EGYPTIAN EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

EGYPTIAN AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

ScienceDepartment2023-2024
Grade 11 Biology Semester 1
NAME: ______________________________ CLASS:11 /_____ DATE:___________

Final revision
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____ 1. During meiosis, chromosome number is reduced through three rounds of cell division.

____ 2. Sexual reproduction would be more advantageous than asexual reproduction for organisms living in an
environment that is diverse and undergoes frequent changes.

____ 3. The separation of genes during crossing over occurs more frequently between genes that are far apart on a
chromosome than for genes that are close together.

____ 4. Polyploid plants such as coffee and strawberries are often less healthy and smaller than diploid plants of the
same species.

____ 5. Parents of normal height who have children with achondroplasia are heterozygous for the trait.

____ 6. It is possible to create a karyotype of a fetus.

____ 7. Once a person is born, the phenotype is set in place and remains stable throughout the lifetime.

____ 8. Griffith’s experiment with R and S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae showed that DNA is the genetic material
of the cell.

____ 9. One strand of a double-stranded DNA helix is oriented in the 5' (carbon of the deoxyribose molecule) to 3'
direction, while the complementary strand it is bonded to is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

____ 10. DNA nucleotides are always added to an existing strand at the 3-prime end. This means that during
replication a leading and lagging strand are created.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The
processes that are occurring at A and B are ____.

Figure 10-1
a. mitosis and fertilization c. mitosis and pollination
b. meiosis and fertilization d. meiosis and pollination

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____ 2. A white mouse whose parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated with a brown
mouse. The white mouse is most probably ____.
a. homozygous recessive c. homozygous dominant
b. heterozygous d. haploid
____ 3. In mink, brown fur color is dominant to silver-blue fur color. If a homozygous brown mink is mated with a
silver-blue mink and 8 offspring are produced, how many would be expected to be silver-blue?
a. 0 c. 6
b. 3 d. 8
____ 4. Using Figure 10-3, which process would result in the formation of chromosome C from chromosomes A and
B?

Figure 10-3
a. asexual reproduction c. crossing over
b. independent assortment d. segregation

Figure 10-7

____ 5. What fraction of this cross will be recessive for both traits?
a. 1/2 c. 1/8
b. 1/4 d. 1/16
____ 6. Crossing over would most likely occur during which stage of the cell cycle?
a. when DNA is being replicated
b. when homologous chromomosomes line up in pairs
c. when centromeres are separated
d. when cytokinesis begins
____ 7. Which is the best description of the events that take place during anaphase II?
a. The replicated chromosomes become visible.
b. Homologous chromosomes line up along the equator.
c. Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
d. Homologous pairs are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
____ 8. What is the role of the spindle fibers?
a. to join homologous chromosomes together
b. to store nucleotides prior to DNA synthesis
c. to initiate the formation of the nuclear membrane
d. to move chromosomes in the cell

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____ 9. The typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a typical
human sperm?
a. 23 c. 46
b. 45 d. 92
____ 10. Suppose an animal is heterozygous AaBb, and the traits are not linked. When meiosis occurs, what is the total
number of possible combinations of gametes that can be made for these traits?
a. 2 c. 6
b. 4 d. 8
____ 11. During which phase of meiosis do homologous pairs of chromosomes line up next to one another along the
equator?
a. anaphase I c. prophase II
b. metaphase I d. metaphase II
____ 12. Which stage of meiosis is responsible for the law of independent assortment?
a. metaphase I c. telophase I
b. prophase I d. prophase II
____ 13. A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant, and all the offspring are tall.
What is the most likely genotype of the offspring assuming a single-gene trait?
a. tt c. TT
b. Tt d. TT or tt
____ 14. In mice, black is dominant to white color and color is determined by a single gene. Two black mice are
crossed. They produce 2 black offspring and one white offspring. If the white offspring is crossed with one of
its parents, what percent of the offspring are expected to be white?
a. 0 c. 50
b. 25 d. 75
____ 15. Mendel took the pollen from a tall pea plant and pollinated the flower of a short pea plant. When he did this,
he removed the male parts of the flower on the short plant. Why was it important that he remove the male
parts from the flower of the short plant?
a. because he wanted to prevent self pollination
b. because the short plant was heterozygous
c. because he wanted to prevent the development of seeds
d. because the short plant was not a true-breeding plant
____ 16. Mendel crossed a true-breeding plant that produced green seeds with a true-breeding plant that produced
yellow seeds to produce an F1 generation. The entire F1 generation produced yellow seeds. Then he crossed
the F1 offspring with each other to produce the F2 generation. From the F2 generation, he counted 6022
yellow seeds.Which of these is the most likely estimate of the number of green seeds he collected from the F2
generation?
a. 0 c. 6000
b. 2000 d. 18000
____ 17. A heterozygous organism is best described as which of these?
a. dominant c. hybrid
b. genotype d. true-breeding
____ 18. If two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what percent of their offspring are also expected to be
heterozygous?
a. 0 c. 75
b. 50 d. 100

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____ 19. Of the following species used in agriculture, which is most likely a polyploid?
a. cow c. hen
b. goat d. wheat

Figure 10-10

____ 20. Which stage of meiosis is represented in Figure 10-10?

a. anaphase I c. anaphase II
b. metaphase I d. metaphase II

Figure 11-1

____ 21. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in Figure 11-1 illustrate?
a. incomplete dominance c. codominance
b. multiple alleles d. sex-linked
____ 22. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 11-1 can be classified as ____.
a. homozygous dominant c. homozygous recessive
b. mutants d. carriers
____ 23. What is the relationship between individual I-1 and individual III-2 in Figure 11-1?
a. grandfather-granddaughter c. great aunt-nephew
b. grandmother-grandson d. mother-son
____ 24. If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (XRXr) crossed with a white-eyed male (XrY), what percent of
their offspring would have white eyes?
a. 0% c. 50%
b. 25% d. 75%
____ 25. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon
examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one
controlled by ____.
a. multiple alleles c. sex-linked genes
b. codominant alleles d. polygenic inheritance
____ 26. A cross between a white rooster and a black hen results in 100% blue Andalusian offspring. When two of
these blue offspring are mated, the probable phenotypic ratio seen in their offspring would be ____.
a. 100% blue c. 75% blue, 25% white
b. 75% black, 25% white d. 25% black, 50% blue, 25% white

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 Figure 11-2

____ 27. What is the probable mode of inheritance for the normal trait in Figure 11-2?
a. simple dominant c. sex linkage
b. polygenic d. multiple alleles
____ 28. Based on Figure 11-2, what do you know about individual III-2's mother?
a. She had the trait. c. She was homozygous recessive.
b. She was a carrier. d. She was homozygous dominant.
____ 29. According to the pedigree in Figure 11-2, how many of the offspring in the III generation show the normal
trait?
a. 1 c. 4
b. 2 d. 5
____ 30. A phenotype that results from a dominant allele must have at least _____ dominant allele(s) present in the
parent(s).
a. one c. three
b. two d. four
____ 31. Examine the graph in Figure 11-3, which illustrates the frequency in types of skin pigmentation in humans.
Another human trait that would show a similar inheritance pattern and frequency of distribution is ____.

Figure 11-3
a. height
b. blood type
c. number of fingers and toes
d. incidence of cystic fibrosis
____ 32. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B. The chance that their
first child will have type O blood is ____.
a. 0% c. 50%
b. 25% d. 75%

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____ 33. According to Figure 11-4, what is the chance that individual A will be afflicted with Huntington's?

Figure 11-4
a. 25% c. 75%
b. 50% d. 100%
____ 34. What phenotype is depicted in Figure 11-5?

Figure 11-5
a. O c. A
b. AB d. B
____ 35. What is the origin of nondisjunction for an XXX genotype that produces a phenotype of a nearly normal
female?
a. meiosis in sperm formation
b. meiosis in egg formation
c. meiosis I in sperm or egg formation
d. meiosis II in sperm or egg formation
____ 36. Nondisjunction is related to a number of serious human disorders. How does nondisjunction cause these
disorders?
a. alters the number of gametes produced
b. alters the number of zygotes produced
c. alters the chromosome structure
d. alters the chromosome number
____ 37. What occurs during the process of meiosis in humans that can lead to a child with the condition of Down
Syndrome?
a. production of a duplicate chromosome set
b. production of gametes which are diploid
c. production of gametes with one duplicate chromosome
d. production of gametes with one duplicate sex chromosome
____ 38. Which of the following could only be a result of nondisjunction during meiosis of sperm formation and not
egg formation?
a. XYY c. XXY
b. XXX d. XO

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____ 39. A pea plant homozygous for the trait of smooth seeds is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for the
trait of wrinkled seeds. The first generation produces seeds that are all smooth. What percent of the second-
generation plants will have smooth seeds when the F1 generation is self-fertilized?
a. 100% c. 50%
b. 75% d. 25%
____ 40. A man’s grandfather on his father’s side had galactosemia. Assuming that his mother was not a carrier, what
is the probability that this man is a carrier for the disorder?
a. 0.25 c. 0.75
b. 0.50 d. 1.00
____ 41. A man with a certain syndrome marries a woman who is normal for that trait. They have 6 children, three
girls and three boys. All of the girls have the same syndrome as the father whereas none of the boys is
affected. Which type of heredity is not possible here?
a. Y-linked c. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive d. autosomal recessive
____ 42. A person has a non-normal set of sex chromosomes but is obviously female. Her cells show two Barr bodies.
Which condition accounts for these observations?
a. XXX c. XYY
b. XXY d. XO

Figure 11-6
This pedigree shows the transmission of a rare disease that is dehabilitating but not lethal. Carriers are not
shown.

____ 43. Which type of heredity does the pedigree in Figure 11-6 demonstrate?
a. autosomal recessive c. X-linked recessive
b. autosomal dominant d. X-linked dominant
____ 44. What do galactosemia and Tay-Sachs disease have in common?
a. Both are conditions in which the genotype will be seen in the phenotype.
b. Both are conditions characterized by respiratory failure.
c. Both are conditions caused by the lack of a gene that codes for particular enzymes.
d. Both are conditions caused by dominant alleles.
____ 45. What part of the chromosome might be involved with processes such as aging and cancer?
a. karyotype c. telomere
b. nondisjunction d. telophase

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 Figure 12-2

____ 46. In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 12-2 take place?
a. in the nucleus c. at the ribosomes
b. in food vacuoles d. on the chromosome
____ 47. Structure III in Figure 12-2 represents a(n) ____.
a. gene c. codon
b. amino acid d. DNA molecule
____ 48. The process illustrated in Figure 12-2 is called ____.
a. translation c. monoploidy
b. replication d. transcription
____ 49. Which of the structures in Figure 12-2 are composed of RNA?
a. II and IV c. I and V
b. III and IV d. III and V
____ 50. DNA replication of a leading strand involves which enzymes?
a. primase, polymerase c. helicase, primase, ligase
b. primase, polymerase, ligase d. helicase, primase, polymerase, ligase
____ 51. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of
a. protein. c. carbohydrates.
b. enzymes. d. DNA.
____ 52. The primary function of DNA is to
a. make proteins.
b. store and transmit genetic information.
c. control chemical processes within cells.
d. prevent mutations.
____ 53. All of the following are true about the structure of DNA except
a. short strands of DNA are contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell.
b. every DNA nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base.
c. DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides joined by hydrogen bonds.
d. the long strands of nucleotides are twisted into a double helix.
____ 54. The part of the molecule for which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the
a. phosphate group.
b. sugar.
c. nitrogenous base.
d. None of the above; DNA is not named after part of the molecule.
____ 55. X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested that
a. DNA and RNA are the same molecules.
b. DNA is composed of either purines or pyrimidines, but not both.
c. DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled helix.
d. DNA and proteins have the same basic structure.

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____ 56. ATTG : TAAC ::
a. AAAT : TTTG c. GTCC : CAGG
b. TCGG : AGAT d. CGAA : TGCG
____ 57. The addition of nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA
a. is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
b. is accomplished only in the presence of tRNA.
c. prevents separation of complementary strands of RNA.
d. is the responsibility of the complementary DNA mutagens.
____ 58. During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a
portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be
a. TTGCATG. c. CCTAGCT.
b. AAGTATC. d. GGATCGA.
____ 59. The function of tRNA is to
a. synthesize DNA.
b. synthesize mRNA.
c. form ribosomes.
d. transfer amino acids to ribosomes.
____ 60. During translation, a ribosome binds to
a. DNA. c. protein.
b. mRNA. d. a peptide bond.
____ 61. Transcription proceeds when RNA polymerase
a. attaches to a ribosome.
b. binds to a promoter on a strand of DNA.
c. binds to a strand of RNA.
d. unwinds the DNA molecule.
____ 62. Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)
a. RNA molecule. c. uracil molecule.
b. DNA molecule. d. transposon.
____ 63. Oswald Avery showed that
a. cells missing protein and RNA were able to transform R cells into S cells and kill mice,
but cells missing DNA could not.
b. cells missing DNA were able to transform R cells into S cells and kill mice, but cells
missing protein and RNA could not.
c. cells missing DNA, protein, and RNA were able to transform R cells into S cells and kill
mice.
d. cells missing DNA, protein, and RNA were not able to transform R cells into S cells and
kill mice.
____ 64. In their experiments, Hershey and Chase used
a. DNA labeled with radioactive sulfur.
b. protein labeled with radioactive phosphorus.
c. DNA labeled with radioactive phosphorus.
d. protein labeled with both radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorus.
____ 65. How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8?
a. 4 c. 12
b. 8 d. 16

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 Diagrams 1 and 2 show cells from an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 4.

____ 66. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the cells will be a diploid cell at the completion of division?
a. 1 c. Both
b. 2 d. Neither
____ 67. Refer to the illustration above. Which of these cells is in the process of dividing to form gametes?
a. 1 c. Both
b. 2 d. Neither
____ 68. The first filial (F1) generation is the result of
a. cross-pollination among parents and the next generation.
b. crosses between individuals of the parental generation.
c. crosses between the offspring of a parental cross.
d. self-fertilization between parental stock.
____ 69. A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called
a. dominant. c. recessive.
b. phenotypic. d. superior.
____ 70. The law of segregation explains that
a. alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis.
b. different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism.
c. each gene of an organism ends up in a different gamete.
d. each gene is found on a different molecule of DNA.

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant over not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be
studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.

____ 71. Refer to the illustration.

The genotype represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would
a. be homozygous for freckles.
b. have an extra freckles chromosome.
c. be heterozygous for freckles.
d. have freckles chromosomes.
____ 72. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype in box 3 of the Punnett square is
a. FF. c. ff.
b. Ff. d. None of the above

____ 73. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is
a. green, inflated. c. yellow, inflated.
b. green, constricted. d. yellow, constricted.

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____ 74. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is
a. GgIi. c. GI.
b. GGIi. d. Gi.

____ 75. What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid
cross?
a. 1:0 c. 1:2:1
b. 1:1 d. 1:3:1

____ 76. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is
a. round, yellow. c. wrinkled, yellow.
b. round, green. d. wrinkled, green.
____ 77. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is
a. RRYY. c. RrYy.
b. RrYY. d. rrYy.
____ 78. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following boxes represents the same phenotype as box 7?
a. 3 c. 5
b. 4 d. 6
____ 79. The difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is that
a. monohybrid crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits
involve two alleles.
b. monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid crosses involve cross-
pollination.
c. monohybrid crosses involve one trait; dihybrid crosses involve two traits.
d. dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid crosses need only one.
____ 80. Which of the following traits is controlled by multiple alleles in humans?
a. sickle cell anemia c. hemophilia
b. blood type d. pattern baldness
____ 81. What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the
other?
a. type A c. type AB
b. type B d. type O
____ 82. While studying several generations of a particular family, a geneticist observed that a certain disease was
found equally in males and females and that all children who had the disease had parents who also had the
disease. The gene coding for this disease is probably
a. sex-linked recessive.
8b sex-linked dominant.
.
c. autosomal recessive.

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 d. autosomal dominant.
____ 83. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness
A8 cannot be inherited.
.
b. occurs only in adults.
c. is sex-linked.
d. None of the above
____ 84. If nondisjunction occurs,
a. there will be too many gametes produced.
b. no gametes will be produced.
c. a gamete will receive too many or too few copies of a chromosome.
d. mitosis cannot take place.

Completion
Complete each statement.

1. An individual with the genotype Aa is ____________________ for the trait.

2. A geneticist refers to the appearance of an individual as his or her ____________________, while the genetic
makeup is called the genotype.

3. Genes on separate chromosomes follow Mendel’s law of ____________________.

4. According to Mendel’s law of ____________________, two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis, and
during fertilization, the two alleles unite.

5. Genetic recombination occurs when chromosomes undergo ____________________.

6. The possible combination of genes in any gamete due to independent assortment equals 2 n, where n equals the
number of ____________________.

7. Two genes are considered linked when they are located close to each other on the same
____________________.

8. The term ____________________ refers to the occurrence of one or more sets of extra chromosomes in an
organism.

9. Gregor Mendel is best known for his research on ____________________ plants.

10. ____________________, found at the end of chromosomes, prevent the chromosomes from fusing into rings.

11. A karyotype arranges chromosomes in the order of their number, which is also in ____________________
order of size.

12. Analyzing the karyotype of a child before it is born has the benefit of alerting a mother to the presence of
____________________ abnormalities.

13. A normal human karyotype displays ____________________ pairs of autosomes.

14. A man who has albinism marries a woman whose father also had the same trait. The probability that their
children will have albinism is ____________________ percent.

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 Figure 11-7

15. The abnormality of the karyotype shown in Figure 11-7 is ____________________.

16. The karyotype in Figure 11-7 has a total of ____________________ chromosomes.

17. This person to whom the karyotype in Figure 11-7 belongs has a total of ____________________ autosomes.

18. A recessive genetic disorder that affects chloride ion uptake in cells, resulting in an osmotic imbalance
recognized by excess mucus production is ____________________.

19. A woman’s father developed Huntington’s disease at age 40. Her probability of also developing the disease as
she ages is ____________________%.

20. Okazaki fragments are added to the ____________________ end of the newly formed DNA strand.

Short Answer

1. How does meiosis maintain a constant number of chromosomes in the body cells of organisms that reproduce
sexually?
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2. Explain how crossing over in meiosis results in genetic variation.
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3. How does Mendel's law of independent assortment assure genetic diversity?

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4. Explain how nondisjunction can result in an individual having an extra chromosome.

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 5. Explain why it was important that Mendel crossed “true breeding” varieties of peas when he performed his
crosses?
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6. Two parents with brown eyes have two children with blue eyes. Assume that only one gene for eye type is
involved. How is this possible? Defend your answer by presenting possible genotypes for the individuals in
the scenario.
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Table 11-1

7. Two couples, the Pages and the Bakers, had baby boys in the same hospital at the same time. There was a
mix-up in the hospital nursery. Use the information given in Table 11-1. Which baby belongs to which
family?
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8. What is the relationship of genotype, phenotype, and the environment?

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9. What is a karyotype and how is it made?

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10. Describe the process of replication.

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11. What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?
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12. Why is tRNA important in translation?

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13. Identify the three types of RNA and briefly describe the function of each. Write your answer in the space
below.
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14. What would happen if the chromosome number were not reduced before sexual reproduction? Write your
answer in the space below.
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15. How might you go about determining the genotype of a red-flowering plant where red is dominant over
white? Write your answer in the space below.
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16. All of the offspring resulting from a cross between a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon are pink. What is
a possible explanation for this? Write your answer in the space below.
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17. In humans, colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. What is the probability that the children of a woman
heterozygous for colorblindness and a man with normal color vision will be colorblind? Explain your answer.
Write your answer in the space below

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