BPSK OFDM MATLAB CODE
lc;
c
close
all
;
M = 2;
data = 64;
blocksize = 8;
cp = 2;
input = randi([0, 1], 1, data);
figure(1)
stem(input)
title(
'Transmitted data'
)
xlabel(
'data points'
)
ylabel(
'Transmitted data phase represntation'
)
bpskmod = input * 2 - 1;
figure(2)
scatter(real(bpskmod), imag(bpskmod),
'o'
);
title(
'BPSK modulated'
)
xlabel(
'in phase'
)
ylabel(
'quadrature phase'
)
ofdm = [];
for
i = 1:blocksize:data
bd = bpskmod(i:i + blocksize - 1);
of = ifft([bd zeros(1, cp)], blocksize);
ofdm = [ofdm, of];
end
figure(3)
plot(abs(ofdm))
title(
'OFDM modulated'
)
xlabel(
'Time'
)
ylabel(
'Amplitude'
)
demod = [];
for
i = 1:blocksize:length(ofdm)
rb = ofdm(i:i + blocksize - 1);
demodblock = fft(rb, blocksize);
% Normalize by dividing by block size
demod = [demod, demodblock];
end
demod_bpsk_symbols = real(demod) >= 0;
figure(4)
scatter(real(demod_bpsk_symbols), imag(demod_bpsk_symbols),
'o'
);
title(
'BPSK demodulated'
)
xlabel(
'in phase'
)
ylabel(
'quadrature phase'
)
figure(5)
stem(demod_bpsk_symbols)
title(
'Received BPSK symbols'
)
xlabel(
'data points'
)
ylabel(
'Received data phase represntation'
)
EXPLAINATION
● M = 2;: This variable M is assigned the value 2. In digital communication, the
parameter M often represents the modulation order, which is the number of symbols in
the modulation scheme. In this case, M = 2 suggests Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK), where there are two possible symbols (0 and 1).
● data = 64;: This variable data is assigned the value 64. It represents the number of data
points or bits in the binary input sequence that will be generated later in the code. In
the context of the script, it determines the length of the random binary input sequence.
● blocksize = 8;: This variable blocksize is assigned the value 8. It represents the size of
each block in the OFDM modulation scheme. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) divides the data into blocks, and each block is processed separately.
● cp = 2;: This variable cp is assigned the value 2. It represents the size of the cyclic
prefix (CP) in the OFDM symbols. The cyclic prefix is a copy of the end of the
OFDM symbol that is prepended to the beginning. It helps in dealing with the effects
of channel delay spread and simplifies the equalization process at the receiver.
● A random binary input sequence of length data is generated using randi function. This
sequence represents the data to be transmitted.
● figure(1): This command creates a new figure with the figure number specified inside
the parentheses. In this case, figure(1) creates the first figure. Figures are containers
for plots and other graphical elements.
● stem(input): This command creates a stem plot of the input variable. In MATLAB, a
stem plot is similar to a discrete sequence plot, where vertical lines (stems) are used to
represent data values. The input variable likely contains a binary sequence of data
points (0s and 1s), and the stem plot visually represents this sequence.
● title('Transmitted data'): This command sets the title of the current axes to 'Transmitted
data'. The title provides a brief description of what is being visualized in the plot.
● xlabel('data points'): This command labels the x-axis of the plot with 'data points'. It
indicates the quantity or meaning of the data points along the horizontal axis.
● ylabel('Transmitted data phase representation'): This command labels the y-axis of the
plot with 'Transmitted data phase representation'. It indicates the quantity or meaning
of the transmitted data's phase representation along the vertical axis.
● In Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), mapping refers to the process of assigning
complex symbols to each binary bit. The key characteristic of BPSK is that there are
only two possible symbols, typically denoted as
● +1
● +1 and
● −1
● −1, representing binary 1 and binary 0, respectively.
● Let's break down the mapping process in BPSK:
● Binary Input Sequence:
○ The input is a binary sequence, consisting of bits that can take values of 0 or 1
(e.g.,
○ 010110
○ 010110).
● Mapping to Complex Symbols:
○ For BPSK, each binary bit is mapped to a complex symbol:
■ Binary 0 is mapped to a complex symbol with a negative amplitude (
■ −1
■ −1).
■ Binary 1 is mapped to a complex symbol with a positive amplitude (
■ +1
■ +1).
● This mapping is often achieved using the following formula:
○
○ BPSK Symbol=2×Binary Bit−1
○ BPSK Symbol=2×Binary Bit−1
■ If the binary bit is 0, then
■ 2×0−1=−1
■ 2×0−1=−1.
■ If the binary bit is 1, then
■ 2×1−1=1
■ 2×1−1=1.
● Example:
○ Suppose the binary input sequence is
○ 010110
○ 010110.
○ The corresponding BPSK-modulated symbols would be
○ −1,1,−1,1,1
○ −1,1,−1,1,1.
● figure(2): This command creates a new figure with the figure number specified inside
the parentheses. In this case, figure(2) creates the second figure. Each figure provides
a separate space for plotting, and multiple figures can be used to organize different
visualizations.
● scatter(real(bpskmod), imag(bpskmod), 'o'):
○ real(bpskmod): Retrieves the real part (in-phase component) of the
BPSK-modulated symbols stored in the bpskmod variable.
○ imag(bpskmod): Retrieves the imaginary part (quadrature-phase component) of
the BPSK-modulated symbols.
○ 'o': Specifies that the data points should be plotted as circles.
● This line creates a scatter plot where the x-axis represents the in-phase component, the
y-axis represents the quadrature-phase component, and each symbol is represented by
a circle in the complex plane.
● title('BPSK modulated'): This command sets the title of the current axes to 'BPSK
modulated'. The title provides a brief description of what is being visualized in the
plot.
● xlabel('in phase'): This command labels the x-axis of the plot with 'in phase'. It
indicates the in-phase component (real part) of the BPSK-modulated symbols along
the horizontal axis.
● ylabel('quadrature phase'): This command labels the y-axis of the plot with 'quadrature
phase'. It indicates the quadrature-phase component (imaginary part) of the
BPSK-modulated symbols along the vertical axis.
● This block of code uses a loop to process the BPSK-modulated symbols (bpskmod) in
blocks of size blocksize. The loop iterates from 1 to the total number of data points
(data), and in each iteration:
● bd = bpskmod(i:i + blocksize - 1);: It extracts a block of BPSK-modulated symbols of
size blocksize from the bpskmod sequence.
● of = ifft([bd zeros(1, cp)], blocksize);: It appends zeros to the end of the block to
account for the cyclic prefix (CP). Then, it performs the Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT) on the extended block. The IFFT is applied to convert the
time-domain signal into the frequency-domain OFDM symbol.
● ofdm = [ofdm, of];: It concatenates the OFDM symbol (of) to the ofdm array.
● This loop processes the OFDM-modulated signal (ofdm) in blocks of size blocksize.
The loop iterates from 1 to the total length of the OFDM signal (length(ofdm)), and in
each iteration:
● rb = ofdm(i:i + blocksize - 1);: It extracts a block of the OFDM-modulated signal of
size blocksize.
● demodblock = fft(rb, blocksize);: It performs the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the
block to convert it from the time domain to the frequency domain. The resulting
demodblock represents the frequency-domain symbols.
● % Normalize by dividing by block size: The comment indicates that the normalization
is done by dividing each element of demodblock by the block size. This normalization
step is often necessary in OFDM systems.
● demod = [demod, demodblock];: It concatenates the demodulated symbols
(demodblock) to the demod array.
● real(demod): Extracts the real part (in-phase component) of the demodulated symbols
stored in the demod array. In the context of BPSK, this real part represents the
amplitude of the received symbols after demodulation.
● >= 0: Compares each element of the real part to zero. The result is a logical array
where each element is 1 if the corresponding element in the real part is greater than or
equal to zero, and 0 otherwise.
● demod_bpsk_symbols = ...: Assigns the logical array to the variable
demod_bpsk_symbols. Each 1 in this array indicates that the corresponding
demodulated symbol has a positive amplitude, and each 0 indicates that the symbol
has a negative amplitude.
● I n the context of BPSK, this step is used to make a decision on whether the received
symbol is a 1 or a 0 based on the sign of the real part after demodulation. If the real
part is greater than or equal to zero, it is considered a 1; otherwise, it is considered a 0.
This is a common method for demodulating BPSK signals because BPSK symbols are
represented by their sign in the real part of the received signal.
● This block of code creates the fourth figure, and it visualizes the demodulated BPSK
symbols in the complex plane using a scatter plot.
● scatter(real(demod_bpsk_symbols), imag(demod_bpsk_symbols), 'o'):
○ real(demod_bpsk_symbols): Retrieves the real part (in-phase component) of the
demodulated BPSK symbols.
○ imag(demod_bpsk_symbols): Retrieves the imaginary part (quadrature-phase
component) of the demodulated BPSK symbols.
○ 'o': Specifies that the data points should be plotted as circles.
● title('BPSK demodulated'): Sets the title of the scatter plot to 'BPSK demodulated'.
● xlabel('in phase'): Labels the x-axis of the plot with 'in phase', indicating the in-phase
component of the demodulated symbols.
● ylabel('quadrature phase'): Labels the y-axis of the plot with 'quadrature phase',
indicating the quadrature-phase component of the demodulated symbols.
● This block of code creates the fifth figure, and it visualizes the received BPSK
symbols using a stem plot.
● stem(demod_bpsk_symbols): Creates a stem plot of the received BPSK symbols. The
vertical lines indicate the values of the received symbols.
● title('Received BPSK symbols'): Sets the title of the stem plot to 'Received BPSK
symbols'.
● xlabel('data points'): Labels the x-axis of the plot with 'data points', indicating the
position of each data point in the received symbols.
● ylabel('Received data phase representation'): Labels the y-axis of the plot with
'Received data phase representation', indicating the representation of the received data
in the phase domain.
●
