02 pipe (k = 180 Win" i ample 2.39. A pipe (k= 180 Wén°C) having inner and outer diameters 80 mm and 100 mm respectively is located in a space at 25°C, Hot gases at temperature 160°C flow through the pipe. fing surface heat transfer coefficients, calculate : (i) The heat loss through the pipe per unit length, The temperature at a point halfway between the inner and outer surfaces, and (ii (iii) The surface area normal to the direction of heat flow so that the heat transfer through the pipe can be determined by considering material of pipe as a plane wall of the same thickness. Solution. Inner diameter of the pipe, ° 40mm = 0.04m . . te Outer diameter of the pipe, = 50mm = 0.05m Temperature of hot gases, 1 160° ‘Temperature of space in which the pipe is located, 1, = 25°C. ‘Thermal conductivity of pipe material, k = 180 Wim°C (i) The heat loss through the pipe per unit length, Q + Ar _ (160-25) 135 ae ee w Fe 7 Tingginy] 7 THOOSTOOH 684229 W (Ans.) 2kL 2n x 180 | (ii) The temperature at a point halfway between the inner and outer surfaces, ¢ Radius at halfway through the pipe wall, po tM 40450 | asim = 0.045m 2 2 ‘Thermal resistance of the pipe upto its mid-plane _ In(r/n) _ 1m (0.045/0.04) _ 9 g434 510-8 CW 2nkL 2nx 180 x1 ‘As same heat flows through each section (160 - 1) “1.0414x 10-4 1.0414 x 10“ 160 — 684229 x 1.0414 x 10+ = 88.74°C (Ans.) : t-4 _ In(r/y) Eqn. 2.58} Alternatively : Gam In(ylq) {Eqn 2. (f= 160) _ In(0.045/0.04) _ 9 song (25-160) In(0.05/0.04) or, 1 = 160 + (25 ~ 160) x 0.5278 = 88.74°C (ii) Equivalent log-mean area, A, + An Aer A Lo 1) mx 1x (0.05 = 0.04) _ 9 o816m? ™™n(A,/A) Ind, /y) In (0.05/0.04) k Ay (1, ~to) 180 X 0.2616(160 ~ 25) _ ge4reg W (=m) (0.05 - 0.04) Which is approximately same as calculated above. Check ; Q=The -ve sign indicates that heat flows from the combustion gases to the turbine blade. Example 2.124. A fin 5 mm thick and 45 mm long has its base on a plane plate which is maintained 12 The ambient temperature is 25°C. The conductivity of fin material is 55W/m°C and the 1 transfer coefficient is 145 Win?°C. Determine : r Plate Fin (k= 55 Wim’C) 20 h=145 W/m C 7 y=5mm <—__——— 1= 45 mm ———————— | t,=25°C x=/(i) Temperature at the end of the fin, (ii) emperature at the middle of the fin, and (iii) Heat dissipated the fin (per metre width). 213. 145 mm = 0.045 m; b = Im: y 25°C. Solution, Refer to Fig. = §mm = 0,005m; k=55 Wimn°C; h= 145 Wim?c;, 1%, () Temperature at the end of the fin. + “Assuming heat loss by convection from the end ofthe fin; under this condition, temperature site end of the fin is given by cosh {m(I = x)} + fink (ml -x)} = ir wfRefer Eqn, 2.13 cosh (ml) + —[sinh (ml)] km rel I hy 2. AS 2 lana ky V55 0.005 or, fom ba cosh (ml) + sinh (ml) km m= [BP = [ex@b+ where, Vids V kx Ox) (sy <2) or, ml = 32.47 x 0.045 = 1.461 1-25 1 —m—s =041 125 - 2: 145, 7: sh (1.461) + ——[s ! cosh (1.461) + alsin (1.46) or, 1,=25 +041 (125-25) = 66°C (Ans.) tii) ) Temperature at the middle of the fin, ¢),: cosh (m(I — x)} + 1 sinh im -x)} km cosh (ml) + (sinh (ml)} kin Lf h iL cosh 2) 4 (2 ON) en ONG cosh (ml) + ai inh (1nl)) km cosh (0.7305) +(iii) Total heat dissipated by the fin, Qin (per metre width) : tanh (ml) Ald Qin = s[ PHKA.5 (t, ~ tq) ue jet ited --[Egn. (2.137)] km tanh (ml) + ih km = (G+ y) x 2} x AK X(X y) (ty = ty) 1+ —- tanh (ml. lon anh (ml) tanh (1.461) toes = J+ 0.005) x 2 x 145 x 55 x (1x 0.005) (125 — 25) —=rr =? 1+—— _ x tanh (1.461 55x 32.47 ASD 0.8978 + 0.0812 or O sin = 8.9526 x 100 | 1+ 0.0729 ] = 816.9W (Ans.) Example 2.125. Derive an exnression for tho =_ aWhen the plate is heated over the whole length 3 1, =0.332K (Pry (Re, x and, Nu, = 0.332 (Pr)'3 (Re)? The above results are applicable for laminar conditions only Example 7.10. Air at 20°C and ata pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a veloc : 3 mis. If the plate is 280 mm wide and at 56°C, calculate the following quantities at x = 280 mm. 20 + 56 ‘ven that properties of air at the bulk mean temperature ( a p = 1.1374 kg/m; k = 0.02732 WiC; ¢, = 1.005 kI/kgK; v = @ Boundary layer thickness. (ii) Local friction coefficient, (iii) Average friction coefficient, (iv) Shearing stress due to friction, (v)_ Thickness of the boundary layer, (vi) Local convective heat transfer coefficient, _ (vii) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, (viii) Rate of heat transfer by convection, (ix) Total drag force on the plate, and (x) Total mass flow rate through the boundary. | = 38°C are: ) 16.768 x 10° m*/s;Chapter : 7 : For ‘onvection .28 m. p= 1.1374 kg/m! k= 0.02732 Wim’C. ¢,, = ae ee v 16.768 x 10°° ince Re, <5 * 105, hence flow in laminar, Boundary layer thickness at x = 0.28 m, 5 : Re, Eqn. (7.22), 0.00626 m or 6.26 mm (Ans.) 5.0 104 sofEgn. (7.24)] Tsxi0" 0.002969 (Ans.) friction coefficient, C,: G, = 1328 Rey, -{Egn. (7.25)] z, = 18 5x10* * due to friction, ty : ).005939 (Ans.) (Cs = Cpe) 2 % =Cuex pus safEqn. (7.30)] 2 2 =0,002969 x wee =0.01519 Nim?(Ans.) ‘thermal boundary layer, 5,,: (Eqn. (7.62) = on™ = 0.00705 ,m or 7.05 mm (Ans.) (0. ive heat transfer coefficient, l,: A, 0,332 £ (Re)? (Pry? -{Eqn.(7.64)] 0.02732 in an atid 20332x —p5g—* (5x 105)! (0.7) = 6.43 Wim?°C (Ans.) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, jy: 3 he oos(£) (Re,)' (Pr) af EBqn. (7.66)]0.02732 0.28 1/3 =12.86 W/m?°C (Ans.) Jos x10" y/? (0.7) w(h = 2h, =0.664( (viii) Rate of heat transfer by convection, Q,,,,,./ Qui, = WAS. = be ) = 12.85 x (0.28 x 0.28) (56 — 20) = 36.29 W (Ans.) (ix) Total drag force on the plate, F, : F’,, = %* area of plate on one side upto 0.28 m = 0.01519 x 0.28 x 0.28 = 0.00119 N (Ans.) (x) Total mass flow rate through the boundary, m : 5 mas pu, - 8) (where 8, = 0 at.x = 0 and 5, = 8 at x = 0.28 m) =3% 1.1374 x 3 (0.00626 ~ 0) = 0.01335 kg/s (Ans.) na GL SEAT EAOTED TEL SE EREDAR. toes toeito shetty ~ (Qin dea } (Qaithot shite — |p Quik sta X 100 =1 — 9.012345 ¢ = (without setts 9.33.¢ = 96.26% (Ans.) two large parallel plates, one at 1000 K with 244. Ce ie A radiation shield is placed between them. The shiny He missivity 0.6. patel awk havns has emissivity hot plate and 0.3 on the side facing cold plate. Caleulane Percentage ; cing h ‘ iation shield. wate side ts heat transfer as a result of radi te radiation ein rad it 1000K, €, =08,7,= 300K, e,=0.,¢,, = jon, Given? 7) = 1009 SE iat ans Per emissivity 0.8 and other 3 ea between two parallel plates by radiation is given by aca 7 (22) 100 =— ito 1 Lio9) J sit iT eat 29292 Wim? or 29.292 kW/m? Radiation shield sow F — KHOMEINI Fig. 12.52 ma) i ae his Bey hy ards hot Peat perature of the shield and e,, and e,, are the emissivities of the shield tow: Sigigg Old plat J si © Surface, "ing the tiv 0 Values in eqn, 1), we get oy eqn. ( 8 iw) -(2Y T\ (300 1 (8) (5) -(* © 100) _ G00 100 7 = W007 100) te 1 08 =1 i OF 03El Heat and Mass Transfer (10)* = __ 2 -@)* - 7 Was 2 rex, im 6 ex 33 + 1.67 -1 100 10000 - x4 81 10.25 24 25 or, (1000-4) = ae (4-81) = 2.56 x4 207.36 or, 3.56.x* = 1020736 4 Ts 1070736) =i a{[— |] = 7.32 = ** Too ( 3.56 or, T, = 732K The heat flow per m? area when shield is located is given by 1000)* (732) ot - 7) 9° [e) loa) Q= eee alg, 1 oy Gh ey, 0.8 0.1 _ 5.67 (104 — 7.32) _ 5.67 (10000 ~ 2871) 1.25+10-1 10.25 = 3943.5 W/m? or 3.943 kW/m? ~. Percentage reduction in heat flow = 222 x 100 = 29.292 — 3.943 29.292 x 100 = 86.54% (Ans.)