Milk and
gelatine.
(d) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture that comprises solute particles that are insoluble but are
suspended in the medium. These particles that are suspended are not microscopic but visible to bare eyes and
are large enough (usually larger than a micrometre) to undergo sedimentation.
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
Soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, and filtered tea.
Solution:
The following is the classification of the given substances into homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Homogenous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
Soda water wood
vinegar soil
Filtered tea
 Air
6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?
Solution:
We can confirm if a colourless liquid is pure by setting it to boil. If it boils at 100°C, it is said to be pure. But if
there is a decrease or increase in the boiling point, we infer that water has added impurities, hence not pure.
7. Which of the following materials fall into the category of “pure substance”?
(a) Ice (d) Hydrochloric acid (g) Brick
(b) Milk (e) Calcium oxide (h) Wood
(c) Iron (f) Mercury (i) Air.
Solution:
Following substances from the above-mentioned list are pure substances:
• Iron • Hydrochloric acid • Mercury
• Ice • Calcium oxide
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil (c) Air (e) Soda water
(b) Sea water (d) Coal
The following are the solutions from the above-mentioned list of mixtures:
• Sea water
• Air
• Soda water
9. Which of the following will show the “Tyndall effect”?
(a) Salt solution (c) Copper sulphate solution
(b) Milk (d) Starch solution

Tyndall effect is exhibited by only milk and starch solution from the above-mentioned list of solutions.
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Sodium (f) Tin (k) Methane
(b) Soil (g) Silicon (l) Carbon dioxide
(c) Sugar solution (h) Coal (m) Blood
(d) Silver (i) Air
(e) Calcium carbonate (j) Soap

Elements Compounds Mixture

Sodium Calcium carbonate Soil
Silver Carbon dioxide Sugar solution
Tin Methane Coal
Silicon Air
Blood
Soap
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant (c) Mixing of iron filings and (e) Digestion of food
(b) Rusting of iron sand (f) Freezing of water
(d) Cooking of food
(g) Burning of candle

Out of the given list, the following are chemical changes:

Growth of a plant, rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food and burning of candle.