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Lecture 2.1

1) The document discusses complex power, which includes both real power (P) and reactive power (Q). 2) Complex power (S) is calculated as the product of voltage (V) and current (I) and represents their vector sum. 3) Reactive power is stored in the electric or magnetic fields of components like inductors and capacitors, while real power is consumed. 4) Leading and lagging power factors depend on whether the current leads or lags the voltage, which relates to whether the circuit contains mainly inductive or capacitive components.

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37 views16 pages

Lecture 2.1

1) The document discusses complex power, which includes both real power (P) and reactive power (Q). 2) Complex power (S) is calculated as the product of voltage (V) and current (I) and represents their vector sum. 3) Reactive power is stored in the electric or magnetic fields of components like inductors and capacitors, while real power is consumed. 4) Leading and lagging power factors depend on whether the current leads or lags the voltage, which relates to whether the circuit contains mainly inductive or capacitive components.

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ECE 330: Power Circuits

and Electromechanics
Lecture 2
2019-08-28
Last Time
• Review of Phasors
• Use RMS instead of peak
• Calculating average (real) power
Today
• What is complex power?
• How do we calculate it?
Im
Reactive (Q) and
Complex (S)Power c
a

P = VRMS I RMS cos (θ v − θ i )


θ
b Re
Q = VRMS I RMS sin (θ v − θ i ) { } = a cos (θ )
b = Re ae jθ

{
P = Re VRMS I RMS e j(θ v −θi ) } c = Im {ae } = asin (θ )
jθ

Q = Im {V I
RMS RMS e j(θ v −θ i )
}
{ } { }
P = Re VRMS e jθ v I RMS e− jθi = Re VI ∗
Q = Im {V RMS
jθ v
e I RMS e − jθ i
} = Im {VI }
∗ S = VI ∗ = P + jQ
Units and Nomenclature
⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ = VA S = S = VI : apparent power
[P] = W θ =θ v − θ i : power factor angle
[Q ] = VAR cos (θ ) = cos (θ v − θ i ) : power factor

Different units to distinguish


different meanings.
Examples
V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A
Find P :
A ) 50 W
B) 35.355 W
C ) 48.30 W
D ) 70.71 W
Examples
V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A
Find P :
A ) 50 W
B) 35.355 W
C ) 48.30 W
D ) 70.71 W
Examples
V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A
Find P : Find Q :
A ) 50 W A ) 50 W
B) 35.355 W B) 35.355 W
C ) 48.30 W C ) -12.94 VAR
D ) 70.71 W D ) 35.355 VAR
Examples
V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A V = 10∠15! V, I = 5∠ − 30! A
Find P : Find Q :
A ) 50 W A ) 50 W
B) 35.355 W B) 35.355 W
C ) 48.30 W C ) -12.94 VAR
D ) 70.71 W D ) 35.355 VAR
Example
(
v ( t ) = 2 (10 ) cos wt + 15! )
(
i ( t ) = 2 ( 7 ) sin ω t + 75 !
)
Find S :
A ) 70+j0 VA
B) 35-j60.62 VA
C ) 60.62+j35 VA
D ) 121.24+j70 VA
Example
(
v ( t ) = 2 (10 ) cos wt + 15! )
(
i ( t ) = 2 ( 7 ) sin ω t + 75 !
)
Find S :
A ) 70+j0 VA
B) 35-j60.62 VA
C ) 60.62+j35 VA
D ) 121.24+j70 VA
Recall: cosine is an even function
cos(x)=cos(-x)
V I
Im Im

I V
θv θi
θi θv
Re Re

Current lags the voltage: Current leads the voltage:


Lagging PF Leading PF
Note:
• PF is only defined for angles between -90 and +90 degrees
• Talking about the power consumed by the load
• If P is negative, this means power is generated by load, not consumed
• To correct, flip the direction for current definition.
Another way to view complex power
i(t)
V = ZI
+
( )
S = VI ∗ = Z II ∗ = ZI 2

v(t) Load Z = R + jX S = I 2 R + jI 2 X = P + jQ
P is power dissipated by resistors
- Q is power dissipated by reactances

Can also show that angle on


impedance is power factor angle
How do leading and lagging PF correspond to
circuit?
di dv
v=L i=C
dt dt
v = ω LI m ⎡⎣ − sin (ω t + θ i ) ⎤⎦ i = ω CVm ⎡⎣ − sin (ω t + θ v ) ⎤⎦
v = ω LI m sin ( −ω t − θ i ) i = ω CVm sin ( −ω t − θ v )

(
v = ω LI m cos ω t + ⎡⎣θ i + 90! ⎤⎦ ) (
i = ω CVm cos ω t + ⎡⎣θ v + 90! ⎤⎦ )
V = ω LI RMS ∠θ i + 90! I = ω CVRMS ∠θ v + 90!
SL = ω LI RMS
2
∠90! SC = ω CVRMS
2
∠ − 90!
PF = 0 lag PF = 0 lead
Plotting in Complex Plane
Im

IC

IR V Re

IL
Resistor in phase with voltage
Inductor current lags voltage by 90°
Capacitor current leads voltage by 90°

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