WARM &

HUMID
PRABLEEN KAUR (04)
HARSH GAJJAR (06)
ABEL JONATHAN (10)
BHAVIKA KAUSHIK (12)
VIRAJ KIKANI (14)
AKANKSHA MEHTA (16)
DHRUVI RATHOD (27)
ARCHI SHAH (29)
KRISHA
 CONTENT

SR PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
01 INTRODUCTION 1

02 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE 2-5

03 TYPES OF BUILDINGS 6-8

04 CASE STUDIES – PONDICHERRY 9-13

ODHISHA
GOA
05 CONCLUSIONS 14-15

06 BIBLOGRAPHY 16
 INTRODUCTION | 01
CLIMATE
• The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a
long period. It can also be said to be the weather pattern or
condition.

WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

• A climate with an excess of moisture in which the solar heat
received is sufficient to evaporate all moisture occurring in the
form of precipitation.
• Places that are close to the seas or oceans have a humid climate as
there is a large amount of water vapor in the air.
• Actually what happens is, land water doesn't heat at the same rate.
Land gets heated faster so it radiates the energy that heats the air
above the land, so as a result of which air above the land gets
heated faster than the air above the water bodies. Now the hot air is
lighter so it moves up and the surrounding air above the sea rushes
to take its place which has a lot of water vapor in it. This is the
reason for the warmness and humid climate.
01
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE | 02
CLOTHING
• Clothing in warm and humid climates prioritizes breathability and
lightness.
• Loose-fitting, light-colored fabrics like cotton allow air circulation, aiding
in sweat evaporation.
• The goal is to minimize heat retention and enhance moisture-wicking
properties to cope with the challenges of such climates.

AGRICULTURE
• These warm and humid conditions foster rapid plant growth and extended
growing seasons, supporting crops like rice and tropical fruits.
• Excessive humidity can lead to fungal diseases, affecting crop quality.

02
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE | 02
ARCHITECTURE
• Warm and humid climates impact architecture by necessitating
designs that enhance natural ventilation, control humidity, and
provide thermal comfort.
• Buildings often incorporate features like wide openings, elevated
structures, and materials resistant to moisture, addressing the
challenges posed by high temperatures and humidity in these regions.

FLAURA AND FAUNA

• Fauna encompasses a spectrum of wildlife, including colorful
insects, amphibians, reptiles and tropical birds.
• Mammals like monkeys,tigers and a plethora of aquatic species
populate the humid environments.
• The lush vegetation includes a variety of tropical trees, palms, and
dense foliage adapted to high temperatures and abundant rainfall.
• Diverse plant life, such as orchids and ferns, thrive in these
conditions.
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 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE | 02
ECOMOMY
• Climate impacts directly on the crop cycles and yields.
• Hot and humid climates often attract tourists seeking warm weather destinations, which can boost the
tourism and hospitality sectors.
• In some cases, hot climates may lead to increased energy consumption, particularly for air conditioning and
cooling systems.
• High temperatures can affect productivity and labor efficiency, particularly in outdoor industries. Workers
may experience fatigue, and industries like construction and agriculture may face challenges.
• Hot and humid climates can contribute to the spread of certain diseases, potentially increasing healthcare
costs.
FOOD
• Mainly rice and the major Kharif crops are consumed.
• The hot climate encourages the use of spices as they are believed to have cooling properties and can help
the body cope with the heat.
• Fermented foods are common as they have digestive benefits and process enhances the shelf life of certain
foods.
• Due to the challenges of food spoilage in warm and humid conditions, people employ specific preservation
methods such as pickling, drying, or fermenting to extend the shelf life of certain foods.

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 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE | 02
BELIEFS AND CULTURE
• Hot and humid climates may lead to a reliance on specific deities associated with rain and fertility as
agriculture is the primary way of living. People may engage in religious rituals and prayers to appease
these deities for a good harvest.
• Communities have developed cultural practices emphasizing the sacredness of water, promoting water
harvesting.
• Onam is a harvest festival celebrated in Kerala, it is also a time when the region experiences a pleasant
climate after the monsoon season and this is when Vallam Kali, a traditional boat race festival is
celebrated.

05
 TYPES OF BUILDING | 03
TYPES OF BUILDING
• Naturally climatized house: is a building which does not make any use of mechanical
ventilations for either cooling or heating. They are naturally ventilated.
• Actively climatized house: is a building which partly or wholly relies on mechanical
ventilators for either cooling or heating.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• Use of light colour on facades, roofing, window, shading louvers and ceiling.
• In this climate, a high level of air movement is required as one of the most important
means of controlling the indoor temperature. Therefore, it is advised to have a higher
proportion of window openings in the façade, at least 50% of the wall area (Higher
window to wall ratio (WWR) ) equipped with wooden louvers and shading devices.
• Minimizing the area which receives direct sun.
• Use of open spaces and built form (courtyard , balconies etc).
• Keeping the building low heighten (preferably not more than 3 storey building)
• Elevated floors can be employed for better ventilation.

06
 TYPES OF BUILDING | 03
DESIGN PRINCIPLES

07
DESIGN PRINCIPLES TYPES OF BUILDING | 03

08
PONDICHERRY CASE STUDY | 04
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
• Entrance
• Shaded verandah & columns/Colonnade
• Pitched Roof
• Courtyard surrounded by passage with columns
• The courtyard acts like a thermostat
• Cross ventilation
• Roofs overhangs outwards[as weather shed for openings
& to protect walls ]
• Blend of traditional Indian and colonial influences.
• Multiple interconnected buildings
• High ceilings, large windows, and ornate doorways.
• East facing orientation

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 PONDICHERRY CASE STUDY | 04
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
• Materials
Tinted glasses
Brick for structural parts
Flooring athangudi tiles
Wooden intricately carved main doors
Traditional design of wooden
columns with stone base and carved
head and brackets of wood[ Teak wood
mostly]
Lime plaster
• Temp 37, 21 av=29
Humi 94.9, 47.8 av=74.9
Rainfall 1102.8, 41 av=571.9

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 ODHISHA CASE STUDY | 04
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
• Backyard
• Central courtyard
• Attu (inside roof)- these are the horizontal roofs framed with
palm tree’s trunk, supported with bamboo and plastered with
clay.
• Sloping roof
• Houses restricted to ground floor
• Long verandas
• Wall thickness 300mm- 350mm
• Pitched roofs with mahua wood trusses and bamboo topped
with rice paddy thatch or mangalore tiles
• Avg annual rainfall- 1567.2mm
No. of precipitation days: 84
Max summer temp – 38-40
Min winter temp- 10-12
• Local materials: adobe, mud mortar, cob, laterite stone,
mahua (bassis latifolia), wood, bamboo,thatch, mangalore
tiles( local roof tiles).
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 GOA CASE STUDY | 04
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

• Covered porches locally known as ‘balcoes’ and verandas

facing the street flanked by pillars.
• Large balconies have built-in seating
• Steep sloping roof, adorned by neatly trimmed eaves boards
Rajangans Goan courtyard
• Hindu Goan houses have central courtyard with tulsi
vrindavan
• Front door leads to a foyer which leads to sala- a common hall
• Not more than 3 storey height
• Material
• False ceiling of wood in almost all Goan houses
• Plaster bands on the windows from portugal
• Nacre (mother of pearl) & Oysters shells for the window panel
and stucco molding
• Use of laterite stones
• Mangalorean tiles for the roofing
• The red oxide floors
12
 GOA CASE STUDY | 04
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

• Temperature
Max 28° - 35°
Min 19°- 26°
Rain Annually :- 2900 -3300 mm (114- 130 inch)
Humidity- 64% - 89%
average :- 75.9 %

13
 CONCLUSION | 05
COMPARISON OF CASE STUDIES

• centeral coutyard is odhisha and pondicherry but semi covered courtayads in goa.
• the weather in all three regions is slightly different from one another due to the different winds
from arabian sea, indian ocean and bay of bengal.
• all three region have different influence of history and material (locally available) around them.

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 CONCLUSION | 05
CONCLUSION
• the warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country , such as kerela, tamil nadu, goa,
odhisa etc.
• these region experience high themperature and high humidity.
• the winds from the seas and ocean highly effect the climate in these regions.
• the climates thus affect all living standards of life such as food, colthing, economy, agriculture
etc.
• the architecture in these region is considered around the natural habitant thus, includes winows,
openings and central courtyards for natural ventilation.
• the materials of contrustion are mostly considered that is locally available and that are moisture
resistent.

15
 BIBLOGRAPHY | 06
REFERENCES

• Handbook on energy conscious buildings by J.K. Nayak J.A. Prajapati

- MANUAL OF TROPICAL HOUSING AND BUILDING Climatic Design
- Dangerous Hot and Humid Conditions for Farmers (Connor D Diaz et al 2023 Environ. Res. Commun. 5
115013)
•
Climate responsive building design in warm and humid climates Analysis of passive design and the impact on
indoor thermal comfort in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.(LTH School of Engineering at Campus Helsingborg
Housing Development & Management )
• SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENT- NOTES, LIMA M.T.
Ref: Chettinad Architecture Lifestyle, Architecture and planning concepts Samyukthaa N 8/16/2015

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