ORAL COMMUNICATION

3 TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE 4 TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. Informative/Expository 1. Manuscript Speech 3 SPEECH STYLE
1. Consultative
➔ performed for the purpose of educating the ➔ the word-for-word iteration of a written message
➔ used in semi formal and standard communication
audience on new or relevant piece of information using visual aids 2. Casual
on a particular topic ➔ speaking with advanced preparation, planned ➔ informal communication between groups and peers
➔ speaker does not assume the responsibility of and rehearsed reading loud the written message who have something to share and have shared
making his audience believe him but he ➔ Very rigid background information but do not have close
maintains to present the information in a clear, ◆ News anchor with a teleprompter relationship
logical and understandable manner ◆ When delivering a report to office 3. Intimate
◆ classroom lectures meetings ➔ used for very close relationship
◆ demonstration talks ◆ reading the rules discussing medical ➔ language used in this style may not be shared in
◆ explanations of techniques technology or legal concepts public
➔ reserve for family family members or intimate people
◆ procedures 2. Memorized Speech
4. Frozen
2. Persuasive speech ➔ Is the rote recitation of written message that the ➔ K
➔ purpose of convincing the audience to agree speaker has committed to memory
with the speaker's opinion on a particular topic ➔ with advanced preparation, planned and TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
➔ speaker directs his audience toward action only rehearsed speechreciting a message from ● communication happens effectively when the
after they have been convinced memory message is passed clearly
◆ Sales Talk ◆ Actor's dialoguedeliver ● it becomes useful and meaningful when both the
◆ Solicitations for Subscriptions/Membership to ◆ declamation sender and the receiver understand the idea being
an Organization ◆ oratorical put across
◆ Campaigns ◆ literary piece ● To achieve effective communication, it is important to
3. Entertainment Speech know different types of speech act
3. Extemporaneous Speech
➔ Aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the ● They will help you achieve communicative
➔ Is the presentation of a carefully planned and competence by responding appropriately to various
audience through witty and humorous lines rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational utterance for you to communicate efficiently
◆ After-dinner Toasts manner using brief noteslimited preparation Speech Act
◆ Travelogue guided by notes or outline ● utterance that a speaker makes to achieve intended
➔ Delivered conversationally effect
➔ Most popular type ● performed when a person offers an apology, greeting,
◆ A campaign speech before a voting request, complaint, invitation, compliment or refusal
publicReporting in a class ● as we communicate with others, we use language
4. Impromptu Speech without minding whether to use complete sentence or
not
➔ Is the presentation of a short message without
● Number of words in a single utterance does not
advance preparation and is for people matter as long as we can get our messages across
knowledgeable about the subject ● J. L Austine
➔ Unrehearsed speech a philosopher of language and developer of the
➔ Spoken conversationally speech act theory
➔ Biglaan
◆ Doctor's response to the question of a
patient
◆ Self-introduction
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

3 TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS John Searle

1. Locutionary ➔ As a response to Austin's Speech Act Theory, John Searle COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
➔ the act is actual act of utterance 1976, a professor from the University of California, ➔ are systematic techniques employed by speakers to express their
➔ act of meaningful utterance Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five distinct meaning when faced with a language problem or difficulty
➔ When we produce an utterance, that is called locutionary categories ➔ Communicative strategies must be used to start and keep
conversations going. - Cohen, 1990
act 1. Assertive
1. Nomination
➔ speaker must produce or say clearly or specific word in ➔ A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses ➔ A speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and
order to deliver the intended meaning of the message belief about the truth of a proposition. productively establish a topic or open a topic.
➔ What we say ◆ SUGGESTING ➔ signal of the beginning new topic
◆ People do the dishes ◆ PUTTING FORWARD ◆ There's a new art festival next month!
◆ It is raining outside ◆ SWEARING ◆ Mom, I'm pregnant.
◆ BOASTING ◆ What kind of movies do you like
◆ It's hot in here-
◆ CONCLUDING 2. Restriction
◆ literally statements of facts ● EXAMPLE ➔ refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker
● No one can love you better than I do ➔ confines you as a speaker and limit what you can say
2. Illocutionary Act 2. Directive ➔ constraining the response or reaction within a set of categories
➔ Social function of what is said ➔ A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to ◆ forced to speak
➔ Speaker's intention in delivering an utterance make the addressee perform an action ◆ When your teacher asks you to
➔ Act accomplished in speaking and defined within a system ◆ brainstorm on racial discrimination.
◆ ASKING ◆ Report using the English language
of social convention ◆ ORDERING 3. Turn-taking
➔ Include stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, ◆ REQUESTING ➔ pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the
ordering, predicting and requesting ◆ INVITING conversational floor.
➔ Speaker wish for the listener to do ◆ ADVISING ➔ there is a code of behavior behind establishing and sustaining a
◆ BEGGING productive convo
➔ What we mean when we say it ● EXAMPLES
◆ Please do the dishes ● PLEASE MAINTAIN THE CLEANLINESS OF OUR SCHOOL ➔ give all communicators a chance to speak
● speaker requests the address to wash 3. Commissive ➔ Others should be given to speak
➔ A type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to ◆ Do you have something to say?,
the dishes
◆ Go on with your ideas. III let you
◆ It is raining outside doing something in the future.
4. Topic Control
● Speaker wishes or wants the listener to ◆ PROMISING
➔ covers how procedural formality or Informality affects the
use an umbrella if she/he goes out ◆ PLANNING
development of the topic in conversations
◆ VOWING
● speaker wants you not to go out because ➔ keeping the conversation going by asking questions and eliciting
◆ BETTING
it is still raining outside ● EXAMPLE
responses
3. Perlocutionary ● FROM THIS MOMENT ON, I WILL LOVE YOU AND ➔ it is achieved cooperatively
➔ resulting of what is said Effect is based on the particular HONOR FOR THE REST OF MY LIFE ➔ Avoiding non necessary topic
4. Expressive ◆ Let's talk about something i am more familiar with
context which is the speech act was mentioned
➔ A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses ◆ You said that you like milk
➔ action or state of mind brought about or by or as a 5. Topic Shifting
consequence of saying something his/her feelings or emotional reactions.
➔ Involves moving from one topic to another
➔ Effect or result of the utterance on the listener, depending ◆ THANKING
➔ There is a need to ensure that the previous topic was nurtured
◆ APOLOGIZING
on the specific situation enough to ensure adequate reviews
◆ WELCOMING
➔ persuading, embarrassing, intimating, irritating or inspiring ➔ where a part of a conversation ends and also begins
◆ DEPLORING
listener ◆ By the way, there's a new shop opening at the mall.
● EXAMPLE ◆ In addition, to what you said about the beautiful girl is
➔ It is the listener part to do ● THANK HEAVENS, YOU CAME TO that she is also smart
➔ What we accomplish by saying it SAVE ME! I OWE YOU MY LIFE. 6. Repair
◆ It is raining outside 5. Declaration ➔ refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking,
● the listener may use umbrella when he or ➔ A type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a
she goes out external situation conversation
● the listener may stay while waiting for the ◆ DECLARATION OF BLESSING ◆ Excuse me, but there are 5 functions of communication, not 4.
rain to stop ◆ I beg your pardon, but the latest record of the numhaf islands in
◆ FIRING the Philippine 7,641 and not 7,107
◆ Please do the dishes ◆ BAPTIZING ◆ when everybody in the convo seems to talk at the same time,
● Would lead to the addressee washing ◆ BIDDING one should give away
dishes ◆ PASSING A SENTENCE 7. Termination
◆ It's hot in here ◆ EXCOMMUNICATING ➔ refers to practices of closing down a topic/ending a conversation
◆ Let's chat some more when I see you again
● Could result someone to someone ◆ I just need to rush this, would that be okay?
opening the windows ◆ I am sorry, but I have to make an important phone call.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 5. Making An Outline

● LANGUAGE FORM ➔ Also known as hierarchical list of ideas
● DURATION OF INTERACTION ➔ Helps you arrange your thoughts to make it easy for you to write
your speech in organized way
● RELATIONSHIP TO THE SPEAKER ROLE AND
◆ Example:
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPEAKER MESSAGE 1. Problems on Wastes
● DELIVERY ◆ A. Environment B. Health
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING ◆ II. Ways to Resolve A. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle B. Solid
1. Audience Analysis Waste Management
➔ Looking into the profile of your target audience 6.Your Introduction
➔ Ensuring that your speech fit your audience ➔ Must catch the attention of your audience and present the subject
1. Demography or topic of your speech
7. The conclusion
➔ Age range, male-female ration, educational
➔ Restates the main point of your speech
background, nationality, economic status ➔ Summary and emphasis that calls for action
2. Situation ➔ The goal is to leave a memorable mark to the audience
➔ time, venue, occasion, size 8.Editing And Revising
3. Psychology ➔ Is correcting your speech for mechanics such as grammar,
➔ values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and punctuation, spelling, organization
racial ideologies and needs ➔ When you edit a speech, be sure to…
2. Determining the purpose 1. Edit for focus
➔ check if it focuses on the main topic
➔ Finding out whether you want to inform, persuade or
2. Edit for clarity
entertain ➔ make sure your words are clear and easy to understand
➔ Can be general to specific 3. Edit for concision
1. General purpose ➔ keep it simple and easy
➔ to inform 4. Edit for continuity
2. Specific purpose ➔ ideas should flow smoothly
➔ to inform the students about the benefits of solid 5. Edit for variety
waste management ➔ shift in tone and style
6. Edit for impact and beauty
3. Focal point
➔ make it memorable
➔ Topic: Solid waste management 9.Use Conversational Style More Often
➔ Narrowed topic: Benefits of solid waste ➔ Audience do not like the speaker to sound too unnatural or
management exaggerated
3.Data Gathering 10. Rapport With Audience
➔ The part where you collect information from sources about ➔ Look at your audience in the eye so they will feel your speech
your topic ➔ Use pauses and emphasize important words
➔ You can search in books or surf in the internet 11.Modulation
➔ Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and
➔ Cite your sources
venue
➔ Modulate your voice, do not shout
4.Selecting A Writing Pattern ➔ Vary your speed or rate, avoid monotone
➔ Helps to organize your ideas 12. Articulation
1. Biographical ➔ Pronounce and enunciate words correctly
➔ presents descriptions of life of a person 13.Stage Presence
2. Categorical/Topical ➔ Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight
➔ presents related categories to support the topic 14. Gestures And Movements
➔ Use precise movements
3. Causal
➔ Move your arms with a purpose
➔ presents cause and effect relationships ➔ Avoid mannerisms
4. Chronological 15. Facial Expressions
➔ presents ideas in time order ➔ Avoid having poker face
5. Comparison-contrast ➔ smile
➔ compares and contrast two or three ideas 16. Dress properly
6. Problem-solution 17. Breath in and out
➔ presents problem and solutions
ORAL COMMUNICATION